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ppak10
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FLOW-3D-Single-Track

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FLOW-3D-Single-Track

This dataset consists of LPBF (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) melt pool simulations performed using FLOW-3D. Each row is one timestep from one simulation case, containing process parameters, mesh metadata, a per-timestep field volume, and image previews.

Dataset Configs

Load a specific field config:

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("ppak10/FLOW-3D-Single-Track", "temperature")

Available configs:

Config Volume Shape Description
temperature (50, 30, 30) Temperature field (K)
fraction_of_fluid (50, 30, 30) Fluid fraction (0–1)
liquid_label (50, 30, 30) Liquid region label
melt_region (50, 30, 30) Melt region mask
pressure (50, 30, 30) Pressure (dyne/cm²)
temperature_gradient (50, 30, 30) Raw Z temperature gradient
velocity_magnitude (50, 30, 30) Velocity magnitude (cm/s)
gradient_magnitude (50, 30, 30) |∇T| from components (K/cm)
vx_vy_vz (50, 30, 30, 3) Velocity vector components (cm/s)
dtdx_dtdy_dtdz (50, 30, 30, 3) Temperature gradient components (K/cm)
quality — Per-timestep quality flags for the cleaned training split (see below)

Volumes are padded to (50, 30, 30) along the Z axis. The nz column indicates how many Z layers contain real data; layers nz:50 are zero-padded (except temperature, which is padded with T_ambient = 299.15 K).

Row Schema

Column Type Description
id string Case identifier, e.g. P100W_V0.30mps_A00deg
top_down_preview Image Top-down 2D projection frame for this timestep
volume_preview Image 3D volume render frame for this timestep
timestep_index int32 0-based index within the simulation
timestep_count int32 Total number of timesteps in this case
timestep float64 Simulation time (seconds)
power_w int32 Laser power (W)
velocity_mmps float64 Scanning velocity (mm/s)
angle_deg int32 Laser tilt angle (degrees)
spot_radius_mm float64 Laser spot radius (mm)
gauss_radius_mm float64 Laser Gaussian radius (mm)
beam_x_mm float64 Beam X position at this timestep (mm)
nx int32 Full mesh X cells
ny int32 Full mesh Y cells
nz int32 Actual Z cells (real data depth in padded volume)
mesh_bound_x_mm float64 Full mesh X extent (mm)
mesh_bound_y_mm float64 Full mesh Y extent (mm)
mesh_bound_z_mm float64 Full mesh Z extent (mm)
mesh_resolution_mm float64 Uniform cell size (mm)
material_name string Material name
t_liquidus_k float64 Liquidus temperature (K)
t_solidus_k float64 Solidus temperature (K)
volume float32 array Padded 3D field volume (see config for shape)

Cleaned Training Split

Not every frame is suitable for training. The quality config holds one row per timestep of every case with per-frame quality flags, computed by scripts/05_generate_quality_flags.py directly from the field volumes. A frame is clean when none of the following hold:

Flag Meaning
is_empty No molten metal anywhere in the crop window (fraction_of_fluid > 0.5 AND T ≥ T_liquidus). Covers pre-melt ramp-in frames, post-track frames after the beam exits the mesh, and dead runs.
is_xy_clipped Molten metal touches an X/Y face of the real-data region of the crop window — the melt pool extends beyond the crop (or the mesh) and the stored volume truncates it.
is_z_clipped Molten metal in the bottom Z slice — the pool reaches the bottom of the simulated substrate and the physics is depth-constrained.
is_padded The beam-centered crop window extends past the mesh in X (track start ramp-in, beam exit), so part of the volume is padding fill rather than simulation data. Static Y padding on the narrow ny=25 meshes (recorded in pad_cells_y) does not exclude a frame — like the Z padding, it is a constant mesh characteristic in regions the melt pool never reaches.

Raw per-face melt-cell counts (n_melt_x_lo, n_melt_y_hi, …), padding cell counts, t_max_k, n_melt_cells, and min_melt_z are stored alongside the boolean flags, so stricter or looser criteria can be applied without rescanning.

Melt detection uses molten metal (fraction_of_fluid > 0.5 AND T ≥ T_liquidus) rather than temperature alone, because hot vapor-plume cells above the free surface would otherwise false-flag boundary contact.

Using the cleaned split 

from datasets import load_dataset

quality = load_dataset("ppak10/FLOW-3D-Single-Track", "quality")["train"]
clean_keys = {
    (row["id"], row["timestep_index"])
    for row in quality if row["is_clean"]
}

ds = load_dataset("ppak10/FLOW-3D-Single-Track", "temperature")["train"]
ds_clean = ds.filter(
    lambda r: (r["id"], r["timestep_index"]) in clean_keys
)

Known issues found by the quality scan

  • Dead runs (56 cases): every narrow-mesh (ny=25) case at 20° and 25° beam tilt never heats above ambient — the tilted laser fails to couple with the fluid region. These cases contribute zero clean frames and should be re-simulated on a wider mesh.
  • Anomalous tilt heating: the tilted beam origin sits 0.4 mm above the surface, so the surface spot is displaced in +Y by standoff × tan(angle) (~2–9+ cells). On narrow ny=25 meshes at 15° the heating is drastically weaker than the 0° twin; on wide meshes at high tilt the (healthy) melt pool sits off-center in the beam-centered crop window and is frequently clipped at the +Y face. A tilt-corrected crop in scripts/01_generate_views.py would recover these cases.
  • Sub-liquidus runs: low-power / high-velocity corner cases heat plausibly but never reach liquidus (conduction only). They contain no melt pool to learn and are excluded by is_empty.
  • Post-track frames: simulations run to a fixed 10 ms, but at high velocity the beam exits the ~5 mm mesh in ~2 ms — up to ~80% of frames in fast cases are after the laser has left the domain.

Quality figures

Retention heatmap

Frame budget by category

Example frames per category

Per-case kept/dropped timelines are in previews/quality/timelines/, and cleaned-split preview videos (clean frames only) in previews_clean/.

Per-case quality report

Per-case results (click to expand)

203,142 of 505,777 frames (40.2%) across 264 cases pass all quality filters.

Case status counts: 179 ok, 45 no melt (sub-liquidus), 40 anomalous (tilt-offset heating).

Case Frames Clean Clean % Status Issues (excluded frames)
P050W_V0.30mps_A00deg 1997 611 31% ok 1% window padded at mesh X edge
P050W_V0.30mps_A05deg 1997 655 33% ok 1% window padded at mesh X edge
P050W_V0.30mps_A10deg 1997 589 29% anomalous peak 9802 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 1% window padded at mesh X edge
P050W_V0.30mps_A15deg 1997 579 29% anomalous peak 10598 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 1% window padded at mesh X edge
P050W_V0.30mps_A20deg 1997 464 23% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P050W_V0.30mps_A25deg 1997 555 28% ok 1% window padded at mesh X edge
P050W_V0.60mps_A00deg 1973 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1519 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V0.60mps_A05deg 1969 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1482 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V0.60mps_A10deg 1972 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1495 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V0.90mps_A00deg 1923 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1300 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V0.90mps_A05deg 1920 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1268 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V0.90mps_A10deg 1922 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1280 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V1.20mps_A00deg 1887 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1150 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V1.20mps_A05deg 1877 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1121 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V1.20mps_A10deg 1882 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1132 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V1.50mps_A00deg 1855 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1041 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V1.50mps_A05deg 1846 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1014 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V1.50mps_A10deg 1850 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1023 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V1.80mps_A00deg 1834 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 956 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V1.80mps_A05deg 1827 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 932 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V1.80mps_A10deg 1831 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 940 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V2.10mps_A00deg 1816 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 893 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V2.10mps_A05deg 1807 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 866 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V2.10mps_A10deg 1811 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 878 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V2.40mps_A00deg 1795 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 841 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V2.40mps_A05deg 1776 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 819 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P050W_V2.40mps_A10deg 1783 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 827 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P100W_V0.30mps_A00deg 1999 1809 90% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V0.30mps_A05deg 1999 1819 91% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V0.30mps_A10deg 1999 1800 90% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V0.30mps_A15deg 1999 1797 90% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V0.30mps_A20deg 1999 1806 90% anomalous peak 8965 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V0.30mps_A25deg 1999 1751 88% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V0.60mps_A00deg 1999 1232 62% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V0.60mps_A05deg 1999 1263 63% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V0.60mps_A10deg 1999 1242 62% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V0.60mps_A15deg 1999 1102 55% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V0.60mps_A20deg 1999 1176 59% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V0.60mps_A25deg 1999 982 49% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V0.90mps_A00deg 1999 642 32% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V1.20mps_A00deg 1999 500 25% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V1.20mps_A10deg 1999 332 17% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P100W_V1.50mps_A00deg 1974 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1635 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P100W_V1.50mps_A05deg 1964 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1587 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P100W_V1.50mps_A10deg 1969 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1603 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P100W_V1.80mps_A00deg 1951 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1489 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P100W_V1.80mps_A05deg 1944 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1450 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P100W_V1.80mps_A10deg 1946 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1462 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P100W_V2.10mps_A00deg 1923 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1382 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P100W_V2.10mps_A05deg 1920 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1339 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P100W_V2.10mps_A10deg 1922 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1357 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P100W_V2.40mps_A00deg 1899 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1289 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P100W_V2.40mps_A05deg 1897 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1253 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P100W_V2.40mps_A10deg 1899 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1265 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P103W_V1.05mps_A00deg 1999 538 27% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge
P103W_V1.12mps_A00deg 1999 547 27% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge
P103W_V1.19mps_A00deg 1999 551 28% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge
P103W_V1.26mps_A00deg 1999 372 19% ok 1% window padded at mesh X edge
P103W_V1.33mps_A00deg 1983 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1683 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P103W_V1.40mps_A00deg 1981 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1678 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P103W_V1.47mps_A00deg 1978 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1675 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P103W_V1.54mps_A00deg 1975 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1646 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P103W_V1.61mps_A00deg 1970 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1607 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P103W_V1.68mps_A00deg 1966 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1572 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P103W_V1.75mps_A00deg 1960 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1541 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P150W_V0.30mps_A00deg 1693 1528 90% ok 9% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.30mps_A05deg 1999 1834 92% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.30mps_A10deg 1999 1834 92% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.30mps_A15deg 1352 1187 88% ok 12% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.30mps_A20deg 1999 1834 92% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.30mps_A25deg 1999 1834 92% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.60mps_A00deg 1999 1449 72% ok 9% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.60mps_A05deg 1999 1459 73% ok 9% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.60mps_A10deg 1999 1461 73% anomalous peak 11619 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 9% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.60mps_A15deg 1999 1466 73% ok 9% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.60mps_A20deg 1999 1459 73% ok 9% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.60mps_A25deg 1999 1416 71% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.90mps_A00deg 1999 917 46% ok 6% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.90mps_A05deg 1999 924 46% anomalous peak 2890 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 5% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.90mps_A10deg 1999 918 46% anomalous peak 2950 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 6% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.90mps_A15deg 1999 908 45% anomalous peak 6680 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 5% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.90mps_A20deg 1999 923 46% anomalous peak 17195 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 6% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V0.90mps_A25deg 1999 861 43% anomalous peak 5216 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 6% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V1.20mps_A00deg 1999 695 35% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V1.20mps_A05deg 1999 623 31% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V1.50mps_A00deg 1999 513 26% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V1.50mps_A05deg 1999 504 25% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V1.50mps_A10deg 1999 506 25% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V1.80mps_A00deg 1999 405 20% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V1.80mps_A05deg 1999 407 20% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V1.80mps_A10deg 1999 419 21% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V2.10mps_A00deg 1999 265 13% ok 1% window padded at mesh X edge
P150W_V2.10mps_A05deg 1974 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1681 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P150W_V2.10mps_A10deg 1978 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1683 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P150W_V2.40mps_A00deg 1971 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1676 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P150W_V2.40mps_A05deg 1960 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1646 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P150W_V2.40mps_A10deg 1965 0 0% no_melt conduction only, peak 1664 K < liquidus (excluded entirely)
P200W_V0.30mps_A00deg 1999 1831 92% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P200W_V0.30mps_A05deg 1999 1834 92% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V0.30mps_A10deg 1999 1832 92% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P200W_V0.30mps_A15deg 1999 1834 92% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V0.30mps_A20deg 1999 1833 92% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P200W_V0.30mps_A25deg 1999 1834 92% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V0.60mps_A00deg 1999 1466 73% ok 10% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V0.60mps_A05deg 1999 1460 73% ok 10% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P200W_V0.60mps_A10deg 1999 1466 73% ok 10% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V0.60mps_A15deg 1999 1462 73% ok 10% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P200W_V0.60mps_A20deg 1999 1467 73% ok 10% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V0.60mps_A25deg 1999 1289 64% ok 10% window padded at mesh X edge; 9% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P200W_V0.90mps_A00deg 1999 970 49% ok 6% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P200W_V0.90mps_A05deg 1999 977 49% anomalous peak 3949 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 6% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V0.90mps_A10deg 1999 972 49% anomalous peak 39455 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P200W_V0.90mps_A15deg 1999 975 49% anomalous peak 4300 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P200W_V0.90mps_A20deg 1999 977 49% anomalous peak 4845 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 6% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V0.90mps_A25deg 1999 961 48% anomalous peak 25637 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 6% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V1.20mps_A00deg 1202 713 59% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P200W_V1.20mps_A05deg 1999 724 36% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V1.20mps_A10deg 1999 728 36% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V1.20mps_A15deg 1999 711 36% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V1.20mps_A20deg 1999 729 36% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V1.20mps_A25deg 1999 679 34% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V1.50mps_A00deg 1999 567 28% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V1.50mps_A05deg 1999 544 27% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V1.50mps_A10deg 1999 565 28% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V1.80mps_A00deg 1590 471 30% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V1.80mps_A05deg 1999 459 23% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V1.80mps_A10deg 1999 473 24% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V2.10mps_A00deg 1999 402 20% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V2.10mps_A05deg 1999 400 20% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V2.10mps_A10deg 1999 399 20% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (+X front, +Y)
P200W_V2.40mps_A00deg 1999 355 18% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V2.40mps_A05deg 1999 349 17% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P200W_V2.40mps_A10deg 1999 358 18% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P250W_V0.30mps_A00deg 1999 1804 90% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P250W_V0.30mps_A05deg 1999 1825 91% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P250W_V0.30mps_A10deg 1535 1368 89% anomalous peak 16222 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 11% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, −Y)
P250W_V0.30mps_A15deg 939 773 82% ok 17% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P250W_V0.30mps_A20deg 1999 1833 92% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P250W_V0.30mps_A25deg 1999 1832 92% anomalous peak 19915 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, −Y)
P250W_V0.60mps_A00deg 1999 1456 73% ok 11% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V0.60mps_A05deg 1999 1443 72% ok 11% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V0.60mps_A10deg 1999 1459 73% ok 11% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V0.60mps_A15deg 1999 1454 73% ok 11% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V0.60mps_A20deg 1999 1466 73% ok 11% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V0.60mps_A25deg 1999 1462 73% ok 10% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V0.90mps_A00deg 1853 898 48% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V0.90mps_A05deg 1999 973 49% anomalous peak 22399 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V0.90mps_A10deg 1999 971 49% anomalous peak 11326 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V0.90mps_A15deg 1387 976 70% ok 10% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V0.90mps_A20deg 1999 970 49% ok 6% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V0.90mps_A25deg 156 100 64% anomalous peak 3198 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 33% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P250W_V1.20mps_A00deg 1999 734 37% ok 5% window padded at mesh X edge
P250W_V1.20mps_A05deg 569 525 92% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P250W_V1.20mps_A10deg 1999 734 37% ok 5% window padded at mesh X edge
P250W_V1.20mps_A15deg 1999 728 36% ok 5% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V1.20mps_A20deg 1999 731 37% ok 5% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V1.20mps_A25deg 1999 730 37% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V1.50mps_A00deg 1914 583 30% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V1.50mps_A05deg 1262 586 46% ok 6% window padded at mesh X edge
P250W_V1.50mps_A10deg 1999 583 29% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V1.50mps_A15deg 1999 581 29% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V1.50mps_A20deg 1999 585 29% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V1.50mps_A25deg 1999 572 29% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (+X front, +Y)
P250W_V1.80mps_A00deg 1999 483 24% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V1.80mps_A05deg 814 486 60% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge
P250W_V1.80mps_A10deg 1999 466 23% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (+X front, +Y)
P250W_V2.10mps_A00deg 1999 414 21% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge
P250W_V2.10mps_A05deg 1999 411 21% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P250W_V2.40mps_A00deg 1999 362 18% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P250W_V2.40mps_A05deg 1999 355 18% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge
P250W_V2.40mps_A10deg 1999 363 18% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V0.30mps_A00deg 1999 1788 89% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P300W_V0.30mps_A05deg 1999 1785 89% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P300W_V0.30mps_A10deg 1999 1802 90% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P300W_V0.30mps_A15deg 1999 1832 92% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P300W_V0.30mps_A20deg 1999 1828 91% anomalous peak 68774 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P300W_V0.30mps_A25deg 1999 1827 91% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P300W_V0.60mps_A00deg 1999 1421 71% ok 12% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V0.60mps_A05deg 1999 1400 70% ok 12% window padded at mesh X edge; 3% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V0.60mps_A10deg 1999 1438 72% ok 12% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V0.60mps_A15deg 1999 1438 72% ok 11% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V0.60mps_A20deg 1999 1452 73% ok 12% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V0.60mps_A25deg 1999 1464 73% ok 11% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P300W_V0.90mps_A00deg 1999 965 48% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V0.90mps_A05deg 1999 958 48% anomalous peak 18574 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V0.90mps_A10deg 1999 948 47% anomalous peak 44321 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V0.90mps_A15deg 1999 960 48% anomalous peak 52672 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V0.90mps_A20deg 1999 945 47% anomalous peak 1028391 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V0.90mps_A25deg 1999 753 38% anomalous peak 15807 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 11% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P300W_V1.20mps_A00deg 1791 642 36% ok 5% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.20mps_A05deg 1999 723 36% ok 6% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.20mps_A10deg 1999 727 36% anomalous peak 6397 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 5% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.20mps_A15deg 1999 711 36% ok 5% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.20mps_A20deg 1999 728 36% anomalous peak 7551 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 6% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.20mps_A25deg 1999 728 36% ok 6% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P300W_V1.50mps_A00deg 1768 515 29% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.50mps_A05deg 1999 584 29% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.50mps_A10deg 1999 584 29% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.50mps_A15deg 1593 585 37% ok 5% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.50mps_A20deg 1999 583 29% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.50mps_A25deg 1999 580 29% anomalous peak 5877 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P300W_V1.80mps_A00deg 1999 485 24% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.80mps_A05deg 1999 487 24% anomalous peak 6301 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.80mps_A10deg 1999 485 24% anomalous peak 28609 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.80mps_A15deg 1999 481 24% anomalous peak 3552 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.80mps_A20deg 1999 481 24% anomalous peak 9610 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V1.80mps_A25deg 1999 485 24% anomalous peak 31937 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P300W_V2.10mps_A00deg 1999 415 21% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V2.10mps_A05deg 1999 417 21% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V2.10mps_A10deg 1999 358 18% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 3% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P300W_V2.40mps_A00deg 1999 359 18% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V2.40mps_A05deg 1999 366 18% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P300W_V2.40mps_A10deg 1999 361 18% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (+X front, +Y)
P350W_V0.30mps_A00deg 1655 1345 81% ok 10% window padded at mesh X edge; 8% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +Y)
P350W_V0.30mps_A00deg_keyhole 1999 1706 85% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 6% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P350W_V0.30mps_A05deg 1999 1678 84% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 8% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P350W_V0.30mps_A05deg_keyhole 1725 1426 83% ok 9% window padded at mesh X edge; 8% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V0.30mps_A10deg 985 811 82% ok 17% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, −Y)
P350W_V0.30mps_A10deg_keyhole 1999 1812 91% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P350W_V0.30mps_A15deg 1999 1819 91% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, −Y, +Y)
P350W_V0.30mps_A15deg_keyhole 1999 1825 91% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, −Y)
P350W_V0.30mps_A20deg 345 180 52% anomalous peak 9523 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 47% window padded at mesh X edge
P350W_V0.30mps_A20deg_keyhole 1999 1829 91% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P350W_V0.30mps_A25deg 1999 1824 91% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P350W_V0.30mps_A25deg_keyhole 1999 1821 91% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P350W_V0.60mps_A00deg 1999 1395 70% ok 12% window padded at mesh X edge; 4% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V0.60mps_A05deg 1999 1306 65% ok 12% window padded at mesh X edge; 8% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V0.60mps_A10deg 1999 1373 69% ok 12% window padded at mesh X edge; 5% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V0.60mps_A15deg 1999 1362 68% ok 12% window padded at mesh X edge; 5% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V0.60mps_A20deg 643 537 84% ok 12% window padded at mesh X edge; 4% melt clipped at window face (−X tail)
P350W_V0.60mps_A25deg 344 252 73% anomalous peak 3766 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 23% window padded at mesh X edge; 3% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +Y)
P350W_V0.90mps_A00deg 1999 923 46% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 3% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V0.90mps_A05deg 1999 909 45% anomalous peak 23762 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 3% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V0.90mps_A10deg 1999 928 46% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 3% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V0.90mps_A15deg 1999 926 46% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 3% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V0.90mps_A20deg 1999 940 47% ok 8% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P350W_V0.90mps_A25deg 1999 91 5% ok 7% window padded at mesh X edge; 44% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P350W_V1.20mps_A00deg 1999 712 36% ok 5% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.20mps_A05deg 1999 703 35% ok 5% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.20mps_A10deg 1999 696 35% ok 5% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.20mps_A15deg 1999 698 35% ok 6% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.20mps_A20deg 1999 678 34% ok 5% window padded at mesh X edge; 3% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.20mps_A25deg 1999 628 31% ok 6% window padded at mesh X edge; 5% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P350W_V1.50mps_A00deg 1999 555 28% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.50mps_A05deg 1999 566 28% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.50mps_A10deg 845 556 66% ok 11% window padded at mesh X edge; 4% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.50mps_A15deg 1999 554 28% ok 5% window padded at mesh X edge; 2% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.50mps_A20deg 1999 581 29% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P350W_V1.50mps_A25deg 1999 561 28% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P350W_V1.80mps_A00deg 1999 483 24% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.80mps_A05deg 1999 483 24% anomalous peak 6237 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.80mps_A10deg 1999 485 24% anomalous peak 4012 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.80mps_A15deg 1999 486 24% anomalous peak 5243 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V1.80mps_A20deg 1999 472 24% ok 4% window padded at mesh X edge; 1% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P350W_V1.80mps_A25deg 1999 482 24% anomalous peak 3863 K, far below its 0° twin — tilted beam displaced in +Y, heating mis-captured; 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P350W_V2.10mps_A00deg 1999 411 21% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V2.10mps_A05deg 1999 416 21% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V2.10mps_A10deg 1999 414 21% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V2.10mps_A15deg 1999 410 21% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V2.10mps_A20deg 1999 412 21% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V2.10mps_A25deg 1999 412 21% ok 3% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P350W_V2.40mps_A00deg 1999 363 18% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front)
P350W_V2.40mps_A05deg 1999 363 18% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge; 0% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)
P350W_V2.40mps_A10deg 1999 266 13% ok 2% window padded at mesh X edge; 5% melt clipped at window face (−X tail, +X front, +Y)

Simulation Coverage

353 cases, 629,357 total timesteps

  • Laser Power: 50, 100, 103, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 W
  • Scanning Velocity: 0.3 – 2.4 m/s
  • Laser Tilt Angle: 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°
  • Material: 316L Stainless Steel (T_solidus = 1674.15 K, T_liquidus = 1697.15 K)

Parameter Groups

Grid sweep (50–350 W × 0.3–2.4 m/s × 0–25° angle): 7 power levels × 8 velocity steps × 6 angles = 336 cases (complete)

Keyhole cases (350 W, 0.3 m/s): 6 tilt angles: 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25° — suffixed _keyhole

ThermoPore parameters (103 W, 0° angle): 11 velocity values near the keyhole/conduction boundary (1.05–1.75 m/s)

Data Structure (on disk) 

data/
├── temperature/
│   ├── P050W_V0.30mps_A00deg.parquet
│   ├── P100W_V0.30mps_A00deg.parquet   ← ~1999 rows, one per timestep
│   └── ...
├── fraction_of_fluid/
│   └── ...
└── ...

Technical Details

  • Simulator: FLOW-3D (CFD-based melt pool simulation)
  • Cell size: 20 µm (uniform, isotropic)
  • Crop window: 30 × 30 cells (0.6 mm × 0.6 mm) centered on beam, adaptive Z
  • Max Z depth: 50 cells (1.0 mm)
  • Physics: Gaussian/keyhole heat source, phase change, surface tension, evaporation pressure
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