PyLate
This is a PyLate model trained on the train dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to sequences of 128-dimensional dense vectors and can be used for semantic textual similarity using the MaxSim operator.
Model Details
Model Description
- Model Type: PyLate model
- Document Length: 512 tokens
- Query Length: 32 tokens
- Output Dimensionality: 128 tokens
- Similarity Function: MaxSim
- Training Dataset:
- Language: en
Model Sources
- Documentation: PyLate Documentation
- Repository: PyLate on GitHub
- Hugging Face: PyLate models on Hugging Face
Full Model Architecture
ColBERT(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'ModernBertModel'})
(1): Dense({'in_features': 768, 'out_features': 128, 'bias': False, 'activation_function': 'torch.nn.modules.linear.Identity', 'use_residual': False})
)
Usage
First install the PyLate library:
pip install -U pylate
Retrieval
Use this model with PyLate to index and retrieve documents. The index uses FastPLAID for efficient similarity search.
Indexing documents
Load the ColBERT model and initialize the PLAID index, then encode and index your documents:
from pylate import indexes, models, retrieve
# Step 1: Load the ColBERT model
model = models.ColBERT(
model_name_or_path="pylate_model_id",
)
# Step 2: Initialize the PLAID index
index = indexes.PLAID(
index_folder="pylate-index",
index_name="index",
override=True, # This overwrites the existing index if any
)
# Step 3: Encode the documents
documents_ids = ["1", "2", "3"]
documents = ["document 1 text", "document 2 text", "document 3 text"]
documents_embeddings = model.encode(
documents,
batch_size=32,
is_query=False, # Ensure that it is set to False to indicate that these are documents, not queries
show_progress_bar=True,
)
# Step 4: Add document embeddings to the index by providing embeddings and corresponding ids
index.add_documents(
documents_ids=documents_ids,
documents_embeddings=documents_embeddings,
)
Note that you do not have to recreate the index and encode the documents every time. Once you have created an index and added the documents, you can re-use the index later by loading it:
# To load an index, simply instantiate it with the correct folder/name and without overriding it
index = indexes.PLAID(
index_folder="pylate-index",
index_name="index",
)
Retrieving top-k documents for queries
Once the documents are indexed, you can retrieve the top-k most relevant documents for a given set of queries. To do so, initialize the ColBERT retriever with the index you want to search in, encode the queries and then retrieve the top-k documents to get the top matches ids and relevance scores:
# Step 1: Initialize the ColBERT retriever
retriever = retrieve.ColBERT(index=index)
# Step 2: Encode the queries
queries_embeddings = model.encode(
["query for document 3", "query for document 1"],
batch_size=32,
is_query=True, # # Ensure that it is set to False to indicate that these are queries
show_progress_bar=True,
)
# Step 3: Retrieve top-k documents
scores = retriever.retrieve(
queries_embeddings=queries_embeddings,
k=10, # Retrieve the top 10 matches for each query
)
Reranking
If you only want to use the ColBERT model to perform reranking on top of your first-stage retrieval pipeline without building an index, you can simply use rank function and pass the queries and documents to rerank:
from pylate import rank, models
queries = [
"query A",
"query B",
]
documents = [
["document A", "document B"],
["document 1", "document C", "document B"],
]
documents_ids = [
[1, 2],
[1, 3, 2],
]
model = models.ColBERT(
model_name_or_path="pylate_model_id",
)
queries_embeddings = model.encode(
queries,
is_query=True,
)
documents_embeddings = model.encode(
documents,
is_query=False,
)
reranked_documents = rank.rerank(
documents_ids=documents_ids,
queries_embeddings=queries_embeddings,
documents_embeddings=documents_embeddings,
)
Evaluation
Metrics
Py Late Information Retrieval
- Dataset:
['NanoClimateFEVER', 'NanoDBPedia', 'NanoFEVER', 'NanoFiQA2018', 'NanoHotpotQA', 'NanoMSMARCO', 'NanoNFCorpus', 'NanoNQ', 'NanoQuoraRetrieval', 'NanoSCIDOCS', 'NanoArguAna', 'NanoSciFact', 'NanoTouche2020'] - Evaluated with
pylate.evaluation.pylate_information_retrieval_evaluator.PyLateInformationRetrievalEvaluator
| Metric | NanoClimateFEVER | NanoDBPedia | NanoFEVER | NanoFiQA2018 | NanoHotpotQA | NanoMSMARCO | NanoNFCorpus | NanoNQ | NanoQuoraRetrieval | NanoSCIDOCS | NanoArguAna | NanoSciFact | NanoTouche2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MaxSim_accuracy@1 | 0.32 | 0.78 | 0.86 | 0.58 | 0.9 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.9 | 0.48 | 0.2 | 0.68 | 0.7959 |
| MaxSim_accuracy@3 | 0.52 | 0.92 | 1.0 | 0.68 | 0.98 | 0.7 | 0.62 | 0.78 | 0.96 | 0.68 | 0.54 | 0.82 | 0.9796 |
| MaxSim_accuracy@5 | 0.62 | 0.92 | 1.0 | 0.74 | 1.0 | 0.76 | 0.64 | 0.82 | 1.0 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.82 | 0.9796 |
| MaxSim_accuracy@10 | 0.78 | 0.96 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.88 | 0.68 | 0.88 | 1.0 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.86 | 1.0 |
| MaxSim_precision@1 | 0.32 | 0.78 | 0.86 | 0.58 | 0.9 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.9 | 0.48 | 0.2 | 0.68 | 0.7959 |
| MaxSim_precision@3 | 0.1867 | 0.68 | 0.34 | 0.3333 | 0.5333 | 0.2333 | 0.4067 | 0.2667 | 0.3867 | 0.3333 | 0.18 | 0.2933 | 0.7347 |
| MaxSim_precision@5 | 0.144 | 0.624 | 0.212 | 0.244 | 0.344 | 0.152 | 0.348 | 0.168 | 0.252 | 0.276 | 0.132 | 0.18 | 0.6612 |
| MaxSim_precision@10 | 0.1 | 0.55 | 0.108 | 0.144 | 0.18 | 0.088 | 0.266 | 0.096 | 0.136 | 0.184 | 0.084 | 0.096 | 0.5449 |
| MaxSim_recall@1 | 0.1417 | 0.1049 | 0.7967 | 0.3427 | 0.45 | 0.52 | 0.044 | 0.5 | 0.7873 | 0.1007 | 0.2 | 0.655 | 0.0529 |
| MaxSim_recall@3 | 0.2367 | 0.1982 | 0.9467 | 0.4897 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.0797 | 0.75 | 0.9147 | 0.2057 | 0.54 | 0.805 | 0.1461 |
| MaxSim_recall@5 | 0.305 | 0.2542 | 0.9633 | 0.5713 | 0.86 | 0.76 | 0.0993 | 0.78 | 0.9693 | 0.2827 | 0.66 | 0.81 | 0.2149 |
| MaxSim_recall@10 | 0.399 | 0.3951 | 0.97 | 0.6225 | 0.9 | 0.88 | 0.1445 | 0.85 | 0.9933 | 0.3757 | 0.84 | 0.86 | 0.345 |
| MaxSim_ndcg@10 | 0.3247 | 0.6799 | 0.9122 | 0.5727 | 0.8515 | 0.6876 | 0.3489 | 0.6926 | 0.9404 | 0.3745 | 0.4987 | 0.7766 | 0.62 |
| MaxSim_mrr@10 | 0.4476 | 0.8451 | 0.9233 | 0.6535 | 0.9383 | 0.6282 | 0.5731 | 0.6515 | 0.9367 | 0.5934 | 0.3909 | 0.7487 | 0.8832 |
| MaxSim_map@100 | 0.2503 | 0.534 | 0.8818 | 0.5102 | 0.7876 | 0.6363 | 0.1545 | 0.6383 | 0.9156 | 0.2848 | 0.3943 | 0.7538 | 0.4437 |
Nano BEIR
- Dataset:
NanoBEIR_mean - Evaluated with
pylate.evaluation.nano_beir_evaluator.NanoBEIREvaluator
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| MaxSim_accuracy@1 | 0.6197 |
| MaxSim_accuracy@3 | 0.783 |
| MaxSim_accuracy@5 | 0.8261 |
| MaxSim_accuracy@10 | 0.8862 |
| MaxSim_precision@1 | 0.6197 |
| MaxSim_precision@3 | 0.3775 |
| MaxSim_precision@5 | 0.2875 |
| MaxSim_precision@10 | 0.1982 |
| MaxSim_recall@1 | 0.3612 |
| MaxSim_recall@3 | 0.524 |
| MaxSim_recall@5 | 0.5792 |
| MaxSim_recall@10 | 0.6596 |
| MaxSim_ndcg@10 | 0.6369 |
| MaxSim_mrr@10 | 0.7087 |
| MaxSim_map@100 | 0.5527 |
Training Details
Training Dataset
train
- Dataset: train at 1a1ffe7
- Size: 640,000 training samples
- Columns:
query_id,document_ids, andscores - Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
query_id document_ids scores type int list list details - 836: ~0.10%
- 3582: ~0.10%
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- size: 16 elements
- size: 16 elements
- Samples:
query_id document_ids scores 685613[7546874, 1176459, 197677, 2306318, 8541504, ...][0.9999999992804947, 0.24845418756716053, 0.7594154013647826, 0.26644182105618575, 0.390668914839766, ...]237784[6366584, 4034101, 2325374, 6914618, 6042146, ...][0.9999999991784339, 0.42233632827946693, 0.5956354295491569, 0.12644415907455164, 0.6636713730105909, ...]904294[448408, 8743975, 49600, 7339401, 2714261, ...][0.9999999991841937, 0.877629062381539, 0.8330146583389045, 0.3116634796692611, 0.4633524534142185, ...] - Loss:
pylate.losses.distillation.Distillation
Training Hyperparameters
Non-Default Hyperparameters
eval_strategy: stepsper_device_train_batch_size: 16learning_rate: 4e-06max_steps: 20000fp16: Truedataloader_drop_last: Truedataloader_num_workers: 8ddp_find_unused_parameters: Falsetorch_compile: Truetorch_compile_backend: inductoreval_on_start: True
All Hyperparameters
Click to expand
overwrite_output_dir: Falsedo_predict: Falseeval_strategy: stepsprediction_loss_only: Trueper_device_train_batch_size: 16per_device_eval_batch_size: 8per_gpu_train_batch_size: Noneper_gpu_eval_batch_size: Nonegradient_accumulation_steps: 1eval_accumulation_steps: Nonetorch_empty_cache_steps: Nonelearning_rate: 4e-06weight_decay: 0.0adam_beta1: 0.9adam_beta2: 0.999adam_epsilon: 1e-08max_grad_norm: 1.0num_train_epochs: 3.0max_steps: 20000lr_scheduler_type: linearlr_scheduler_kwargs: {}warmup_ratio: 0.0warmup_steps: 0log_level: passivelog_level_replica: warninglog_on_each_node: Truelogging_nan_inf_filter: Truesave_safetensors: Truesave_on_each_node: Falsesave_only_model: Falserestore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: Falseno_cuda: Falseuse_cpu: Falseuse_mps_device: Falseseed: 42data_seed: Nonejit_mode_eval: Falseuse_ipex: Falsebf16: Falsefp16: Truefp16_opt_level: O1half_precision_backend: autobf16_full_eval: Falsefp16_full_eval: Falsetf32: Nonelocal_rank: 0ddp_backend: Nonetpu_num_cores: Nonetpu_metrics_debug: Falsedebug: []dataloader_drop_last: Truedataloader_num_workers: 8dataloader_prefetch_factor: Nonepast_index: -1disable_tqdm: Falseremove_unused_columns: Truelabel_names: Noneload_best_model_at_end: Falseignore_data_skip: Falsefsdp: []fsdp_min_num_params: 0fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: Noneaccelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}parallelism_config: Nonedeepspeed: Nonelabel_smoothing_factor: 0.0optim: adamw_torchoptim_args: Noneadafactor: Falsegroup_by_length: Falselength_column_name: lengthddp_find_unused_parameters: Falseddp_bucket_cap_mb: Noneddp_broadcast_buffers: Falsedataloader_pin_memory: Truedataloader_persistent_workers: Falseskip_memory_metrics: Trueuse_legacy_prediction_loop: Falsepush_to_hub: Falseresume_from_checkpoint: Nonehub_model_id: Nonehub_strategy: every_savehub_private_repo: Nonehub_always_push: Falsehub_revision: Nonegradient_checkpointing: Falsegradient_checkpointing_kwargs: Noneinclude_inputs_for_metrics: Falseinclude_for_metrics: []eval_do_concat_batches: Truefp16_backend: autopush_to_hub_model_id: Nonepush_to_hub_organization: Nonemp_parameters:auto_find_batch_size: Falsefull_determinism: Falsetorchdynamo: Noneray_scope: lastddp_timeout: 1800torch_compile: Truetorch_compile_backend: inductortorch_compile_mode: Noneinclude_tokens_per_second: Falseinclude_num_input_tokens_seen: Falseneftune_noise_alpha: Noneoptim_target_modules: Nonebatch_eval_metrics: Falseeval_on_start: Trueuse_liger_kernel: Falseliger_kernel_config: Noneeval_use_gather_object: Falseaverage_tokens_across_devices: Falseprompts: Nonebatch_sampler: batch_samplermulti_dataset_batch_sampler: proportionalrouter_mapping: {}learning_rate_mapping: {}
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Dataset used to train xtr-replicability/modernbert_xtr_kd_k512
Evaluation results
- Maxsim Accuracy@1 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.320
- Maxsim Accuracy@3 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.520
- Maxsim Accuracy@5 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.620
- Maxsim Accuracy@10 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.780
- Maxsim Precision@1 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.320
- Maxsim Precision@3 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.187
- Maxsim Precision@5 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.144
- Maxsim Precision@10 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.100
- Maxsim Recall@1 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.142
- Maxsim Recall@3 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.237
- Maxsim Recall@5 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.305
- Maxsim Recall@10 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.399
- Maxsim Ndcg@10 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.325
- Maxsim Mrr@10 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.448
- Maxsim Map@100 on NanoClimateFEVERself-reported0.250
- Maxsim Accuracy@1 on NanoDBPediaself-reported0.780
- Maxsim Accuracy@3 on NanoDBPediaself-reported0.920
- Maxsim Accuracy@5 on NanoDBPediaself-reported0.920
- Maxsim Accuracy@10 on NanoDBPediaself-reported0.960
- Maxsim Precision@1 on NanoDBPediaself-reported0.780