Laurel Westbrook

Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Grand Valley State University
Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley (Sociology)

Contact: westbrol (at) gvsu (dot) edu OR LaurelWestbrook (at) gmail (dot) com

Curriculum Vitae

Recent Publications

Syllabi for Courses I Teach

Research  and Teaching Interests:
Social Theory, Gender, Sexuality, Violence, Social Movements, and Media Studies

About me

My research focuses on the inner workings of the sex/gender/sexuality system. I utilize a range of research methods, including interviews, statistical analysis, and textual analysis to examine how this system shapes and is shaped by understandings of violence, the practices of social movements, and the construction of sociological knowledge.

My interests have given rise to four research projects. The first examines violence against transgender people and social movement efforts to prevent such violence. The second theorizes everyday ways in which the sex/gender/sexuality system is reproduced and changed. The third explores the social scientific construction of ideas of sex, gender, race, and sexuality. Finally, my second book project looks at how the sex/gender/sexuality system harms men.

Identity-Based Anti-Violence Activism and Violence Experienced By Trans People

The coupling of anti-violence activism with identity politics, such as focusing specifically on violence against women or lesbians and gay men, is often assumed to benefit the groups it works to protect. However, my book, Fighting Violence with Identity: The Causes and Consequences of Identity-Based Anti-Violence Activism, demonstrates that this form of activism can have a number of unintended consequences that run counter to the goals of increasing the livability of group members’ lives and decreasing the violence against them. Using an original data set of websites, press releases, flyers, reports, and other materials produced by twelve national organizations working between 1990 and 2005 to reduce violence experienced by transgender people in the United States, I take up the question: What happens when identity politics and anti-violence activism are combined? I find that activists promoted the idea that transgender people were valuable and undeserving of violence. However, these narratives often include the notion that all members of the identity group are as equally vulnerable to violence at all times. This both produces enormous levels of fear among group members and ignores patterns of violence, thus reducing the effectiveness of proposed solutions. I incorporate examples from other identity-based anti-violence activist groups, including the women's, gay and lesbian, and civil rights movements, to illustrate how these unintended consequences are inherent to identity-based anti-violence activism.

In addition to collecting activist texts, I also gathered every news story about, and all of the available police reports from, each of the 232 murders of trans people committed between 1990 and 2005 in the United States, a total of more than 7,000 documents. I am currently working on two articles based on this data. One article explores the construction of the idea of “transgender,” detailing how, once the new identity term was invented, activists had to actively teach people, including those they considered to be trans, about the term and its meanings. In the process of doing so, they actually reinforced aspects of the gender system which scholars had speculated the existence of trans people would “undo.” Another article challenges the assumption by scholars that all transgender people are at equal risk of experiencing anti-transgender violence. Using a variety of accounts of these murders, including those in police reports, I compiled a quantitative dataset to analyze patterns of violence. I find that gender (masculine identified vs. feminine identified), race, class, and sexuality all play significant roles in these homicides. As a consequence, trans women of color engaged in first time sexual encounters (either as hook-ups or as sex workers) are much more at risk for fatal forms of violence.

The Sex/Gender/Sexuality System

In the second project, I work to theorize the processes of the sex/gender/sexuality system, including how gender and sexuality are intertwined, how gender inequality is created and maintained, and the current dominant criteria for gender categorization. In this fully collaborative project with Kristen Schilt (University of Chicago), we examine the criteria for gender attribution through an analysis of interviews with trans men and their co-workers, newspaper articles about violence against transgender people, policies determining eligibility of transgender people for competitive sports, public debates over the expansion of transgender employment rights, and proposals to remove the surgery requirement for a change of sex on birth certificates. In our examination of moments of conflict over who counts as a man and who counts as a woman, we find that there are different criteria for “determining gender” in different social spaces. In everyday encounters, such as the workplace, cisgender (non-transgender) people are more willing to use self-identity in determining a trans person’s gender, while in sexual situations and in sex-segregated spaces, they are more likely to utilize body-based criteria. However, these rules are not applied evenly across genders. Because of beliefs that women are inherently vulnerable and men are dangerous, access to women’s spaces, but not men’s, is central to debates over transgender rights.

Surveying the Surveyors

More recently I have turned my attention to the social scientific construction of knowledge about common categories of difference, including race and ethnicity, sex and gender, and sexuality. Through a systematic examination of questionnaires, manuals and other technical materials from the longest-running and most widely used social surveys, Aliya Saperstein (Stanford University) and I examine how methods of measurement have, or have not, changed over time and vary across surveys. We investigate the often unspoken assumptions about what it means to be a member of a particular race, gender or sexual orientation that are implied by aspects of the survey design. The structure of the surveys not only shapes the types of responses that can be recorded, it also constrains the kinds of analysis researchers can conduct. By revealing both the structure and silences about social categories in our national surveys, we hope to highlight the role that social science research plays in (re)producing particular visions of the social world.

Men's Experiences of Violence

Finally, I have begun work on a new book project, tentatively titled Doing Gender, Doing Violence: Men, Masculinity, and How Gender Hurts Everyone. Although heterosexual, gender-conforming men are usually (invisibly) centered in social science research, they are often absent from our studies of gender. Nowhere is this more true than with studies of experiences of gender violence. Surveys and crime data show that men experience more physical violence than women; however, the study of gendered violence has traditionally focused only on violence against women. In this project, I use interviews with a racially, socioeconomically, and regionally diverse group of men to examine what types of violence men experience and how it shapes their lives. I explore whether they experience certain acts, those typically defined as violence when done to women or children, as violence at all and if those violent encounters leave them feeling vulnerable for having experienced it or strong for having survived or ended it.

Laurel Westbrook,
Sep 23, 2014, 12:14 PM


What is a Pilot?

A pilot is someone who is in the aviation industry, and who is able to operate aircraft in order to transport passengers or goods from one location to another. They are employed by commercial airlines, corporations, or governments. In some cases, pilots are self-employed or work for an individual to provide private transport in small aircraft or private jets. Aviation is a diverse career field with many opportunities in both the public and private sectors and even opportunities to work in an educational setting.

Also known as: Aviator, Aircraft Pilot, Commuter Pilot, Airline Transport Pilot, Airline Pilot, Airline Captain

A Pilot is a specialized type of Air Crew Officer.

Find your compatibility

Would you make a good pilot? Sokanu's free assessment reveals your exact compatibility with this career, your strengths, and any unique areas of interest.

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What does a Pilot do?

Depending on what area of the industry the pilot works in, they may be responsible for transporting civilians, members of the military, private goods, commercial products, or other types of cargo. The type of aircraft used depends on the pilot's specialization. Some pilots fly helicopters while others fly larger commercial aircraft to transport tens or even hundreds of passengers. Other pilots fly cargo planes to move large amounts of mail, automobiles, industrial equipment and other goods from one area to another.

The most well-known pilots are those who work for an airline company, flying passengers who are commuting or vacationing. Their primary responsibility is to operate the aircraft, but their day consists of many hours performing other tasks. Pilots check the weather and confirm flight plans before departing. They also perform pre-flight inspections and check flight logs prior to departure. During the flight, pilots are responsible for the safety of all crew and passengers on board. They may often need to make split-second decisions and are in constant contact with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to keep abreast of changes to the flight plan or safety issues. Commercial cargo pilots work in much the same capacity, with the only major change being that they transport cargo instead of people.

Careers are also available in the military, where pilots transport military personnel, soldiers, equipment, or goods for the government. Military pilots fly jets, bombers, and helicopters in combat, rescue, or reconnaissance missions. Some military officers are employed as test pilots, evaluating new and experimental aircraft prototypes.

In the private sector, pilots typically fly smaller planes like jets or light aircraft. They are employed by businessmen or celebrities and provide on-demand service for all their client's traveling needs. A private aviator may work as an independent contractor and offer service for-hire to many customers, or be employed solely by a corporation or wealthy individual.

Pilots with enough experience in the industry may eventually decide to work for or establish an aviation school. As an instructor in the school, pilots teach prospective aviators the fundamentals of flight. Topics covered in private lessons include safety, aviation history, and flying procedures. They work with students and enable them to obtain their private pilot certificate or instrument rating.

What is the workplace of a Pilot like?

Pilots rarely adhere to the standard 40-hour work week. Due to constant changes in airline itinerary and frequent shifts in schedules from weather and equipment malfunctions, pilots may work late at night, on weekends, and even on holidays. In the case of commercial airline pilots, FAA regulations require an eight-hour break between shifts which may result in overnight stays in distant cities or countries. Most pilots will fly between 75 and 80 hours per month. They are limited to a total of 100 hours per month, or 1000 hours in one year.

Further Reading

  • Pilot Careers

  • My Travel Routine: Private Jet Pilot Chris Grasso

    We caught up with assistant chief pilot Christopher Grasso from AvantAir, a Florida-based company that supplies fractional private jet ownership (think time shares for airplanes).

  • Practical Use Of The Pilot Personality Profile

    What comprises a typical pilot's personality? What characteristics do they generally share? Industrial psychologist Robert Rose, Ph.D., answers these questions and more as he takes a look at why understanding your personality profile may help your personal and professional relationships work a lot more effectively.

  • Becoming A Pilot

  • How Becoming An Airline Pilot Works

  • How To Become An Airplane Pilot

    I am a licensed private pilot, and I am writing this article as a guide for prospective pilots. I have enjoyed my flying very much, and want to encourage others to embark on the grand adventure of aviation.

Similar Careers


What was the mercy seat on the Ark of the Covenant?

The mercy seat was an object that rested on top of the Ark of the Covenant and was associated with the Day of Atonement in the Old Testament. Mentioned more than 20 times in the Bible, the mercy seat is first described in Exodus 25:17-22:

The Ark and its mercy seat (a type of lid or covering) represented the presence of the holy God. The Ark was kept behind a veil in the tabernacle (and later the temple) in a room known as the Holy of Holies, and could only be visited once per year, on the Day of Atonement, and only by the high priest. The high priest was required to follow specific rules in order to enter; if he broke any of these rules, thereby disrespecting the holiness of God, he would be struck dead.

Because the mercy seat was made of pure gold, it was highly valuable financially. More importantly, its connection with the Ark as well as serving as a cover over the Ten Commandments, gave this object the highest level of importance by the Jewish people.

Who built the mercy seat? Exodus 35 says that the gold came from the people of Israel. The mercy seat was one of many articles of the temple built by artists, metal-workers, and carpenters: "Let every skillful craftsman among you come and make all that the LORD has commanded: the tabernacle, its tent and its covering, its hooks and its frames, its bars, its pillars, and its bases; the ark with its poles, the mercy seat, and the veil of the screen" (Exodus 35:10-12). These craftsmen worked under the leadership of Bezalel and Oholiab (Exodus 35:30, 34; 36:1-2) and constructed the items as God dictated to Moses upon Mount Sinai.

The mercy seat is also mentioned in the New Testament. Hebrews 9 discusses the Holy Place that included the Ark and the mercy seat, saying in verse 5, "Above [the Ark] were the cherubim of glory overshadowing the mercy seat." Verses 11-12 say, "But when Christ appeared as a high priest of the good things that have come, then through the greater and more perfect tent (not made with hands, that is, not of this creation) he entered once for all into the holy places, not by means of the blood of goats and calves but by means of his own blood, thus securing an eternal redemption." The mercy seat is no longer an essential part of atonement. Instead, Jesus Christ Himself has become the One who atones for sin.

While the mercy seat served as an important part of Jewish worship during the tabernacle and temple periods, the coming of Jesus Christ has brought with it a new covenant by which each person can find atonement or forgiveness and payment for their sins through faith in Jesus Christ as God's risen Son (John 3:16; Ephesians 2:8-9).

Related Truth:

What is significant about the Ark of the Covenant? What is it?

Where is the Ark of the Covenant? What happened to it?

How is Jesus our High Priest?

What are the different covenants in the Bible?

Covenant Theology - What is it?

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Truth about Everything Else

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Barnard Castle Durham Cathedral Captain Cook Country
Surrounding Areas

The heart of Durham is a lofty sandstone outcrop surrounded by the meandering River Wear. The great Norman Cathedral towers above the river with its elegant bridges, old mills and picnic areas. Few places in Britain can boast such spectacular views.

Durham Cathedral dates from 995AD when a party of monks were seeking a resting place for the relics of St Cuthbert, one of the founders of Christianity in England. The present Cathedral was started in 1093 with the stunning Central tower completed in 1470 after lightning hit the original tower. The main doorway has a grotesque C12th sanctuary knocker. There is a permanant exhibition to the Venerable Bede, the father of English history and the English Renaissance.

The home
of the transporter bridge from Auf Wiedersehen Pet and the Birth place of Captain Cook.

The home of the broadest High street in the Country with a market dating back to the C14th. Also the birthplace of Sheraton and John Walker, the inventor of the match.


Antica Pizzeria Port’Alba Pizza Naples Italy

1 / 8

Antica Port’alba claims to be Naples’ (and the world’s) oldest pizzeria. Opening its doors in 1830, this unassuming restaurant can be off of Piazza Dante. Stuck between a number of used book stores, you don’t see it the first time you walk by. We didn’t at least. In fact, I was hesitant that I had even found the right place. Sitting outside was the restaurant’s pizzaiolo, a somber sad eyed man who motioned for us to sit down in a shaded patio area.

What I ate: Pizza diavola (a “deviled” pizza)
What Margaret ate: Pizza margherita

The Crust:
This was arguable the best part of both pizzas. Even as I watched our waiter carry our pizzas across the alleyway, I could see a golden brown crust that almost glowed in contrast to the white buffalo mozzarella. Before I even took a bite, I knew I was in for something exceptional. How did I know this? Well, for one, I could hold the slice in my hand. After being in Naples for about a week, and eating at least one pizza a day, I’ve already had my fair share of what food critic Ed Levine calls “soupy” neapolitan pizzas. These are hot, freshly cooked pizzas that don’t have the structural integrity that most American pizza eaters take for granted.  In many neapolitan pizzerias, often the amazingly creamy buffalo mozzarella and the locally grown tomatoes, once cooked, liquify into a deliciously white and red puddle that forms at the center of the pizza. This puddle, while delicious, is also difficult to eat.  Most crusts are too thin to support the center of the pie, and as a result, become soggy and hard to pick up. The pie loses its crust, it’s texture. It’s something special.
This, however, was not the case at Antica Pizzeria Port’Abla. The crust here was slightly thicker than its other neapolitan brethren and singed to a lightly golden color. It was a comfort to eat a pizza with my hands again. But at the same time, I didn’t find many dark, charred spots on the edges and bottom of the crust (a neapolitan signature and also one of my favorite parts of a good pizza).

The Cheese (Mozzarella di buffala):

The Sauce:

The toppings:
Perhaps the most disappointing element of the pizza at Antica Port’ Alba was the basil. For me, adding basil to a pie is as much a symbol as it is a culinary choice. A freshly cut leaf of basil represents the freshness of a pie’s ingredients and the labor of love that has gone into bringing those ingredients together. All that amazing flavor and aroma packed into one small leaf. Biting into that leaf should be a punch to your taste buds (Sometimes when I’m feeling really sinister, I’ll plan how I’m going to eat my pie according to the placement of the basil and rearrange the leafs to better suit each bite). But at Antica Port’ Alba the basil was dry, flavorless, and burnt. This was particularly frustrating considering the fact that good basil could have really helped draw out the flavor of the mozzarella and sauce. Why was the pizzaiolo so sad looking when we approached? Perhaps he was lamenting his herb selection.
As for the salumi on the pizza diavola, each slice was cut into awkwardly shaped squares that drew attention away from its flavor, which was actually pretty good. Keep ‘em thin and flat, I say.
One more thing I’d like to mention about the actual pizza at Antica Port’Alba: one of my biggest pet peeves about eating a pizza diavola is the fact that often there is nothing spicy or “deviled” about the pizza. My pizza here was no exception to this. Sure, I occasionally found  small pepper flecks. But what’s the fun if I have to look for them? A good pizza diavola is very much like a good strip show (sorry mom, but the metaphor sort of works. I mean, I imagine it works, seeing that I’ve never been to a strip show myself but have only heard about them): the excitement is in what isn’t seen, or, in our case, tasted. The pepper flecks and spicy salumi have to stimulate (what other verb could I use?) your taste buds to the breaking point of being too spicy, to a point where the flavor becomes distracting and starts to eclipse the other flavors of the pizza. But a good pizza diavola (maybe I should say a great pizza diavola) takes you to that breaking point without crossing over. In short, its an amazing tease. The diavola at Antica Port’Alba went the opposite direction into a complete absence of spice. There was nothing alluring or tantalizing about the taste. It was like trying to watch a strip show where the dancer wears a full-body jump suit and refuses to show you any skin.

The Atmosphere:

After reading this review to Margaret for feedback she candidly told me that I was giving Antica Pizzeria Port’Alba, one of the world’s oldest and most famous pizzerias, a terrible review. I tried to protest. But upon remembering that Margaret is about twice as smart as me, I realized that she is probably right. Bashing Port’Alba was never the point of this review. In fact, I really enjoyed eating there and will surely go back at a later date (I just won’t probably get the diavola again). In general, I do spend a little too much time fixated on the negative aspects of a pizza. The reason being; if something is good it is good and there usually isn’t much more you can say beyond that. But if something is bad it can usually be better.  So why not try to fix it?  I will give Antica Pizzeria Port’Abla 6 out of 8 slices.


Welcome to My Little Genius

Early Brain Development in My Little Genius!

Early childhood is a time when infants undergo many changes on different levels, such as physical, cognitive, social and emotional. This is the high time for Physical as well as Brain Development in Children. They enter into the world with a limited set of knowledge and with the help of surrounding and Early Childhood Education; they develop different sets of skills and abilities that open the way to a whole new world of learning. This topic has been the matter of research for many years and different conclusions have been drawn so far. This has led to the development of many theories related to growth, development, learning and change in infants, babies, toddlers and kids.

Let us emphasise on the basics of early childhood development which ensures the physical as well as psychological development of children.

From the time the baby arrives in this world, parents wait for him/her to reach important milestones such as rolling, crawling, walking, running and more. These different milestones are deeply related with both the aspects such as physical as well as psychological level of development and it differs in different babies. Different babies learn at different pace, for example some babies learn to crawl earlier than their peers of the same age. The development of each child is different.

Motor Skills Development!

Ability to learn and understand things is related to development of the nervous system. The maturity of nervous system defines the capability to perform simple as well as complex actions. However, the emergence of motor skills differs and it frets parents and caregivers. However, research have proven that Children Brain Development occurs in almost every child unless some types of disabilities have been found.

Physical Development!

The development of muscles is an important part of the growth of babies. It is said that in the Early Childhood Development large muscles such as legs and arms (gross motor skills) tend to develop faster than small muscles such as fingers and hands (fine motor skills). It becomes evident when babies learn to crawl and walk before they learn holding things with their fingers. Another fact to remember is that the development goes from head to toe which is why they hold their head up before they crawl.

Cognitive Development!

Cognitive development such as abilities related to memory, learning, reasoning and thinking occurs throughout the Early Child Development. Based on his/her own perception and type of motor activities, an infant tries to do things accordingly. Between the age of two and six, a child does not understand logic yet he tries to learn different languages. Between the age of seven and eleven, children begin developing logical thinking, abstracts and concepts. The development goes on.

What is My Little GeniusTM?

My Little Genius is a Bilingual Multi-Dimensional, thematic based whole Child Brain Development programme for children aged 6 months to 5 years old which develops children’s skill sets and increases their knowledge base. Professionals look after the growth and development of every child and pays attention to enhance them in the best way.

A Multi-Dimensional Brain Stimulation Approach is used to develop both the left and right hemispheres of a child’s brain. There are many factors which ensure the development of both in the right manner. The use of a dual language environment enhances language stimulation and stimulation of various sensory systems of the brain.

Our Vision

To build a balanced society by developing a new generation of children who know how to maximize the use of the whole brain.

Hours of Operation

Our regular operating hours are from Wednesdays to Sundays between 9:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m.

Read more …


• Hi! And welcome to my HOW HOT R U? Test. I'll be using advanced logic and knowledge to determine your true nature. Also,I wrote THE PERFECT LIFE FORM FOR ME½test,so move you ass to that test,if you are hot enough:)))


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Best Famous Walt Whitman Poems

Here is a collection of the all-time best famous Walt Whitman poems. This is a select list of the best famous Walt Whitman poetry. Reading, writing, and enjoying famous Walt Whitman poetry (as well as classical and contemporary poems) is a great past time. These top poems are the best examples of walt whitman poems.

Search for the best famous Walt Whitman poems, articles about Walt Whitman poems, poetry blogs, or anything else Walt Whitman poem related using the PoetrySoup search engine at the top of the page.

See also: Best Member Poems

by Walt Whitman | |

O Captain! My Captain!

My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still, My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will, The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done, From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won; Exult O shores, and ring O bells! But I with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.

by Walt Whitman | |

I Hear America Singing

I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear,
The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam,
singing on the steamboat deck,
at noon intermission or at sundown,
the girl sewing or washing,
robust, friendly,
Singing with open mouths their strong melodious songs.

by Walt Whitman | |

A Noiseless Patient Spider

A noiseless patient spider,
I marked where on a promontory it stood isolated,
Marked how to explore the vacant vast surrounding,
Ever unreeling them, ever tirelessly speeding them.
And you O my soul where you stand, Surrounded, detached, in measureless oceans of space, Ceaselessly musing, venturing, throwing, seeking the spheres to connect them, Till the bridge you will need be formed, till the ductile anchor hold, Till the gossamer thread you fling catch somewhere, O my soul.

More great poems below...

by Allen Ginsberg | |

A Supermarket in California

What thoughts I have of you tonight, Walt Whit-
man, for I walked down the sidestreets under the trees
with a headache self-conscious looking at the full moon.

by Ezra Pound | |

A Pact

 I make a pact with you, Walt Whitman--
I have detested you long enough.
I come to you as a grown child Who has had a pig-headed father; I am old enough now to make friends.
It was you that broke the new wood, Now is a time for carving.
We have one sap and one root-- Let there be commerce between us.

by Barry Tebb | |

 It is time after thirty years

We had our Poetry Renaissance

Rise, Children of Albion, rise!

It is time after nightmares of sleep

When we walked the streets of inner cities

Our poems among the burnt-out houses

And cars, whispering compassion

To the addicts shaking and the homeless

Waking and those who have come apart

In the nowhere of today

Begging in stations

Sleeping in boxes.
It is time to find Our lost, those children I taught three decades ago To paint on ceilings With sticks of incense Rainbows of silence For John Cage To write on walls In luminous paint Pink haiku For Allen Ginsberg.
It is time to awaken and emblazon the sky With symphonies of sorrow, To draft the articles of war.
Poets of the Underground The doors have opened The ghost of Walt Whitman Grey-bearded, in lonely anguish Walks with us.

by Edwin Arlington Robinson | |

Walt Whitman

 The master-songs are ended, and the man
That sang them is a name.
We do not hear him very much to-day: His piercing and eternal cadence rings Too pure for us --- too powerfully pure, Too lovingly triumphant, and too large; But there are some that hear him, and they know That he shall sing to-morrow for all men, And that all time shall listen.

by Allen Ginsberg | |

Cosmopolitan Greetings

 To Struga Festival Golden Wreath Laureates
 & International Bards 1986

Stand up against governments, against God.
Stay irresponsible.
Say only what we know & imagine.
Absolutes are coercion.
Change is absolute.
Ordinary mind includes eternal perceptions.
Observe what's vivid.
Notice what you notice.
Catch yourself thinking.
Vividness is self-selecting.
If we don't show anyone, we're free to write anything.
Remember the future.
Advise only yourself.
Don't drink yourself to death.
The universe is subjective.
Walt Whitman celebrated Person.
Universe is person.
Inside skull vast as outside skull.
Mind is outer space.
" First thought, best thought.
Mind is shapely, Art is shapely.
Maximum information, minimum number of syllables.
Syntax condensed, sound is solid.
Intense fragments of spoken idiom, best.
Consonants around vowels make sense.
Savor vowels, appreciate consonants.
Subject is known by what she sees.
Others can measure their vision by what we see.
Candor ends paranoia.
Kral Majales June 25, 1986 Boulder, Colorado

by Walt Whitman | |

Others may Praise what They Like.

 OTHERS may praise what they like;
But I, from the banks of the running Missouri, praise nothing, in art, or aught else,
Till it has well inhaled the atmosphere of this river—also the western prairie-scent,

And fully exudes it again.

by Walt Whitman | |

World Take Good Notice.

 WORLD, take good notice, silver stars fading,
Milky hue ript, weft of white detaching,
Coals thirty-eight, baleful and burning,
Scarlet, significant, hands off warning,
Now and henceforth flaunt from these shores.

by Walt Whitman | |

As the Time Draws Nigh.

AS the time draws nigh, glooming, a cloud,

by Walt Whitman | |

To a Historian.

 YOU who celebrate bygones!
 exhibited itself;
 pride of man in himself;)
Chanter of Personality, outlining what is yet to be,
I project the history of the future.

by Walt Whitman | |

To Foreign Lands.

 I HEARD that you ask’d for something to prove this puzzle, the New World,
And to define America, her athletic Democracy;

by Walt Whitman | |

When I read the Book.

 WHEN I read the book, the biography famous,
(As if any man really knew aught of my life;

by Walt Whitman | |

For Him I Sing.

 FOR him I sing,
To make himself, by them, the law unto himself.

by Walt Whitman | |

To You.

 not speak to me?
And why should I not speak to you?

by Walt Whitman | |

One’s-Self I Sing.

 ONE’S-SELF I sing—a simple, separate Person;
Yet utter the word Democratic, the word En-masse.
Of Physiology from top to toe I sing; Not physiognomy alone, nor brain alone, is worthy for the muse—I say the Form complete is worthier far; The Female equally with the male I sing.
Of Life immense in passion, pulse, and power, Cheerful—for freest action form’d, under the laws divine, The Modern Man I sing.

by Walt Whitman | |

O Me! O Life!

 O ME! O life!.
of the questions of these recurring; Of the endless trains of the faithless—of cities fill’d with the foolish; Of myself forever reproaching myself, (for who more foolish than I, and who more faithless?) Of eyes that vainly crave the light—of the objects mean—of the struggle ever renew’d; Of the poor results of all—of the plodding and sordid crowds I see around me; Of the empty and useless years of the rest—with the rest me intertwined; The question, O me! so sad, recurring—What good amid these, O me, O life? Answer.

by Walt Whitman | |

As I Ponder’d in Silence.

AS I ponder’d in silence,
Returning upon my poems, considering, lingering long,
A Phantom arose before me, with distrustful aspect,
Terrible in beauty, age, and power,
The genius of poets of old lands,
As to me directing like flame its eyes,
With finger pointing to many immortal songs,
And menacing voice, What singest thou? it said;
The making of perfect soldiers?

Be it so, then I answer’d,
 retreat—Victory deferr’d and wavering,
 field the world;
Lo! too am come, chanting the chant of battles,
I, above all, promote brave soldiers.

by Walt Whitman | |

 TEARS! tears! tears!
In the night, in solitude, tears;
Tears—not a star shining—all dark and desolate;
Moist tears from the eyes of a muffled head:
Of tears! tears! tears!

by Walt Whitman | |

Adieu to a Soldier.

 ADIEU, O soldier!
You of the rude campaigning, (which we shared,)
The rapid march, the life of the camp,
The hot contention of opposing fronts—the long manoeuver,
With war, and war’s expression.
Adieu, dear comrade! Your mission is fulfill’d—but I, more warlike, Myself, and this contentious soul of mine, Still on our own campaigning bound, Through untried roads, with ambushes, opponents lined, Through many a sharp defeat and many a crisis—often baffled, Here marching, ever marching on, a war fight out—aye here, To fiercer, weightier battles give expression.

by Walt Whitman | |

 OF Public Opinion;
 standing helpless and exposed;
 pulpits, schools;
 of self-esteem, and of personality;

by Walt Whitman | |

I Hear America Singing.

 I HEAR America singing, the varied carols I hear;
 intermission, or at sundown;
Singing, with open mouths, their strong melodious songs.

by Walt Whitman | |

In Midnight Sleep.

IN midnight sleep, of many a face of anguish,
Of the look at first of the mortally wounded—of that indescribable look;
Of the dead on their backs, with arms extended wide,
 I dream, I dream, I dream.
2 Of scenes of nature, fields and mountains; Of skies, so beauteous after a storm—and at night the moon so unearthly bright, Shining sweetly, shining down, where we dig the trenches and gather the heaps, I dream, I dream, I dream.
3 Long, long have they pass’d—faces and trenches and fields; Where through the carnage I moved with a callous composure—or away from the fallen, Onward I sped at the time—But now of their forms at night, I dream, I dream, I dream.

by Walt Whitman | |

 WHY! who makes much of a miracle?
As to me, I know of nothing else but miracles,
Whether I walk the streets of Manhattan,
Or stand under trees in the woods,
Or sit at table at dinner with my mother,
Or look at strangers opposite me riding in the car,
Or animals feeding in the fields,
Or birds—or the wonderfulness of insects in the air,
Or stand a long while looking at the movements of machinery,
Or behold children at their sports,
Or my own eyes and figure in the glass;
To me, every hour of the light and dark is a miracle, Every cubic inch of space is a miracle, Every square yard of the surface of the earth is spread with the same, Every foot of the interior swarms with the same; Every spear of grass—the frames, limbs, organs, of men and women, and all that concerns them, All these to me are unspeakably perfect miracles.
To me the sea is a continual miracle; The fishes that swim—the rocks—the motion of the waves—the ships, with men in them, What stranger miracles are there?


explanation of exercises

* If you are having trouble doing pullups, try using some substitutions

While lying horizontally face down, raise and lower your body using the arms while keeping your back flat. Try to keep elbows close to your sides.

The squat is performed by bending the legs at the knees and hips, lowering the torso between the legs, and then reversing direction to stand up straight again. The torso remains relatively upright throughout the movement. Try to keep your knees from going over your toes and your weight on your heels.

explanation of workouts

Level 1 workouts used as an example

Day 1 (endurance) - "as many rounds as possible in 20 minutes:"
1 pull-up
2 push-ups
3 squat

Day 2 (strength) - "5 rounds for time:"
2 pull-ups
6 push-ups
10 squats

Day 3 (judgement) - "for time:"
10 pull-ups
21 push-ups
21 squats

Do 10 pull-ups, then 21 push-ups, then 21 squats as quickly as you can counting any rest time taken. Stay 1-2 repititions below failure, and do not train to failure.


Interior Secretary Ken Salazar flew to Salt Lake City to announce the indictments of the Redds and 22 others in what he called the biggest bust ever of thieves who steal American Indian artifacts from public lands.

The backlash started soon after, and not just because of the arrest of the Redds.

Local authorities called the raids overkill.

Blanding has about 3,000 residents, and on Tuesday nearly 1,000 people gathered in a Mormon community center to mourn the doctor as anger aimed at the federal government continued to grow.

Brett Tolman, the U.S. attorney for Utah, said given the scale of the crimes federal investigators uncovered during their years-long undercover probe, they needed to make a wide range of simultaneous arrests.

But even supporters of the push against looting artifacts say the crackdown backfired.

"The whole point they wished to make is gone," said Winston Hurst, an archaeologist who has fought against digging up ancient graves.


IEA Training Manual - Module 6

6. Policy analysis

Experience suggests there are a variety of ways in which policies can and have been addressed in a scenario exercise.1 Unfortunately, in most cases, this has been an afterthought, and little attention has been paid to how these approaches differ, their appropriate purposes and the implications for designing a scenario exercise. In this section, we will explore this issue in some detail.

In order to clarify the distinctions among the various approaches to link policy and scenario analysis, it is useful to consider the following questions:

  • Are there existing policies you wish to explore as part of the scenario exercise?
    A standard use of scenario analysis is to compare the feasibility, effectiveness, and broader impacts of alternative policies (or combinations thereof), e.g., taxes vis-à-vis tradable permits on certain pollutants. This can be done by assessing scenarios that differ only with respect to the absence or inclusion of the policies of interest. Remembering the basic uncertainties that underlie the use of scenarios, the robustness of existing policies can be assessed by exploring their feasibility, effectiveness and broader impacts across a range of scenarios that differ with respect to other significant factors.

    If there are no relevant, existing policies, then one purpose of the scenario exercise should be the identification of policy options. Even where they do exist, the exercise can, of course, be useful for expanding the set of policy options for consideration.
  • Is there a preconceived end vision, or at least some aspects of a vision, i.e., specific targets?

    In many cases, a scenario exercise is used to explore the feasibility and broader implications, e.g., tradeoffs, of meeting a specific target, e.g., an 80 per cent reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050. If the vision is used to define the scenarios, i.e., the range of scenarios to be explored is restricted to only those for which the target is achieved, the exercise takes on the character of a standard back cast. At a minimum, the presence of a preconceived end vision implies that there are at least some metrics against which a scenario and its policies can be evaluated as being “successful.”

    In the absence of any preconceived vision, the question of how to evaluate a scenario and the impacts of policies, in particular any definition of “success,” is less clear. There will almost certainly be metrics that can be used for this purpose. Even where clear targets do exist, these other metrics are important for evaluating the broader implications of achieving the targets.
  • Are the effects of a policy of such magnitude that they would fundamentally alter the basic structure of the scenario?

    Depending on how the scenario is defined and the perspective of the person using them, policies can be seen as essentially determining the scenario or as merely affecting some aspects of it. For example, if a scenario is defined by the international trade in agricultural commodities, a group like the WTO or some larger countries could conceive of policies that will alter the overall level and terms of this trade. Small countries and individual producers, on the other hand, are more likely to take these as given. In the latter case, the policy question to be asked can be phrased as, “What can we do to cope best with the set of possible situations we might face?” In the former, a more relevant question would be, “What could we do to create a particular situation?”

Combining the above, we can talk about eight cases:

Case Existing policies? Preconceived end visions? Policies determine
the scenario?
Potential uses
a YES YES YES Test particular policies to see if they can create the conditions under which end visions or specific targets can be achieved, while also considering the broader implications of the policies.
b YES YES NO Test particular policies to see whether and
to what extent they can help to achieve end
visions or specific targets under otherwise
fixed conditions, while also considering the
broader implications of the policies.
c YES NO YES Explore the role of particular policies in
determining the broad nature of the future.
d YES NO NO Identify policies that can create the conditions under which end visions or specific targets can be achieved, while also
considering the broader implications of the
e NO YES YES Identify policies that can create the conditions under which end visions or specific targets can be achieved, while also
considering the broader implications of the
f NO YES NO Identify policies that can help to meet specific targets under given conditions, while also considering the broader
implications of the policies.
g NO NO YES Identify policies that may determine the broad nature of the future.
h NO NO NO Identify policies and their implications under
certain given conditions.

Each of these cases is obviously a caricature; most scenario exercises will include some combination of these, and certain cases are of less interest than others. The lack of both existing relevant policies and a preconceived vision in cases g and h make it highly unlikely that either would be undertaken in isolation. However, they might be used as extensions to cases d and e, respectively, whereby new policies are identified in the process of testing existing ones. Given their inclusion of preconceived visions, cases a, b, e, and f lend themselves to backcasting exercises, but they can also be addressed in forward-looking exercises when the targets are not used to limit the set of scenarios to be considered. With the latter, they are not significantly different from the equivalent cases without preconceived visions (i.e., c, d, g, and h respectively). Finally, cases b, d, f, and h, by exploring policies that do not “determine” the scenario, can be pursued without a full scenario development process if scenarios already exist within which these policies can be adequately assessed.
Several concrete examples of where scenario exercises have been used, and how they can be seen to fit within this schema, are provided below..

  • Testing policies to limit pollutant emissions from the power sector in the United States

    The Energy Information Administration (EIA) in the United States analysed the potential costs and impacts of various existing policies that sought to limit emissions of four pollutants from electricity generators, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2) and mercury (Hg), in four different scenarios. Since there were existing policies and clear targets, but other basic conditions were held fixed (e.g., overall economic growth), this serves best as an example of case b above. The analysis showed emissions could be significantly limited for all pollutants, if a substantial effort was made by industry, and this helped to illustrate the nature and scale of the effort depending on the scenario. It also indicated that the increase in energy costs and other economic impacts of the policies under investigation would decline over time.

  • Identifying policies to achieve a 60 per cent reduction in carbon emissions by 2050 in the United Kingdom

    The UK Department of Trade and Industry has used the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution’s target of a 60 per cent reduction in carbon emissions by 2050 as a desired vision of the future, and has used scenarios to help identify possible paths to meet this target. Since the policies were not clearly specified beforehand, but a target did exist and key scenario conditions were held fixed, this is best seen as an example of case f but also a and e, inasmuch as some particular policies were tested. This work yielded a number of new policy initiatives and measures to achieve this target. The scenario analysis was model-based and helped identify the technology portfolios in each sector that could achieve the target and their evolution over time, while providing an indication of the overall cost.
  • Exploring the future of the environment in Latin America and the Caribbean

    GEO Latin America and the Caribbean: Environmental Outlook 2003 (UNEP 2003) considered three broad scenarios for the future. Each started from a set of assumptions about general policy developments, which was assumed to determine, in large part, the future shape of the region. This can be seen as an example of case c, but also g to the extent that the policies considered were somewhat vaguely defined. The authors pointed out that the path to a sustainable future, as presented in the “Great Transitions” scenario, would be supported by the Latin American and Caribbean Initiative for Sustainable Development, approved by the Regional Forum of Ministers of the Environment in August 2002. The initiative’s numerous priority areas included “Strengthening of technical and vocational training institutions” and “Promotion of human resources development, particularly in information and communication technology.” In contrast, the “Market Scenario” emphasized policies such as free-trade agreements, intellectual property rights, deregulation and privatization as well as other measures, resulting in quite different implications for the environment.
  • Scenarios to explore adaptation to Climate Change

    Within the Global International Waters Assessment and, as reported in the assessments of the IPCC and elsewhere, numerous scenarios have explored not only the potential impacts of climate change, but also policies and actions to ameliorate or adapt to these changes. These may or may not have preconceived policies or end visions, but almost all take the change in climate as given. Thus, depending on their particular setup, they can provide examples of cases b, d, f or h.

See Exercise 6.6

  Note that a similar approach was used by the OECD in their second Environmental Outlook (OECD 2008)
For the purposes here, the word policy is defined broadly. It denotes any organized intervention by an actor in the system of interest. Thus, it should be seen to include inter alia laws and legislation, economic instruments, property rights reform and market creation, reform of state bureaucracies, activities by the private sector, NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONSs, and civil society.

Write comment:

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- - 31 Oct 2012
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- - 28 Oct 2012
我反而覺得係咁喎 從事web2.0既創業家 佢地既目的 未必一定係搵一舊大錢 因為 互聯網工業既其中一個好重要既特點 係佢既入行門檻極之低 尤其係如果位創業家自己本身有technical background既時候 佢甚至可以一腳踢搞曬成件野出黎 做web sevrcie 你只係需要少至一部放响data center既電腦 同埋整/maintain呢個system既人 三萬蚊港幣落樓 仲有 佢唔使一開始就掟一舊錢出黎買貨 又或者佢需要之前有廣博既人脈關係 當然佢既人際網絡西利既話一定有幫助 甚至唔需要有辦公室 你知啦 香港地租幾鬼貴 掛條線掛個郵箱响朋友既公司又得 俾少少錢買個虛擬辦公室既服務又得 唔計一開始投入响硬件既少少支出 其實 要maintain一間互聯網公司 如果係one man band既話 只係需要好小開支 一部份係datacenter既費用 另一部份就係自己既生活費 就算係咁 計落 頭一年既開支都可能只係十萬左右 所以我覺得互聯網工業既風險好細 好可能到頭黎一蚊回報都冇 但係响個過程裏要創業既人可以學到好多野 可以廣結人脈 如果做左出黎既野好多人都好鐘意用 佢出左名 已經達到目的
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- - 13 Sep 2012
I notice that 1 socecr ball and 1 tennis ball equals 14 oz. I know this from splitting the middle scale in half. I also notice that 2 baseballs and a socecr ball weighs more than 1 socecr ball, a tennis ball, and a baseball. I wonder how many oz. are in 1 socecr ball and 1 baseball. I also wonder how you can find what each individual ball weighs.


Usability in Safety and Environmental Protection
I received this letter November 13, 2000:

Dan :

I'm finding your discussions on usability quite interesting.  I don't work
in the software or computer hardware field, but instead work with safety
and environmental protection.  Usability is a _big_ issue with us in that
field, too!

If one looks at major industrial accidents in the world over the last fifty
or so years, one finds that between 60% and 90% of the accidents are due to
"human error".  The range is due in part to the running debates on where
designer errors fit into "human error".  Having worked as a fire and
explosion investigator in "another life", I can say that the stats are
pretty accurate.  Reviewing my old accident reports a few years back, I
estimated that the error factor was right around 90%.

The issue of punching out the wrong ballot position ("hanging", "pregnant",
and "dimpled" chad aside) is smaller than picking the wrong valve to open
in an emergency, or to use a real world example, actuating an isolation
valve in reverse during testing, and thereby releasing highly flammable
materials.  That case chalked up more than a score dead, close onto $1
billion in overall losses, and dropped out about 5% of the USA's capacity
in a specific polymer's production.  All from an "error".

The number of "smaller" accidents with fewer dead and smaller dollar losses
is high.  Arguably to some, although not me, a national election is more
important than these cases, unless you're the woman or man who dies in the

Usability is a complex issue that requires multidisciplinary approaches, a
highly flexible mind to coordinate the approaches, and some old-fashioned
hard nosed thinking about Murphy and Finagle.  It's not something that one
just happens into one day, and then produces marvel after marvel.  As the
level of consequences goes up for failure, the quality of usability must
similarly rise in at least the same slope, and arguably proportionally
higher.  In the case of the federal election results in Florida where the
form was poorly handled, or the results in New Mexico where a specific
windowed box was not "clicked off", the consequences are pretty high right
now - look at the stock market if nothing else... although again, I tend to
consider people's deaths a higher issue.

Which then segues to the next point, most usability issues are decided at
relatively low levels or by people without experience in the area.  The
placement of light switches in rooms, location of critical shutoffs, or
simply where to sign one's name are typically determined by one of the most
junior members of the project team.  Some exceptions exist, to be sure,
such as the relatively recent studies by software companies on usability,
but even those packages fail the usability tests in less "important" areas
like installation.  The stories of installation failures are legion.

All this leads to the final lesson on usability.  Usability only becomes
important when a (relative) catastrophe occurs.  It shouldn't be this way,
but it is.  The issues with Florida's election in terms of recounts are not
new.  The failures of New Mexico in the area of failures to deploy systems
are not recent.  Only when the failures reach a crisis level is any serious
study made to the problems, and at that, is often a "band-aid" approach to
pass through the periodic crisis.

Usability is and will continue to be a serious issue.

John Palmer

© Copyright 1999-2014 by Daniel Bricklin
All Rights Reserved.


Home » Minerals » Barite

The nonmetallic mineral with an incredible specific gravity.

What is Barite?

Barite is a mineral composed of barium sulfate (BaSO4). It receives its name from the Greek word "barys" which means "heavy." This name is in response to barite's high specific gravity of 4.5, which is exceptional for a nonmetallic mineral. The high specific gravity of barite makes it suitable for a wide range of industrial, medical and manufacturing uses. Barite also serves as the principal ore of barium.

Barite Occurrence

Barite often occurs as concretions and void-filling crystals in sediments and sedimentary rocks. It is especially common as concretions and vein fillings in limestone and dolostone. Where these carbonate rock units have been heavily weathered, large accumulations of barite are sometimes found at the soil-bedrock contact. Many of the commercial barite mines produce from these residual deposits.

Barite is also found as concretions in sand and sandstone. These concretions grow as barite crystallizes within the interstitial spaces between sand grains. Sometimes crystals of barite grow into interesting shapes within the sand. These structures are known as "barite roses" (see image at right). They can be up to several inches in length and incorporate large numbers of sand grains. Occasionally barite is so abundant in a sandstone that it serves as the "cement" for the rock.

Barite is also a common mineral in hydrothermal veins and is a gangue mineral associated with sulfide ore veins. It is found in association with ores of antimony, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese and silver. In a few locations barite is deposited as a sinter at hot springs.

Physical Properties of Barite

Barite is generally easy to identify. It is one of just a few nonmetallic minerals with a specific gravity of four or higher. Combine that with its low Mohs hardness (2.5 to 3.5) and its three directions of right angle cleavage, and the mineral can usually be reliably identified with just three observations.

Physical Properties of Barite

Chemical Classification sulfate
Color colorless, white, light blue, light yellow, light red, light green
Streak white
Luster vitreous to pearly
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage very good, basal, prismatic
Mohs Hardness 2.5 to 3.5
Specific Gravity 4.5
Diagnostic Properties high specific gravity, three cleavage directions at right angles
Chemical Composition barium sulfate , BaSO4
Crystal System orthorhombic
Uses drilling mud; high density filler for paper, rubber, plastics

In the classroom, students often have difficulty identifying specimens of massive barite with fine-grained crystals. They look at the specimen, see the sugary appearance, correctly attribute it to cleavage and apply a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid. The mineral effervesces and they think that they have calcite or a piece of marble. The problem is that the effervescence is caused by contamination. The students tested the hardness of the barite with a piece of calcite from their hardness kit. Or the specimen of barite can naturally contain calcite. However, any student who tests the specific gravity will discover that calcite or marble are incorrect identifications.

Barite is also a good mineral to use when teaching about specific gravity. Give students several white mineral specimens that are about the same size (we suggest calcite, quartz, barite, talc, gypsum). Students should be able to easily identify barite using the "heft test" (placing Specimen "A" in their right hand and Specimen "B" in their left hand and "hefting" the specimens to determine which one is heaviest). Students in third or fourth grade are capable of using the heft test to identify barite.

Uses of Barite

Most barite produced is used as a weighting agent in drilling muds. These high-density muds are pumped down the drill stem, exit through the cutting bit and return to the surface between the drill stem and the wall of the well. This flow of fluid does two things: 1) it cools the drill bit; and, 2) the high-density barite mud suspends the rock cuttings produced by the drill and carries them up to the surface.

Barite is also used as a pigment in paints and as a weighted filler for paper, cloth and rubber. The paper used to make some playing cards has barite packed between the paper fibers. This gives the paper a very high density that allows the cards to be "dealt" easily to players around a card table. Barite is used as a weighting filler in rubber to make "anti-sail" mudflaps for trucks.

Barite compounds are also used in diagnostic medical tests. If a patient drinks a small cup of liquid that contains a barium powder in a milkshake consistency, the liquid will coat the patient's esophagus. An x-ray of the throat taken immediately after the "barium swallow" will image the soft tissue of the esophagus (which is usually transparent to x-rays) because the barium is opaque to x-rays and blocks their passage. A "barium enema" can be used in a similar way to image the shape of the colon.

Barite Production

2011 Barite Production
Thousand Metric Tons
Algeria 40
China 4,100
Germany 70
India 1,350
Iran 350
Kazakhstan 200
Mexico 157
Morocco 600
Pakistan 58
Peru 87
Russia 62
Turkey 230
United Kingdom 50
Vietnam 85
United States 710
Other Countries 220
The values above are 2011 metric tons of barite production from USGS Mineral Commodity Summary, January 2013.

The oil and gas industry is the primary user of barite worldwide. There it is used as a weighting agent in drilling mud. This is a growth industry, as global demand for oil and natural gas has been on a long-term increase. In addition, the long-term drilling trend is more feet of drilling per barrel of oil produced.

This has caused the price of barite to increase. Price levels during 2012 were between 10% and 20% higher than 2011 in many important markets. The typical price of drilling mud barite is about $150 per metric ton at the mine.

Substitutes for barite in drilling mud include: celestite, ilmenite, iron ore and synthetic hematite. None of these substitutes have been effective at displacing barite in any major market area. They are too expensive or do not perform competitively.

China and India are the leading producers of barite and they also have the largest reserves. The United States does not produce enough barite to supply its domestic needs. In 2011 the United States produced about 700,000 metric tons of barite and imported about 2,300,000 metric tons.

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Barite from Kings Creek, South Carolina. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.

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barite rose photograph by Rob Lavinsky
This "barite rose" is a cluster of bladed barite crystals that have grown in sand, incorporating many of the sand grains within each crystal. Specimen and photo by Arkenstone /

Barite from Canada
Barite from Madoc, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.

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Barite from Edith River, Northern Territory, Australia. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across.

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Barite from Mercur, Utah. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.

© 2005-2015 All Rights Reserved.


Steven Londo in the US

  1. #6,467,569 Steven Lohmann
  2. #6,467,570 Steven Lohmeyer
  3. #6,467,571 Steven Lokker
  4. #6,467,572 Steven Lolli
  5. #6,467,573 Steven Londo
  6. #6,467,574 Steven Longstaff
  7. #6,467,575 Steven Longstreth
  8. #6,467,576 Steven Lopp
  9. #6,467,577 Steven Loren
people in the U.S. have this name View Steven Londo on WhitePages Raquote 8eaf5625ec32ed20c5da940ab047b4716c67167dcd9a0f5bb5d4f458b009bf3b

Meaning & Origins

Variant of Stephen, reflecting the normal pronunciation of the name in the English-speaking world.
28th in the U.S.
Dutch: habitational name from a place called Longdoz near Liège, Belgium, named with Latin longum dorsum ‘long back’, i.e. a long, low ridge.
27,538th in the U.S.

Nicknames & variations

Top state populations


Using Growing Degree-Days for Insect Pest Management by dcc48652

									              Using Growing Degree-Days for Insect Pest Management
When pest management is based on calendar timings, daily temperature is not taken into account. This can result in misleading
information regarding current insect activity. Depending on weather conditions, insect development may vary from year to year by a
few weeks, consequently predicting the proper time for control measures is difficult.
Insects, like plants and many other organisms, are dependent on temperature to develop. These organisms begin developing when the
temperature exceeds the lower developmental threshold or base temperature. The rate of development increases as the temperature
exceeds the base temperature and decreases as the temperature drops. Thus, insect development is accelerated during warm years and
delayed during cooler years. Upper developmental thresholds, temperatures above which growth slows or ceases, are seldom used for
insects since these thresholds are either not known, or they live in habitats where the upper threshold is seldom exceeded. Growing
Degree-Days (GDD) takes into account the average daily temperature by calculating the number of heat units received. Thus, this
system can be more accurate than the calendar method for estimating insect development and timing management strategies.
Several mathematical equations, can be used for calculating GDD based on minimum and maximum temperature. The easiest method
is to average the daily maximum and minimum temperatures and subtract from-it the base temperature as follows:
                 Max Temperature + Minimum Temperature                     minus       Base Temperature            =    Daily GDD
For each day that the average temperature is one degree above the base temperature, one degree-day accumulates. Depending on the
species, the base temperature can vary. Cool weather organisms will have lower base temperatures while other types of organisms will
have higher ones. For most situations though, a base temperature of 50 oF: is satisfactory. If a development prediction for a particular
insect varies more than expected, using a lower base temperature could be necessary for that organism.
Biophenometers are instruments, which record the temperature every few minutes and accumulate the GDD as that portion of a 24-
hour period. This is the most accurate way of calculating GDD but it does not retain minimum and maximum temperature data which
would be important to calculate the most appropriate base temperature to use. When using GDD from other sources it is important to
determine the method and 'base temperature used for calculations.
Ideally, taking temperature readings from the property or general area where the pest problem exists would be most accurate. When
doing so several things should be considered. Minimum/maximum thermometers or any other devices used to detect temperature
should be placed in a well ventilated, white weather shelter. The thermometer should not be exposed to direct sunlight. Shelters should
be placed in the full sun, ideally in areas free from excessive radiant heat from driveways, sidewalks, buildings, etc. The accumulated
GDD for various locations in Nassau and Suffolk Counties as well as New York City can be accessed from the Cornell Cooperative
Extension – Suffolk County web site at the following web address
Each day between March 1 and September 30 the daily GDD are calculated (using the above mentioned formula) and totaled to
determine the accumulated GDD (Table 1). If the average temperature is below the base temperature, which would return a negative
daily GDD number, just enter zero - 0 - for the day. For the system to work you must collect the maximum and minimum temperature
every day. Early in the season the numbers will accumulate slowly but as the average daily temperature increases the GDD will
accumulate faster.
Table 1. Example calculating growing degree-days (GDD) and accumulated growing degree-days (AGDD)
        Date                Min                Max              Avg.               GDD                                          AGDD

    March 1                     30                        40                        35                       01                      0
    March 2                     40                        65                       52.5                      2.5                    2.5
    March 3                     50                        65                       57.5                      7.5                    10
 Negative numbers are never added, enter zero.
The GDD for many insects are listed in (Table 2.) The time for pest control is expressed in a range of numbers beginning with first
perceptible feeding injury and continuing until approximately the end of the insects' plant injury cycle. In other cases, ranges indicate
optimum control periods. If more than one range of numbers appears, this is indicative of multiple generations and/or control- periods
in an insect's life cycle. For example, Cooley spruce gall adelgid GDD (on spruce) are 22 - 81 and 1850 - 1950. This means the insect
is active starting around 22 GDD and control measures can be implemented until approximately 81 GDD. Cooley spruce gall adelgid

                         Cornell Cooperative Extension in Suffolk County provides equal program and employment opportunities.
also has another period during the growing season when controls may be effective and necessary. This period is between 1850 and
1950 GDD.
GDD should be used as a guide as to determine when pest control actions should be utilized. Monitoring should be employed at some
point before the GDD number is reached to determine if a pest problem exists and if some type of control is warranted. Decisions as to
whether or not to use control measures will be dependent upon such things as the level of damage or potential damage and the life
stage of the insect. Treatment, if decided upon, would be timed to correspond with some point within the GDD range.
Table 2. A partial list of common insects found on woody trees and shrubs along with the stage of development and the
coordinating growing degree-day (GDD) range of the particular insect pest. This information was provided by Dr. Warren T.
Johnson, Department of Entomology, Cornell University and the 2006 PMG for Commercial Production and Maintenance of
Trees and Shrubs. Unless specified otherwise (i.e. Soil Treatment) the GDD ranges pertain to foliar applications.
                                                                                GDD      GDD
   Common Name                                     Scientific Name                      Dormant2        Stage3     Min1     Max1
   American plum borer                             Euzophera semifuneralis                                A         245      440
   Aphids                                          Leaf and twig forms                       *            E          7       120
                                                                                N,A        100      200
                                                                                N,A        100      250
                                                                                N,A        250     2800
   Arborvitae leafminers                           Argyresthia spp.                                       A         533      700
                                                                                L         150      260
                                                                                L        1800     2200
                                                   Soil Treatment                                         L        1700     2100
   Azalea leafminer                                Caloptilia azaleela                                    L         450      800
                                                                                L        1260     1500
   Azalea whitefly                                 Pealius azaleae                                       N,A        448      700
                                                                                N,A       1250     1500
                                                                                N,A       2032     2150
   Bagworm                                         Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis                          L         600      900
   Balsam gall midge                               Paradiplosis tumifex                                   L         120      299
   Balsam twig aphid                               Mindarus abietinus                                     N          30      100
   Birch leafminer                                 Fenusa pusilla                                         L         190      290
                                                                                L         530      700
   Black Vine Weevil                               Otiorhynchus sulcatus                                  A         148      400
   Boxwood leafminer                               Monarthropalpus buxi                                   A         350      600
                                                                                L        1200     2400
   Boxwood mite                                    Eurytetranychus buxi                                  N,A        245      600
   Boxwood psyllid                                 Psylla buxi                                            N         290      440
   Bronze birch borer                              Agrilus anxius                                         A         440      800
   Cankerworms (inch worms)                                                                               L         148      290
   Cooley spruce gall adelgid                      Adelges cooleyi – on Douglas Fir                      N,A       1500     1775
                                                                                N,A        120      190
   Cooley spruce gall adelgid                      Adelges cooleyi - on Spruce                           N,A       1850     1950
                                                                                N,A         22       81
   Cottony maple scale                             Pulvinaria innumerabilis                  *            C         802     1265
   Cottony maple leaf scale                        Pulvinaria acericola                      *            C         802     1265
   Cottony taxus scale                             Pulvinaria floccifera                                  C         802     1388
                                                                                *            N          7        91
   Dogwood borer                                   Synanthedon scitula                                    A         148      700
   Eastern spruce gall adelgid                     Adelges abietis                                        N          22      170
   Eastern tent caterpillar                        Malacosma americanum                                   L          90      190
   Elongate hemlock scale                          Fiorinia externa                                       C         360      700
                                                                                *            A          7       120
   Euonymus scale                                  Unaspis euonymi                                        C         533      820
                                                                                C        1150     1388
                                                                                *            N          35      120
   European fruit lecanium                         Parthenolecanium corni                                 C        1266     1645
                                                                                *            N          35      145
   European Pine Sawfly                            Neodiprion sertifer                                    L          78      220
   European pine shoot moth                        Rhyacionia buoliana                                    L          34      121
                                                                                L         480      710
Common Name                         Scientific Name                  Dormant2    Stage3   Min1   Max1
European red mite                   Panonychus ulmi                              E,L,N     240    810
                                                                        *          E        7      58
Fall webworm                        Hyphantria cunea                               L      1266   1795
Fletcher scale                      Parthenolecanium fletcheri                     C      1029   1388
                                                                                C      2515   2800
                                                                                N        38    148
Fruitree leafroller                 Archips argyrospilus                           L       300    618
Gypsy moth                          Lymantria dispar                               L        90    448
Hemlock eriophyid (rust) mite       Nalepella tsugifolia                *         N,A       7     450
Hemlock scale                       Abgrallaspis ithacae                           C      1388   2154
                                                                        *          N        35    121
Hickory leaf stem gall phylloxera   Phylloxera carvaecaulis                        N        91    246
Holly leafminer                     Phytomyza ilicis                              L,A      246    448
                                    Soil Treatment                                 L       192    290
Honeylocust spider mite             Eotetranychus multidigituli                 E,L,N,A    912   1514
Honeylocust plant bug               Diaphnocoris chlorionis                       N,A       58    246
Honeylocust pod gall midge          Dasineura gleditschiae                         L       192    229
Honeylocust spider mite             Platytetranychus multidigituli                N,A      912   1514
Japanese beetle                     Popillia japonica                              A      1029   2154
Juniper scale                       Carulaspis juniperi                            C       707   1260
                                                                        *          N        22    148
Juniper webworm                     Dichomeris marginella                          L      1645   1917
Lace bugs                           Corythuca spp                                 N,A      239    363
                                                                                N,A     1266   1544
                                    Stephanitis spp.                              N,A     120+
Leafhoppers                         Several species                               N,A      618    802
                                                                                N,A     1266   1514
                                                                                N,A     1917   2155
Lilac borer                         Podosesia syringae                             A       200    299
                                                                                A      400+
Locust borer                        Magacyllene robiniae                          L,A     2271   2805
Magnolia scale                      Neolecanium cornuparvum             *          N        7      35
Mountain ash sawfly                 Pristiphora geniculata                         L       448    707
Nantucket pine tip moth             Rhyacionia frustrana                           L       121    448
                                                                                L      1514   1917
Native holly leafminer              Phytomyza iliciola                             L       192    298
                                                                                L      1029   1266
Oak blotch leafminers               Cameraria spp., Tischeria spp.                 L       533    912
Oak leaftier                        Croesia semipurpurana                          L        7      35
Oak skeletonizer                    Bucculatrix ainsliella                         L       448    707
                                                                                L      1798   2155
Oak spider mite                     Oligonychus bicolor                           L,N      802   1266
Oystershell scale                   Lepidosaphes ulmi                              C       363    707
                                                                        *          E        7      91
Peachtree borer                     Synanthedon exitiosa                           L      1500   1800
Pine bark adelgid                   Pineus strobi                                  C        58    618
                                                                        *          C        22     58
Pine eriophyid mites                Eriophyidae                                   N,A      298    533
Pine needle miner                   Exoteleia pinifoliella                        L,A      448    802
Pine needle scale                   Chionaspis pinifoliae                          C      1290   1917
                                                                                C       298    448
                                                                        *          E        98    248
Pine sawflies                       Diprion spp., Neodiprion spp.                  L       246   1388
Pine spittlebugs                    Aphrophora cribrata                            N       148    298
                                    A. saratogensis                                N       148    298
Pine webworm                        Tetralopha robustella                          L       802   2000
Pitch twig moth                     Petrova comstockiana                           L       298    707
Privet rust mite                    Aculus ligustri                              L,N,A    1266   1515
                                                                                L,N,A     298    802
    Common Name                                      Scientific Name                       Dormant2        Stage3      Min1      Max1
    Privet thrips                                    Dendrothrips ornatus                                   L,A         192       618
                                                                                L,A        1029      1266
    Rhododendron borer                               Synanthedon rhododendri                                 A          533       707
                                                                                A          192       298
    Rhododendron gall midge                          Clinodiplosis rhododendri                               L          192       363
    Rhododendron stem borer                          Oberea myops                                            A          298       802
    Rose chafer                                      Macrodactylus subspinosus                               A          448       802
    Roundheaded apple tree borer                     Saperda candida                                         A          802      1029
                                                                                A         1514      1798
    Rust mites                                       Eriophyidae                                           L,N,A       1644      2033
                                                                                L,N,A        533       802
    Southern red mite                                Oligonychus ilicis                                     N,A         246       363
                                                                                N,A         618       802
                                                                                N,A        2500      2700
                                                                                *            E           7         91
    Spruce needle miner                              Endothenia albolineane                                  L          448       802
    Spruce spider mite                               Oligonychus ununguis                       *            E           7        121
                                                                                N,A       192         363
                                                                                N,A       2375       2806
    Taxus bud mite                                   Cedidophyopsis psilaspis                               N,A         148       448
                                                                                N,A         707       912
    Taxus mealybug                                   Dysmicoccus wistariae                                   N          246       618
                                                                                *            N           7         91
    Tuliptree aphid                                  Macrosiphum liriodendri                                N,A        1151      1514
                                                                                N,A        1917      2033
    Tuliptree scale                                  Toumeyella liriodendri                                  C         2032      2629
                                                                                *            N           12       121
    Tussock moth                                     Orgyia leucostigma                                      L          192       298
                                                                                L         2145      2516
    Twobanded Japanese weevil                        Callirhopalus bifasciatus                               A         1644      2271
    Twospotted spider mite                           Tetranychus urticae                                    N,A         363       618
                                                                                A         1300      2000
    White pine aphid                                 Cinara strobi                                           A         1917      2271
                                                                                N          121       246
                                                                                *            E           7        121
    White pine weevil                                Pissodes strobi                                         A           7         58
    White prunicola scale                            Pseudaulacaspis prinicola                               C          707      1151
                                                                                E           35       145
    Woolly beech aphids                              Grylloprociphilus imbricator                           N,A         363       707
                                                     Phyllaphis fagi                                        N,A         363       707
    Woolly elm aphid                                 Erisoma americanum                                      N          121       246
    Zimmerman pine moth                              Dioryctria zimmermani                                   L          121       246
                                                                                A         1917      2154
 If more than one range of numbers appears this is indicative of multiple generations and/or control periods in an insect's life cycle.
 If an asterisk (*) appears in this column, then a treatment with an appropriate insecticide may be warranted during the dormant season
(before bud break) providing a pest problem is present. For specific guidelines homeowners may refer to the current version of Part II
Guide to Pest Management around the Home – Pesticide Guidelines, Cornell Misc. Bulletin S74II and commercial pesticide
applicators can refer to the current version of Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial Production and Maintenance of Trees and
 A = adult; C = crawler; E = egg; L = larvae; N = nymph.
11/92 prepared by Thomas Kowalsick, Cornell Cooperative Extension – Suffolk County and Scott Clark, Cornell Cooperative
Extension – Suffolk County. Revised 5/2010
TK: 5/2010 #96

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The dead lift is simply the hinge put to work. To get started practicing the dead lift, you need something to pick up. A kettlebell or a dumbbell works great to start out (eventually you’ll move on to a set of kettlebells, dumbbells, or a barbell). Most men can start out with a weight between 35 and 40 pounds and most women, between 18 and 25 pounds.

Stand on top of the weight so it’s positioned between your heels and assume a shoulder-width stance.

Point your toes out slightly (between 10 and 20 degrees).

Push your hips back toward the wall behind you.

Imagine you’re reaching your butt back for a bench that’s just out of reach.

Keep your back flat, but let your knees bend.

Continue to reach your butt back as far as you possibly can without toppling backward.

When you hit maximum hip bend, grab hold of the weight and take a deep breath into your belly.

Be sure to keep the head and neck in line with the rest of your back as well. Focus your eyes on the ground slightly in front of you or onto the horizon where the wall meets the floor.

Push your heels hard into the ground and stand up as quickly as possible.

Reverse the movement to set the weight back onto the floor. Don’t round your back to set the weight down.

Be sure to start and finish the dead lift with good posture.


Now, here’s where a lot of folks get screwed up. The plan doesn’t have to nail down every variable. You can’t create a risk-free adventure or business. The plan can be simple. The best plans are! Generally, the simpler you make your plan, the stronger it is. Business planning helps you…

  • Get clear about what you want.
  • Take inspired action in that direction.

That’s it. So. Why is it such a big deal? Why do so many go out into the wilderness, or into business, without one?

It is better to go than to stay put. However, if you keep getting hurt, it may be a good idea to pause and consider, “What do I really want here? An adventure? More freedom? A better life? Money?” Then, you could think about ways that you could venture forth and enjoy your experience.

Business is supposed to be fun!

Business planning doesn’t have to be a chore. It can be energizing and inspiring. You can find a business planning template, or “pattern.” You might even find someone who has done it before and ask for some help.

Hot Rod, Max and I just returned from Alaska. We went flying and kayaking. Our pilot, our kayak guide, they use procedures. They have plans…and a clear intention of the adventure. Let’s assess the risk, knowing that you can’t control everything. Let’s set priorities. (Get in and out alive, and have some FUN!) The plan enhances the experience. Sure, we could have ventured out on our own. However, it was so great to have guides help us find the best places and escalate the learning curve.

On August 16, I hosted an interactive Webinar…”How to Create a Profitable Business Plan” This webinar contains fundamental information for your business. Bare bones basics: How to create a profitable business. How to unleash the freedom that a rockin’ business of your own can provide. If you missed it, no worries…The recording is below!

This is not an all-sizzle-no-steak Webinar. Grab your pencil, your to-do-list, and get ready to make things HAPPEN!

“Ellen helped me get much clearer on my goals and the month end reports are reflecting that! I will be joining you on the next Challenge to finish up. The difference your work has made is the difference between NIGHT and DAY! It was a great experience and very helpful in getting my business where it needs to be…PROFITABLE!”


GlucaGen Inj Uses and How to Use

  • Uses

    How To Use

    Keep this product near you at all times. Talk with your doctor about when you should use this product. This medication is given by injection. Learn in advance how to properly inject this medication so you will be prepared when you actually need to use it. Also teach a family member or caregiver what to do if you cannot inject the medication yourself.

    Friends and relatives of a diabetic patient should know the symptoms of low blood sugar (see also Precautions section) and be instructed on how to give glucagon if necessary. The patient should be treated as soon as possible during an episode of low blood sugar in order to prevent serious effects (e.g., brain damage).

    Prepare the medication as directed. Before using, check the product visually for particles, cloudiness, gel-like thickening, or discoloration. If any of these are present, do not use the liquid. After preparation, use the medication immediately. Discard any unused liquid.

    If the patient is unconscious, turn the patient on their side to avoid choking in case they vomit, and inject the glucagon. Seek immediate medical treatment. If the patient does not wake up in 15 minutes, the dose may be repeated.

    When the patient wakes up and is able to swallow, a quick sugar source (e.g., glucose tablets, juice) should be given. Glucagon is only effective for a short time, and low blood sugar may return. The blood sugar level should be kept up by eating snacks such as crackers, cheese, meat sandwich, or milk. The blood sugar should be checked regularly as directed by the doctor.

    Always call your doctor immediately when an episode of low blood sugar has occurred. You may need more medical treatment, or your insulin dose and diet may need to be adjusted.


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Word of the Day


Cooperative Games

Cooperative Games

  • Sergey V. Popov added an answer:
    What are the common group tasks that people use in experiments?

    Does anyone know what are the common group tasks that people use in their experiments? Tasks where performance can be easily evaluated objectively? I found in literature Michigan State University Distributed Dynamic Decision Making (MSU-DDD), but could not find the modified version for research. Does anyone have this game or know other games that I can use in research? Thanks!

    Sergey V. Popov · Queen's University Belfast

    I was thinking about doing an experiment in teamwork efficiency, and the only thing that came to my mind is jigsaw puzzle solving: how much faster would a team of 2 solve the given 300-piece puzzle against team of 3, or something. You need something that is easy to parallelize, but that would require some interaction. My suspicion is that the good teamwork games would also be the games where individual effort is hard to quantify...

  • He Hao added an answer:
    What is the difference between Nash Equilibrium and Nash Bargaining Solution?
    I'm considering a cooperative game where players want to share resources in a fair manner.
    He Hao · Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

    Please see

  • José Paes Santana added an answer:
    Can anyone help with time token method by Arends?
    Time token method is a cooperative learning method.
    José Paes Santana · UNIDESC GO

    Hello Sir BouJaoude,
    Thank you for the valuable information!
    prof Paes

  • Surajit Borkotokey asked a question:
    Is anyone working on Network under Bi-cooperative framework?
    Bi-cooperative games are generalizations of voting games with abstention...Mathematically one can talk about Bi-cooperative networks however one needs a concrete example. I am trying to get one. If anybody is interested please share your experience.
  • Issofa Moyouwou added an answer:
    Equivalence relation in TU games
    How do you define an equivalence relation over the set of imputations in a TU game?
    Issofa Moyouwou · University of Yaounde I
    Dear Momo, let me know what is the goal of such a partition. What is the main problem? is there any link to players? to a social planner? ...

About Cooperative Games

In game theory, a cooperative game is a game where groups of players ("coalitions") may enforce cooperative behaviour, hence the game is a competition between coalitions of players, rather than between individual players. An example is a coordination game, when players choose the strategies by a consensus decision-making process.

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