How to control pain so it doesn’t control you!

Pain is one of the most important and reliable “indicators” our bodies have developed over time, and it tells us that things just aren’t quite right in the body.

At the same time, constant and chronic sources of pain can be incredibly debilitating – to the point where they are all you can think about during the day and everything that keeps you up at night when you’re trying to get some rest.

A lot of people have become slaves to constant and consistent pain. Many continue to try to push through chronic pain, realizing that they become significantly less productive but unsure or unaware of how to resolve this pain all on their own. Others end up taking painkillers on a daily basis.  That will work for the short term.  But painkillers, especially strong prescription strength painkillers like codeine or co-codamol can end up leading to all sorts of side effect and have the potential to be abused.

Thankfully though, there are a number of different things you’re going to be able to do to kick your pain to the curb once and for all. We’ve included a couple of tips and tricks from top medical experts all over the world to help you do exactly that so that you’re able to lead a happy and healthy lifestyle once again.

Dealing with plantar fasciitis?

Folks that are sick and tired of always feeling sick and tired almost always decide to take up running to get back into the swing of things, and usually push themselves a lot harder and a lot further than they should write out of the gate. That can so easily go wrong and you end up on the hurting end of pain. Fitness is fine.  But if you are out of shape, it’s essential that you approach it with extreme care.

If you have fallen into this trap (like so many millions all over the world), the odds are pretty good that you’re dealing with a nasty plantar fasciitis flareup that sends shooting pain throughout your body.

You’ll want to get your hands on a quality over-the-counter pain reliever (like ibuprofen) or a top-notch prescription painkiller from your medical doctor, but you’ll also want to ice down tight calf muscles and Achilles tendons just as soon as you get back home from your run. Co-Codamol can be especially effective here as it combines the strength of two proven painkillers codeine and paracetamol.

The cold will help speed up your recovery. If you have compression socks now is the time to throw them on.

Fighting heartburn all the time?

Over-the-counter antacid blockers work wonders to help people control heartburn, though there are quite a few prescription pills out there that are even more impactful and faster working that may be worth investigating.

At the same time, if you want to be able to resolve your heartburn all on your own it’s a good idea to put a couple of blocks of foam up near your pillows so that your body is angled downwards from your head to your toes while you sleep. This will force the acid to fight gravity, and may help contain it while you sleep so that you don’t wake up in pain.


Sleep Aid Programs

Although the causes of insomnia and sleep-related problems are varied, there are several common methods to getting your sleep back on track. Here you will find three suggested programs – one addressing stress and anxiety caused persistent night-time wakening, and one for a weekend routine back on track.

You may prefer to devise your own tailor-made pre-sleep regime that includes writing in a journal or performing yoga, breathing or meditation exercises. Music is a great relaxer and can be used to supplement meditation and relaxation techniques; try nature sounds, mood music or light classical or jazz, but avoid anything with lyrics or spoken words or that is too loud or disharmonic, which will only serve to keep your mind stimulated.

Some days we all find ourselves at home with a racing mind and an anxious to-do list, with a much needed restorative slumber impossibility. This usually means we find ourselves lying awake in the dark, trapped in a cycle of worrying about our inability to sleep.

Try this relaxing 90-minute program to speed the onset of sleep, leaving you refreshed and able to start the next day energized and with a rebalanced outlook.

A retreat at the end of a busy day is essential for renewing your spirit and your body for the next day’s challenges.

Step One

At the end of your active day, turn off your phone and switch on low lights around your home, including the bathroom (hard, overhead task lighting will not allow you to relax). Let your body adjust to the new lighting, encouraging melatonin production, and play soothing music. Especially useful are CDs specifically created for inducing sleep or deep relaxation. Have a warm bath and add five drops of mandarin or lavender essential to the water.

Leave the doors and windows closed to allow the atmosphere to become fragrant and steamy. Place a soft towel and bathrobe over a radiator to warm, and place a pen and note pad by the tub. While the bath is running, prepare and enjoy a soothing bromine-and tryptophan-rich snack, such as a whole meal sandwich of banana and peanut butter, or turkey and lettuce with a glass of warm milk and honey.

Step Two

Return to the bathroom where you need to soak for at least 30 minutes to allow the relaxing essential oils to work on your system. In the first few minutes in the tub, use the pen and paper to draw a list with three columns; tomorrow, one week, one month. When we are stressed, we see every problem as part of one big ‘emergency’ and writing each task under the relevant time frame will help you see what you really have to deal with. Once you have written out your tasks, ring each one that you can delegate or ask for help with (can you have your shopping delivered or ask a colleague to help source information for a report?). Write out your real to do list for the morning and put it to one side. Enjoy the remaining time in the water. After your bath, dress in comfortable; lose sleepwear that makes you feel relaxed.

Step Three

Your body and mind need 30 to 60 minutes to wind down. Go to a comfortable, warm room and, in low light, try the following breathing method to help the body and mind release tension and worry.

When you take a relaxing bath, ensure that you allow at least 30 minutes for the essential oils to work their magic.

Sit upright in a firm and comfortable chair. Begin to breathe in a slow, regular way on developing breathing techniques, concentrating on the inhale and exhale sensation. Now think of two words, such as ‘calm’ and ‘relax’, which equate ‘rest’ to you. When you breathe in, say one word in your mind, and as you expel the air, think of the other. Repeat for 5 to10 minutes. The technique will help banish other, worrisome thoughts that are hard to release with conscious effort. The more you practice and run through these steps, the more readily your body will respond; you are creating your own relaxation ‘trigger’.

Step Four

Move to your bedroom and get into bed. Lie on your back in the Corpse position and begin some positive visualization to calm a racing heart and mind. Imagine a scene dear to you in which you were completely relaxed, perhaps on a winter holiday in a rustic ski chalet, lying on an old couch. Imagine the smell of the burning wood on the fire, then the sensation of the threadbare couch fabric, comfy underneath you. Then imagine the drowsy heat from the fire. Focus on different details and sensations in the scene, feeling you gradually relax. It may be that your ideal scene draws on a memory such as a picnic or a beach outing * just choose somewhere that you felt safe, happy and rested. This visualization technique should lull you off to sleep.

As another aid, create an ‘emergency relaxation kit’ consisting of a notepad, pen, essential oils or fragrant candles, self-massage tools and a music CD, which you can pull out after a harassed day for 30 minutes of instant relief. Make sure you maintain it so you don’t find yourself turning the house upside-down for missing components, further adding to your stress.

Night-time awakenings can be very distressing and isolating. It is essential to create a system to help manage these jolts, as they can rapidly become a source of great discomfort resulting in excessive daytime sleepiness. The first thing to appreciate is that everyone has night-time awakenings, several times a night, but usually they are so brief we have no recollection of them.

Step One

First, make sure you go to bed when you are sleepy; we often force ourselves to bed feeling tired, but the fatigued body is kept awake by a mind racing with dramas we have just seen on TV, in a brightly lit environment, not allowing ourselves the preparation for sleep. Avoid daytime naps no matter how tempting if you are having this problem, to ensure you are truly tired. Some night- time awakenings can be caused by hunger and can be easily resolved; try a small tryptophan-rich meal 30 minutes before bed. It should be easy to digest, such as a glass of warm milk with nutmeg and honey.

Step Two

Some people wake with a jolt of panic or fear, a sudden adrenalin rush that pulls them into consciousness. The relaxation technique here was devised by Michael Krugman, founder of the Sounder Sleep System. After years of studying arts such as yoga, qigong and meditation, Krugman devised a system called ‘mini moves’, which is based on breathing and visualization techniques and which helps achieve a state of deep relaxation and deep sleep. This adaptation is ideal for returning to sleep after a late night awakening.

Lie on your back in bed in a comfortable position, with a pillow under your head. Become aware of your breathing; is it anxious and labored or are you feeling calm? Krugman calls this ‘breath surfing’. Keep concentrating on your breathing until you feel completely focused on the sensation.Move into the ‘home position’ by bending your arms at the elbows, still allowing the upper arm to rest comfortably by your side, and then place your hands – palms open, fingers slightly apart, thumbs wherever comfortable – on your chest, on either side of your sternum, tips of the fingers resting on the sternum. Everything should feel comfortable and loose.Observe the movements of your breath, the rise and fall of your chest, feeling through your fingers.Tune into the area underneath your thumbs. Slowly, begin to lift your thumbs a tiny way from your chest as your chest rises to inhale. Lower them as you exhale.Synchronize your breathing and thumbs so each lift and breath corresponds in duration.Stop, rest and feel. The anxiety should be gone, and you’re breathing fuller. Krugman says this practice will ‘stimulate your body-mind’s ability to sleep’. You may drift in a dreamlike state before nodding off.

Step Three

If you are still unable to return to sleep, get up, tidy the sheets and move to another room. You must avoid stimulating activities such as work and watching TV. Reading by lamplight, so that your body still appreciates that it is night, can soothe the mind, but avoid murder mysteries or anything over stimulating. Repetitive tasks such as ironing can help lull the mind back to sleep, or looking at a photography book such as rural landscape scenes with quiet music or nature sounds in the background can help. When you feel drowsy, and not before, return to bed. Repeat the ‘mini moves’. Your body must associate only sleep with the bedroom. Avoid looking at a clock, but if you are still awake after 20 minutes, get up again and repeat.

Step Four

Despite a difficult night, get up at the same time. A regular wake time is essential for good rest, and trains the body to return to its natural pattern.

As a matter of mental, physical and emotional health, we should all try to set a day a month aside to catch up on our sleep and neglected needs. This plan will help you enjoy a calm, relaxed day to help you unwind and attain a rejuvenating night’s sleep.

Step One: Preparation

Choose a day when you don’t work. Make sure to stock up on the recommended foods beforehand to prevent you from grabbing sugar-packed fuel, which will give you energy and mood spikes, and also eliminate the need to enter a busy and stressful supermarket on your ‘recharge’ day. Let friends and family know you are not available, unplugging the phone and leaving your computer and emails safely switched off. Try taking some gentle exercise such as a long walk or swim, as exercise is shown to improve sleep quality, but make sure you do this in the earlier part of the day (too near bedtime and you become over stimulated and unable to rest).

Try booking a treat such as a massage or facial. lf you are excessively tired, you may find yourself low at mid afternoon during your daytime circadian dip. Do something enjoyable that you rarely have the chance to do, like watch an old black-and-white movie, but try to avoid napping. This is a day of reward and nourishment, so a glass of wine with dinner is fine, but limit it to that more will destroy sleep quality, as will stimulants such as cigarettes and caffeine. Keep yourself hydrated by drinking at least 2 liters (372 pints) of water throughout the day.

Step two: Diet

Choose food that will keep energy levels balanced all through the day, which will help you feel at  peace and reduce the risk of an afternoon nap, keeping you awake later.

Choose slow-release carbohydrates such as an egg on brown or whole meal toast or porridge. Try to avoid caffeine, but if you feel unable to start your day without it make this your one cup, in order for it to leave your system by mid afternoon. Change to chamomile tea throughout the rest of the day.

Include lean protein, such as fish, poultry or red meat, or soya, and green leafy vegetables; this will deliver a boost of vitamin B, great for combating the effects of a stressful week.

This should occur at least two hours before bed and include carbohydrates such as brown pasta, rice or potatoes, pasta and lean protein, with a salad packed with healing antioxidants. A glass of mandarln or orange juice, which contains bromine, can also act as a sedative. Avoid spicy foods or excess sugar.

Step Three: Bath time

Before bed, dissolve two cups of Epsom salts in a warm bath. The salts will help rid you of any of the toxins accumulated from previously eating and drinking excessively, and also relax the muscles. The salts can, however, leave the skin dry, so do moisturize well after your bath. You may like to add a few drops of bath oil to counteract the dehydrating effects of the salt. Those with skin complaints or high blood pressure should check with their doctor first. After your soak, dress in loose, comfortable nightwear.

Step Four: Massage

Move to your bed or a comfortable chair, using only a low light source and try this self-massage technique for releasing tension from your head, neck and shoulders. The scalp especially can hold a great deal of tension. Think of the sensation in the forehead, when furrowing the brow or raising the eyebrows, which we often does when stressed. Place the three middle fingers of each hand at the front centre of your hairline. Making firm circular movements, move in a straight line along the scalp down the back of your head to the hairline at the back. Move back towards the front, working your way gradually outwards until your whole scalp has been manipulated. End the massage by kneading the whole scalp rhythmically and softly.

Enjoy a relaxing read or listen to peaceful music, and when you feel tired, make your way to bed. Have a restful sleep that will help prepare you for the week ahead. Choose a breakfast that offers slow-release energy to give you an energetic and positive start to the day.

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Our Culture

End of life vehicle recycling

Oran Metal Group, as the leading metal recycling company in Ireland, recognises its responsibilities towards achieving a cleaner and less contaminated countrry side for everyone to enjoy.

We also recognise how our efforts are contributing positively towards a circular economy, including the reduction in quantities of resources (ores) taken from our earth and increasing recycling rates.


By Bree Gordon, MT-BC

I want to start this post by stating that my experience with creating and maintaining relationships will likely not look the same for everyone.  I recognize that the way someone interacts with others is unique to that person.   While the point of this post is to look at the effect music has had on how I form social connections, I understand that my extroverted personality and independent Virgo tendencies play a big role in my relationships.  Some may argue, too big of a role. 😉

Recently I’ve received feedback on my ability to communicate with others in various settings: one the radio, at a social gathering,  in a store and in front of a room presenting.  As someone who often presents on the topic of networking and branding, my surface response was, “I’m a saleswoman!”  Although, while I continue to fight the stigma of the “dirty S-word”, that term did sound a bit distant when I said it out loud.  I can talk to people of various ages and backgrounds because I’m in sales?  Probably not.  But then why else would I find ease and, dare I say, enjoyment in situations that commonly bring such anxiety?  Well, probably because I’m a musician.  And furthermore, a vocalist.

Is there anything more exposing and vulnerable than using your voice?  As someone who has mis-sung the lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner in front of hundreds, I can tell you, there is not.  So why keep doing it?  Why continue risking the awkwardness of a social interaction gone wrong or a sing-along gone sour?  This is when I realized it’s not about my skills as a salesperson, it’s about my experience as a musician.  For decades, my experience making and appreciating music has taught me that the best rewards exist when we step into the unknown.  When we listen to that album for the first time, see that band perform live and unscripted, open our mouths to sing without knowing how we will blend with those around us and put a pen to paper without knowing what words will materialize.  As a music therapist this gets even better as we walk to into a room without knowing how our patient will respond.  These risks and uncertainties fuel, excite and empower me in everything I do.  These experiences encourage me to be flexible, to remain open and to look for the positive.  Music has never let me down so how can I not assume the best in other interactions?

As an extrovert with “leadership” tendencies, I had an interesting experience this past weekend.  I was repeatedly in situations where I knew next to no one.  I couldn’t lead the group, I couldn’t anticipate the needs of others.   I didn’t know them.  I couldn’t be the band leader here, I had to be the second clarinetist (it’s been awhile….).  I relied on my musicianship.  I was authentic, I was exposed and I was creative.  And more importantly, I listened at the rests.

If social interaction is not your forte (pun intended), but you connect with the idea of being a musician or music appreciator, maybe consider how your relationship with music can impact your relationships with others.  Music, like people, can be unpredictable, changeable and intimidating but also comforting, exciting and rewarding.  Assume the same for a new relationship.  Step into the unknown.  Lean into the improvisation.  Aren’t we all just making it up as we go along, anyway?


New paper: The neural consequences of age-related hearing loss

I'm fortunate to have stayed close to my wonderful PhD supervisor, Art Wingfield. A couple of years ago Art and I hosted a Frontiers research topic on how hearing loss affects neural processing. One of our goals was to follow the effects from the periphery (i.e. effects in the cochlea) through higher-level cognitive function.

We've now written a review article that covers these topics (Peelle and Wingfield, 2016). Our theme is one Art has come back to over the years: given the numerous age-related declines in both hearing and cognition, we might expect speech comprehension to be relatively poor in older adults. The fact that it is, in fact, generally quite good speaks to the flexibility of the auditory system and compensatory cognitive and neural mechanisms.

A few highlights:

  • Hearing impairment affects neural function at every level of the ascending auditory system, from the cochlea to primary auditory cortex. Although frequently demonstrated using noise induced hearing loss, many of the same effects are seen for age-related hearing impairment.

  • Functional brain imaging in humans routinely shows that when speech is acoustically degraded, listeners engage more regions outside the core speech network, suggesting this activation may play a compensatory role in making up for the reduced acoustic information. (An important caveat is that task effects have to be considered).

  • Moving forward, an important effort will be understanding how individual differences in both hearing and cognitive abilities affect the brain networks listened use to process spoken language.

We had fun writing this paper, and hope it's a useful resource!

Peelle JE, Wingfield A (2016) The neural consequences of age-related hearing loss. Trends in Neurosciences 39:486–497. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.05.001 (PDF)

Psychology Research Assistant Opening - Washington University in Saint Louis

We have an exciting research project and are looking to hire a full-time research assistant. This is a joint project between Jonathan Peelle, Kristin Van Engen, and Mitch Sommers  at Washington University in Saint Louis. We are looking at the cognitive and neural systems involved in understanding speech, especially when it is acoustically degraded (due to background noise or hearing loss). If you got the job you would be located in the Sommers lab in the psychology department on the main campus.

Accurately measuring individual differences in cognitive abilities typically requires a lot of data; your primary responsibility would be to collect behavioral data from our research participants (on average 1-2 participants per day). This includes scheduling participants over the phone, running the study, and transferring the data and paperwork afterwards. This is a tall order, and requires someone who is naturally very organized and good with people.

By "naturally organized" we don't need someone who understands what being organized means, or who can file and alphabetize paperwork. That's true of most of the applicants for this job. We are looking for the kind of person who intuitively designs systems to organize things in life outside of work because that's how their mind works.

It also requires being able to work independently, but in the context of our team: you’ll need to be able to move ahead on projects without asking for input from others. It is highly unlikely that you will have all of the required skills already, so being able to prioritize tasks and learn skills on your own is critical.

As one example of this, you’ll be programming experiments using EPrime and/or PsychoPy. Experience with any kind of programming, especially experiment presentation, is a big plus. If you don’t have experience then a willingness and ability to learn quickly is absolutely essential.

It is also very important that you are comfortable interacting with a range of people. First, because our university research team is spread out, you'll need to be able to coordinate and communicate with all of us. Second, and more importantly, you'll need to be able to be engaging and friendly with both undergraduates and older adults who come in for our study. It is imperative that they feel valued and enjoy their experience, but that you are also able to keep them on task. If you are highly introverted you'll need to consider whether you can keep up a high level of interaction with participants for a long period of time.

On a related note, engaging our participants in scientific communication is also a big part of the job: Compensation for participating in our experiments is usually modest, but our participants are willing go out of their way to take part in our project because they are genuinely interested in the work that we do. Therefore, you will need to communicate the purpose and eventual applications of our work to participants during their visit.

Although not required, we anticipate that having some post-undergraduate experience will be really helpful in developing the skills necessary for the job. Although research experience would be great, it's more the overall level of maturity and life experience we think would be useful.

We are asking for a minimum of a 2-year commitment—there will be a significant training period, and we want to make sure you're around to benefit from the environment, and to contribute to the project. If you are considering further education we are confident that the experience (and potential publications) you gain from this time will serve you well. We have a 5-year grant and if all goes well we would love to have you stay part of the team for a long time.

A background in psychology or cognitive neuroscience—including research design, data collection, and/or programming—will be extremely useful in understanding the project and being able to contribute to the interpretation of the results.

If you're not familiar with Saint Louis, it's a great city. None of the main investigators on the grant are natives but we all like the area: the culture, food, and beer scenes are all excellent, and the overall cost of living relatively low. Wash U is a great academic institution with good benefits and a good place to work.

In summary, we are really excited about this project and want to find the right person for the job! We think the most successful candidates will be naturally organized, excited about the project, and have excellent interpersonal skills.

For informal inquiries, please send a CV to Jonathan Peelle. In your email let us know why you think you'd be a good fit, and what might set you apart from other candidates.

We are looking for the best person for the job, not the person with the "right" background or CV. If you are interested and think you'd do well we really encourage you to apply. We won't be able to interview everyone and we may not interview you, but let us be the ones to make this decision.

An official job posting will be available shortly (we hope). We won't be able to respond personally to all inquiries so please keep an eye on the Wash U human resources page and apply officially if you are interested.

Funded postdoc in speech comprehension and aging at Penn

Informal inquiries can be directed to Murray Grossman (


I've owned a home for 4 years and every year I do my part to make Halloween fun for my community. As simple as it sounds, just having candy for trick-or-treaters and being available to hand it out goes a long way. I do my best to mix up the high end candy with more cost effective bags purchased in stores.

What I found to be very interesting is the trend of parents who follow trick-or-treaters around. I'm glad that they are there to make sure their children are safe and have fun but their smart phones are out the whole time and aimed at the kids and me. I smile and wave since I don't mind being recorded but a lot of parents are using a Facebook Live feed.

Parents are not just recording the memory but are broadcasting live on the internet for everyone to see. Most people I've spoken to about this are a little uncomfortable with it and could lead to less and less homes opening their doors for strangers. Do you think this is ok? Is it an invasion of privacy? Let us know in the comments below.


Dust ring found round closest star

The presence of a dusty ring around Proxima Centauri could indicate that it is part of a planetary system like our own Solar System.

Artist’s impression of dusty belts around Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Solar System. Does this belt indicate the presence of an undiscovered planetary system?
Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser

Observations of Proxima Centauri, the closest star outside the Solar System, have revealed a ring of glowing dust encircling it, indicating the possibility that it is host to an elaborate planetary system.

Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star four lightyears away. In 2016, astronomers discovered an exoplanet orbiting it, named Proxima b. This Earth-sized world is the closest known planet outside our Solar System.

Observations of Proxima Centauri were carried out by the ALMA Observatory in Chile.

The dusty ring is located at a distance from the star equivalent to between one to four times the distance between Earth and the Sun.

Read more about Proxima Centauri from BBC Sky at Night Magazine:

Dust belts like these are the remnants of material that didn’t form into planets. They are made up of pieces of rock and ice that vary in size from tiny dust grains to asteroid-like bodies.

This newly-discovered belt is estimated to have a temperature of about -230°C; as cold as the Kuiper Belt in the outer Solar System.

An image of the sky around bright star Alpha Centauri AB, also showing Proxima Centauri.
Credit: Digitized Sky Survey 2 / Acknowledgement: Davide De Martin/Mahdi Zamani

ALMA observations also suggest the presence of another dust belt about ten times farther out.

Both belts are much farther than the orbit of planet Proxima b, which is four million kilometres from Proxima Centauri.

“This result suggests that Proxima Centauri may have a multiple planet system with a rich history of interactions that resulted in the formation of a dust belt,” says Guillem Anglada of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, who led the study.

“Further observations will give us a more detailed picture of Proxima's planetary system,” says Co-author Pedro Amado.

“In combination with the study of protoplanetary discs around young stars, many of the details of the processes that led to the formation of the Earth and the Solar System about 4,600 million years ago will be unveiled.

"What we are seeing now is just the appetiser compared to what is coming!”

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Eagle Scout Project by
Geno Chandler
Parker Middle School, Howell, MI

The typical East-West size of the analemmatic sundial is 16 to 20 feet and using the attached spreadsheet, can be designed for any latitude. Because the markers and walkway can be set at ground level there are no safety hazards such as tripping on a gnomon (well, tripping on a gnomon for the "Human Sundial" means there is some rough-housing going on among the students). This type of dial works well as a group project.  The instructions given in the attachments were created to ensure team participation in marking out the dial.  The walkway can be done in a variety of different ways with individualized drawings for each month of the year.


201707 The Grand Tour

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2. We went to Glacier National Park
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3. Lewis and Clark to Lolo Pass, Utah.
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5. Grand Teton National Park
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7. Rocky Mountain National Park
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8. Home
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20170331 Crane Trust Overnight

It’s been a while. I did an over night with the Crane Trust (cranetrust.org). I got dropped off at 4:30 in the afternoon. The birds move in for the night at sunset. They actually landed on the North side of the river. Over the course of the evening, they spread out all the way across the river. I woke up to tens of thousands of Sandhill Cranes outside the blind.

According to the Trust, there were around two hundred thousand (200K) Cranes on the Platte this night. Last week, it was 400,000. I slept pretty well considering it sounds like 400,000 middle school trumpet players on their first day. The cranes make an really amazing amount of sounds.

The weather was and has been overcast and gross. The sun finally made an appearance several days later.

The Crane Trust does a great work. The visitor center is really nice. Worth a stop if you are ever crossing Nebraska.


The removal performance of nitrate using capacitive deionization (CDI) of activated carbon (AC)-based electrodes were studied. The AC electrode was prepared and the effect of cell voltage, flow rate and initial solution concentration on ion removal were investigated. Furthermore, the AC was modified with phosphoric acid (ACP) and the surface structure of AC and ACP were analyzed. The results showed that the specific surface area of AC increased by 10.71% after the modification. The mesopore ratio and micropore ratio increased by 14.69% and 24.06%, respectively. The optimal conditions of AC electrode was a voltage of 1.4 V and flow rate of 20 mL/min while the ACP electrode was a voltage of 1.4 V and flow rate of 10 mL/min. The electrosorption capacity of ACP electrode was improved and the unit of electrosorption load was high to 19.28 mg/L. For the AC or ACP electrode, the nitrate removal efficiency decreases with the increase in the initial feed solutions, but the unit electrosorption load gradually increased with the improvement of initial feed solutions' concentration and the ACP electrode was superior to the AC electrode. Therefore, the ACP electrode would be suitable for the application of CDI on the nitrate removal.

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Specific Dialogue Tags

So we talked about dialogue tags a while ago but we didn’t talk about specific dialogue tags. Dialogue tags are important as they explain not just the tone or emotion the character is using to speak but it can also show action and describe what they’re doing. Which is also important.

Specific dialogue tags | Creative writing | writing tips | RachelPoli.com

Is Said Dead?

No. Said is not dead. Everyone needs to leave poor said alone. Said may be a “bland” dialogue tag but sometimes it can work perfectly. We’re not always asking a question or shouting or cheering for any reason. We talk to each other calmly and have general, normal conversations – for the most part. In other words we’re speaking in statements. How do you describe a statement? We “said” it.

But how do we make said better? Well, we can make it better just like we can make any other dialogue tag sound better.

Add Detail.

Sure, there are plenty of times I’ve stood in the kitchen having a conversation with my mom and we’re not doing anything. We’re actually just standing and talking. But a lot of time, especially characters in a story, are doing something while they talk.

For example:

“How was everyone’s day?” Raph asked spreading butter on her corn on the cob.

“It was fine.” Chip said reaching her arm over Raph to grab the salt.

“You could have just asked for the salt.” Raph sighed.

“My day was good.” Chase piped up in a muffled tone, his mouth filled with food.

“Don’t talk with your mouth full.” Chip scolded her brother as she took a bite of her hamburger.

Chase swallowed, “You’re talking with your mouth full.”

Raph put her fork and knife down bowing her head. “Guys, please…”

Admittedly, not the best example, but hopefully you know what I’m trying to get at.

It never hurts to add a little extra to your dialogue tags depending on where your characters are and what they’re doing.

What are some other examples you can think of? Let me know in the comments below. If you liked this post, please share it around.

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  • How to achieve a peaceful coexistence between wolves and humans

    Adeline Marcos | Uppsala | 31 May 2018 08:00

    The persecution of wolves in order to remove them from human settlements has culminated in their near-disappearance in numerous European countries, like Spain and Sweden. Following a recovery of the species, a team of scientists has determined what geographic areas in the Scandinavian country would be most suitable for a redistribution of the specie’s range, in the interests of increasing the s...

  • How different ant species coexist in the same territory

    SINC | 25 September 2017 09:15

    In every animal community, several species in the same group share habitats. An international team, including scientists from Catalonia in Spain, has chosen ants to create the largest public-access database on the cohabitation of these insects. The goal is to understand their tricks for coexistence and how they respond to invasive species and climate change.


Steve McQuillan

Job Title

Chief Executive Officer, Avingtrans plc

A graduate engineer, Steve started his career in the oil industry, working for American Oil giant Conoco in the North Sea.

A long period at Mars Inc followed, mostly at Mars Electronics, where Steve moved to France to run Western Europe and became the general manager of the Swiss banknote recognition business, Sodeco. Later, Steve was part of the team that sold Marconi Instruments to IFR, Inc, before spending the following 6 years at Oxford Instruments, as Managing Director of its Superconductivity Division.

He then moved on to Serco, where he was the Director of the National Physical Laboratory and, latterly, the Managing Director of the Serco Defence Operations business, before becoming the CEO of AIM-listed Avingtrans plc in 2008.

Until 2016, Steve was also a non-executive of the UK Atomic Energy Authority.


As the popularity of the ketogenic diet continues to grow so does interest in how to optimize health while following this high-fat, low-carb eating plan.

Here are the best supplements to take on a keto diet.

Best Keto Supplements

Magnesium is a mineral that boosts energy, regulates blood sugar levels and supports your immune system (1).

Supplementing with magnesium can help reduce muscle cramps, difficulty sleeping and irritability — all symptoms commonly experienced by those transitioning to a ketogenic diet (3, 4, 5).

  • Spinach
  • Avocado
  • Swiss chard
  • Pumpkin seeds
  • Mackerel

Coconut oil is one of the richest natural sources of MCTs, with about 60% of its fatty acids being in the form of MCTs (6).

However, taking MCT oil (made by isolating MCTs from coconut or palm oil) provides an even more concentrated dose of MCTs and can be helpful for those following a ketogenic diet.

Supplementing with MCT oil can help keto dieters since it can quickly up your fat intake, which increases ketone levels and helps you stay in ketosis (7).

It has also been shown to promote weight loss and increase feelings of fullness, which can be helpful for those using the ketogenic diet as a weight loss tool (8).

Summary MCT oil is a type of rapidly digested fat that can be used to help ketogenic dieters boost fat intake and stay in ketosis.

Omega-3 fatty acid supplements, such as fish or krill oil, are rich in the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which benefit health in many ways.

EPA and DHA have been found to reduce inflammation, lower heart disease risk and prevent mental decline (9).

Western diets tend to be higher in omega-6 fatty acids (found in foods like vegetable oils and processed foods) and lower in omega-3s (found in fatty fish).

This imbalance can promote inflammation in the body and has been linked to an increase in many inflammatory diseases (10).

What’s more, omega-3 supplements can maximize the ketogenic diet’s impact on overall health.

One study showed that people following a ketogenic diet who supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids from krill oil experienced greater decreases in triglycerides, insulin and inflammatory markers than those who did not (11).

When shopping for omega-3 supplements, choose a reputable brand that provides at least a combined 500 mg of EPA and DHA per 1,000 mg serving.

To boost your intake of omega-3 fatty acids through keto-friendly foods, eat more salmon, sardines and anchovies.

Summary Omega-3 fatty acid supplements can reduce inflammation, lower heart disease risk factors and help ensure a healthy balance of omega-3s to omega-6s.

The keto diet doesn’t necessarily put you at a higher risk of developing a vitamin D deficiency, but since vitamin D deficiency is common in general, supplementing with this vitamin is a good idea (13).

Vitamin D is important for many bodily functions, including facilitating the absorption of calcium, a nutrient that could be lacking on a ketogenic diet, especially in those who are lactose intolerant (14).

Vitamin D is also responsible for supporting your immune system, regulating cellular growth, promoting bone health and lowering inflammation in your body (15).

Since few foods are good sources of this important vitamin, many health professionals recommend vitamin D supplements to ensure proper intake.

Your doctor can run a blood test to determine if you’re deficient in vitamin D and help prescribe a proper dosage based on your needs.

Summary Since vitamin D deficiency is common, it may be a good idea for people following the ketogenic diet to get their vitamin D levels checked and supplement accordingly.

One of the main complaints of those new to the ketogenic diet is that the high fat content of this eating pattern is tough on their digestive system.

Since the keto diet usually consists of up to 75% fat, those used to consuming diets lower in fat can experience unpleasant gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea and diarrhea.

In addition, though the ketogenic diet is only moderate in protein, it may still be a higher amount than some people are used to, which can also cause digestive side effects.

If you’re experiencing digestive issues like nausea, diarrhea and bloating when transitioning to a ketogenic diet, a digestive enzyme blend that contains enzymes that break down fats (lipases) and proteins (proteases) may help optimize digestion.

What's more, proteolytic enzymes, which are enzymes that help break down and digest protein, have been shown to reduce post-workout soreness, which can be a bonus for workout enthusiasts on a keto diet (16, 17).

Summary Taking a digestive supplement that contains both protease and lipase enzymes, which break down protein and fat respectively, may help relieve digestive symptoms related to transitioning to a keto diet.

Exogenous ketones are ketones supplied through an external source, while endogenous ketones are the type produced naturally by your body through a process called ketogenesis.

Exogenous ketone supplements are commonly used by those following a ketogenic diet to increase blood ketone levels.

Aside from potentially helping you reach ketosis quicker, exogenous ketone supplements have been linked to other benefits as well.

For example, they have been shown to boost athletic performance, speed muscle recovery and decrease appetite (18, 19).

However, research on exogenous ketones is limited, and many experts argue that these supplements aren’t necessary for keto dieters.

Additionally, most of the studies on exogenous ketones used a more powerful type of exogenous ketones called ketone esters, not ketone salts, which is the most common form found in supplements available to consumers.

While some people may find these supplements helpful, more research is needed to establish their potential benefits and risks.

Summary Exogenous ketones may help raise ketone levels, decrease appetite and increase athletic performance. However, more research is needed to establish the effectiveness of these supplements.

Increasing vegetable intake is something that everyone should focus on.

Vegetables contain a wide variety of vitamins, minerals and powerful plant compounds that can fight inflammation, lower disease risk and help your body function at optimal levels.

Though not everyone following a keto diet is necessarily lacking in their vegetable intake, this eating plan does make it more difficult to consume enough plant foods.

A quick and easy way to boost your vegetable intake is by adding a greens powder to your supplement regimen.

Most greens powders contain a mixture of powdered plants like spinach, spirulina, chlorella, kale, broccoli, wheatgrass and more.

Greens powders can be added to drinks, shakes and smoothies, making them a convenient way to increase your intake of healthy produce.

Those following ketogenic diets can also focus on adding more whole-food, low-carb vegetables to their meals and snacks.

While it shouldn't be used as a replacement for fresh produce, a well-balanced greens powder is an excellent and easy way for keto dieters to add a nutrient boost to their meal plan.

Summary Greens powders contain powdered forms of healthy plants like spinach, spirulina and kale. They can provide a convenient source of nutrients to those following ketogenic diets.

Transitioning to a ketogenic diet results in increased water loss from the body (20).

Levels of sodium, potassium and magnesium can drop as well, leading to symptoms of the keto flu, such as headaches, muscle cramps and fatigue (21).

Additionally, athletes following a keto diet may experience even greater fluid and electrolyte losses through sweating (22).

Electrolyte supplements containing sodium, potassium and magnesium are available as well.

Summary People following a ketogenic diet should focus on increasing their consumption of sodium, potassium and magnesium to prevent unpleasant symptoms like headache, muscle cramps and fatigue.

Athletes looking to boost performance while on a ketogenic diet may benefit from taking the following supplements:

  • Creatine monohydrate: Creatine monohydrate is an extensively researched dietary supplement that has been shown to promote muscle gain, improve exercise performance and increase strength (2324).
  • Caffeine: An extra cup of coffee or green tea can benefit athletic performance and boost energy levels, especially in athletes transitioning to a keto diet (25).
  • Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs): Branched-chain amino acid supplements have been found to reduce exercise-related muscle damage, muscle soreness and fatigue during exercise (26, 27, 28).
  • HMB (beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate): HMB may help decrease muscle loss and increase muscle mass, especially in those who are just beginning an exercise program or increasing the intensity of their workouts (29, 30).
  • Beta-alanine: Supplementing with the amino acid beta-alanine may help prevent fatigue and muscle burnout when following a ketogenic diet (31, 32).
Summary Athletes following a ketogenic diet may benefit from certain supplements that preserve muscle mass, boost performance and prevent fatigue.

The high-fat, low-carb ketogenic diet is followed for various reasons, from promoting weight loss to boosting athletic performance.

Some supplements can make the transition to this way of eating easier and help reduce symptoms of the keto flu.

What’s more, many supplements can improve the nutritional value of a ketogenic diet plan and even enhance athletic performance.

Taking these supplements can help optimize nutrition and allow you to thrive while on a keto diet.


Former NBA All-Star indicted - HISTORY

Former NBA All-Star indicted

On May 1, 2002, former NBA All-Star Jayson Williams was indicted on a series of charges, including aggravated manslaughter, in connection with the shooting death of limousine driver Costas Christofi at Williams’ estate on February 14.

According to reports, Christofi had been hired to drive a group of Williams’ friends, including several members of the Harlem Globetrotters, to a local restaurant, while another group drove with Williams. Once at the restaurant, the men racked up a significant liquor bill. Christofi then drove some of the group back to Williams’ estate, where he was invited inside.

As the evening continued, Williams invited his guests to check out his gun collection in his mansion’s master bedroom.Prosecutors allege that soon after, hetook out a Browning 12-gauge shotgun, and, with it pointed toward Christofi, yanked it upward. The gun discharged, sending the fatal buckshot into the driver’s stomach. Some witnesses say Williams almost immediately began tampering with the scene to make it appear that Christofi killed himself while the rest of the group had been elsewhere in the house. Williams allegedly jumped into a swimming pool to clean himself, changed clothes, wiped down the shotgun and repositioned it. They also say Williams pressured them to lie to police.

The Battle of Manila Bay

At Manila Bay in the Philippines, the U.S. Asiatic Squadron destroys the Spanish Pacific fleet in the first battle of the Spanish-American War. Nearly 400 Spanish sailors were killed and 10 Spanish warships wrecked or captured at the cost of only six Americans wounded.The more

Great Exhibition opens

An American tops Everest

James Whittaker of Redmond, Washington, becomes the first American to reach the summit of Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain in the world.Located in the central Himalayas on the border of China and Nepal, Everest stands 29,028 feet above sea level. Called Chomo-Lungma, or “Mother more

Empire State Building dedicated

On this day in 1931, President Herbert Hoover officially dedicates New York City’s Empire State Building, pressing a button from the White House that turns on the building’s lights. Hoover’s gesture, of course, was symbolic; while the president remained in Washington, D.C., more

North Vietnamese troops capture Quang Tri

North Vietnamese troops capture Quang Tri City, the first provincial capital taken during their ongoing offensive. The fall of the city effectively gave the communists control of the entire province of Quang Tri. As the North Vietnamese prepared to continue their attack to the more

Rickey Henderson breaks stolen base record

On May 1, 1991, Oakland Athletics outfielder Rickey Henderson steals his 939th base to break Lou Brock’s record for stolen bases in a career. Henderson stole a total of 1,406 bases in his major league career, almost 500 more than the next closest player. Henderson was also the more

Calamity Jane is born

On this day, the adventurer and performer Calamity Jane is born near Princeton, Missouri.The myths and fabrications concerning the life of Calamity Jane are so numerous it is difficult to discover her true story. Legend has it that at various times Jane worked as a dishwasher at more

Joseph Heller is born

Joseph Heller, author of Catch-22, is born this day in 1923 near Coney Island in Brooklyn. His father, a Russian immigrant who drove a bakery delivery truck, died when Heller was five. Heller attended Abraham Lincoln High School in Brooklyn and worked as a filing clerk and more

Mozart’s Le nozze di Figaro premieres in Vienna

By 1786, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was probably the most experienced and accomplished 30-year-old musician the world has ever seen, with dozens of now-canonical symphonies, concertos, sonatas, chamber works and masses already behind him. He also had 18 operas to his name, but none more

Citizen Kane released

Months before its release, Orson Welles’ landmark film Citizen Kane began generating such controversy that Radio City Music Hall eventually refused to show it. Instead, Citizen Kane, now revered as one of the greatest movies in history, made its debut at the smaller RKO Palace more

Record-breaking tornado wave begins

A record-breaking wave of tornadoes begins across the southern and midwestern United States on this day in 2003. By the time the wave is over, more than 500 tornadoes are recorded for the month, shattering the previous record by more than 100. The amazing spate of twisters more

Battle of Chancellorsville begins

On this day in 1863, the Battle of Chancellorsville begins in Virginia. Earlier in the year, General Joseph Hooker led the Army of the Potomac into Virginia to confront Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia. Hooker had recently replaced Ambrose Burnside, who presided over the more

American U-2 spy plane shot down

An American U-2 spy plane is shot down while conducting espionage over the Soviet Union. The incident derailed an important summit meeting between President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that was scheduled for later that month.The U-2 spy plane was the more

Ford factory workers get 40-hour week


How are you finding studying at Curtis?

Scarily, it’s gone very fast. It’s been wonderful and challenging, in equal parts. There are so many challenges just being away from home, and the musical environment feels very different to Australia, but I have wonderful teachers here and there’s so much to learn. My teachers are Pamela Frank, and Ida Kavafian. My first year at Curtis, I was also studying with Joseph Silverstein, but he unfortunately died two years ago.

How does it feel different to Australia?

I think Australia is unique in that it feels comparatively small – all of the institutions and orchestras feel like they’re very supportive of young musicians in a very unique way. I suppose in America if you feel like you’re part of a much larger group of young musicians, the support is, perhaps, less specific. Coming to America has...

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Shri Surya Dev

Shri Surya Dev Navagraha Puja For Enriching Wisdom And Courage

Lord Surya or Shri Surya Dev occupies the primary part of navgrahas, facing the eastern part of the navagraha. Also defined as Ravi, Surya is mainly the Simha Rashi and the sun sign is Leo in Zodiac. The surya’s vahana is mainly seen riding a chariot and drawn by 7 horses. These seven horses represent seven colors, and even seven days a week. For any problems, which can be solved by Shri Surya, moola mantra needs to be chanted 6000 times in 40 days’ time. Sunday is the main worshipping day.

Beliefs with beneficial aspect

Shri Surya Deva represent soul, will power and fame. It is even defined as general vitality and courage, which make the astrological values. If you are lacking power and need to value it, then worshipping Surya Devta is the one stop solution. He is primarily exalted in Mesha sign, and debilitation in Tula sign.

Religious festivity related to it

There are various festivals, which incorporate Shri Surya Dev in its prayers. In the Tamil month of Thai, Ratha Saptami festivity is the main area of concern. The primary Sundays of Aavani and kartikai are also considered to be highly auspicious. Annual Brahmotsavam and Vijaya Dashami are also help to pay tribute to Shri Surya Dev navagraha.

Who can perform it

There is so such specification regarding who can perform this navagraha act. Anyone, who is in need or courage and want to get rid of evil forces are cordially invited to be a part of this ritual. It is the finest option for those people, whose astrological mark is Leo.

Astrological values available

In astrology, Shri Surya Dev is mainly noted for its mild malefic, defining his dry and hot nature. Astrological stones and other pujas take place while dealing with Shri Surya Dev navagraha puja. You will be able to understand the ethical and religious belief, through this festivity. It needs to be performed from the core part of your heart and without infusing any negative thoughts. It is the best way to enrich yourself with Guru Shakti, which has the ability to remove various forms of skin diseases. This mantra is enough to offer success and fame everywhere.


FAQ’s on Herniated Disc

What are Herniated Discs and Bulging Discs?

A disc refers to a cushion of cartilage separating the vertebrae in the spine. A bulging disc is exactly what it sounds like: it is a disc of cartilage that bulges outside of the space that it is intended to occupy. It may resemble a lopsided hamburger or a burger that’s too big for its bun. Bulging discs are actually fairly common and are often considered a normal part of the aging process. Not every bulging disc will result in symptoms for the patient, some patients may not  know they have a complication with their disc unless they experienceDisc Herniation treatment in Denver pain.

A herniated disc is a different situation entirely, and can be a painful problem. The spinal disc is composed of cartilage and consists of two layers. The outer layer is like a sturdy cartilage shell, while the inner layer is softer and more flexible. A herniated disc occurs when the outer shell gets cracked, and the softer layer leaks through.  This has led to herniated discs also being referred to as ruptured discs.

What causes a Herniated or Bulging disc?

Herniated and Bulging Disc People may be susceptible to herniated discs if they are middle-aged or overweight, or if they have physically demanding jobs that require repetitive lifting, pushing, or pulling. Carrying weight while bending and twisting may also increase someone’s risk of a herniated disc. Herniation is usually the result of stress over time, resulting in a form of wear and tear called disc degeneration.

An older disc has a thinner outer layer, so it will crack or rupture more easily under stress or strain. Discs also lose some of their water content with age, meaning that an older disc is easier to tear or rupture, as it has become less flexible. The stress that causes herniation usually happens over time. A herniated disc may be caused by an accidental fall or a physical injury.

How is a Herniated or Bulging disc diagnosed?

People usually discover they have a bulging disc after an MRI, as not every bulging discHerniated Disc Denver will result in the presence of symptoms for the patients. Bulging discs are a normal part of the human aging process. Herniated discs may also be discovered for the first time by an MRI because the patient experienced no symptoms; but are more commonly discovered, as herniated discs can be the source of considerable pain.

For many patients, the disc itself does not hurt. The damaged disc may however affect the surrounding nerves. This is why a herniated disc is also referred to as  a slipped disc. The herniated portion of the disc “slips” into the nerves, causing pain in the body parts the nerves serve. Similar to this, a bulging disc may extend beyond the normal space it occupies and potentially compress one or more spinal nerves. If the disc is in the lower back, then the leg and buttocks will be affected. If the disc is in the neck, then the shoulder and arm will be affected. Patients may also experience numbness or tingling, with a chance of muscle weakness occurring if a nerve is compressed.

What are the available treatments for a Herniated or Bulging disc?

Epidural Injection DenverCommon treatments of damaged discs include pain management and physical therapy. Taking appropriate medications (depending on the severity of pain) and performing a simple regimen of exercises, along with hot or cold packs, can often resolve the problem of a herniated disc within a month or two without the need for surgery. This is because the protruding portion of the disc can shrink over time. Occasionally, more aggressive treatments are required, which may include the use of muscle relaxers, cortisone injections, electrical stimulation, short-term bracing, or even traction devices.

Surgical treatment for a Herniated or Bulging disc

Only a few patients require surgery to treat a herniated disc. Surgery may be required if a disc fragment dislodges into the spinal canal or if the patient has significant difficulty walking or standing. Surgery may be recommended if previous treatment methods, including more aggressive non-surgical methods, have not resulted in substantial improvements after 6 to 8 weeks. The success and outcome of surgery often depend on the type of surgery performed and the specific circumstances of the patient.

Pain Doctors Denver

 If you or a loved one with a herniated disc needs the best treatment in Colorado, let the top pain management doctors in Denver and CO help.

Call (720) 306-9575 for more information and scheduling with Colorado Pain today!


Mutual Funds

Unit Investment Trusts

What are “unit investment trusts”?

Unit investment trusts are one of three investment company types. A unit investment trust issues redeemable shares or units, and may buy back those shares at their approximate net asset value. Unit investment trusts typically make a one-time public offering of a specific number of shares. As opposed to a mutual fund that may continue well into the future, a unit investment trust will have a termination date established when it is created that indicates when the entire fund will terminate. For a unit investment trust that invests primarily in bonds, the termination date may be when the bonds mature. After a unit investment trust terminates, all remaining securities and positions in the portfolio are sold at the current market value, and all the proceeds are paid to investors (less any service charges or loads) at the time of sale.


A Narrative History of the French Revolution - Contents

Louis XVI
Louis XVI. Wikimedia Commons

Interested in the French Revolution? Read our 101 but want more? Then try this, a narrative history of the French Revolution designed to give you a firm grounding in the subject: it's all the 'what's' and 'when's'. It's also a perfect platform for readers who want to go on and study the much debated 'whys'. The French Revolution is the threshold between an early, proto modern Europe and the modern age, ushering in a change so huge and all encompassing that the continent was remade by the forces (and often the armies) unleashed.

It was truly a pleasure to write this narrative, as the complex characters (how did Robespierre go from wanting the death penalty banned to the architect of rule by terror and mass execution), and the tragic events (including a declaration designed to save a monarchy which actually crippled it) unfold into a fascinating whole.

History of the French Revolution

  • Pre-Revolutionary France
    France's history of piecemeal territorial expansion produced a jigsaw of different laws, rights and boundaries which some felt were ripe for reform. Society was also divided - by tradition - into three 'estates': the clergy, the nobility and everyone else.

  • The Crisis of the 1780s and the Causes of the French Revolution
    While historians still debate the precise long term causes of the revolution, all are in agreement that a financial crisis in the 1780s provided the short term trigger for revolution.

  • The Estates General and the Revolution of 1789
    The French Revolution began when the 'third estate' deputies of the Estates General declared themselves a National Assembly and verbally seized sovereignty from the King while the citizens of Paris rebelled against royal control and stormed the Bastille in search of arms.

  • Recreating France 1789 – 91
    Having seized control of France, the deputies of the National Assembly began reforming the nation, scrapping rights and privileges and drawing up a new constitution.

  • The Republican Revolution 1792
    In 1792 a second revolution took place, as Jacobins and sansculottes forced the Assembly to replace itself with a National Convention which abolished the monarchy, declared France a republic and in 1793 executed the king.

  • Purges and Revolt 1793
    In 1793 tensions in the revolution finally exploded, especially in rural areas where conscription and laws against priests caused open and armed rebellion against the domination of the revolution by Parisians.

  • The Terror 1793 – 94
    Faced with crises on all fronts, the Committee of Public Safety embarked on a bloody policy of terror, executing their enemies – real and imagined – with no real trials in an attempt to save the revolution. Over 16,000 were executed and over 10,000 died in prison.

  • Thermidor 1794 - 95
    In 1794 Robespierre and the other 'terrorists' were overthrown, leading to a backlash against his supporters and the laws they had en-acted. A new constitution was drawn up.

  • The Directory, the Consulate and the End of Revolution 1795 - 1802
    From 1795 to 1802 coups and military power played an increasing role in the rule of France, until an ambitious and highly successful young General called Napoleon Bonaparte seized power and had himself elected Consul for Life in 1802. He would later declare himself Emperor, and a debate about whether he ended the French Revolution would outlast him (and continue to this day). He certainly mastered the forces the revolution unleashed and tied together opposed forces. But France would search for stability for several decades yet.

    Related Reading on the French Revolution

    • History of the Guillotine
      The Guillotine is the classic physical symbol of the French Revolution, a machine designed for its cold blooded equality. This article takes a look at the history of both the guillotine and the similar machines which came before.


3 Sleeping Positions to Save Your Back

Dr. Grace Walker, physical and occupational therapist and nutritionist knows that getting a good night’s sleep can directly affect a person’s physical and mental health. Though, most people have their preferred position, its normal for people to move around in their sleep. Sleeping in any position for extended periods of time can cause back pain to worsen. Therefore, making adjustments in your sleep can help alleviate pressure. Body positioning is crucial to how we feel the next morning and people usually sleep in one or a combination of three positions; on your stomach, side, or back. Here are three variations to these positions that may help reduce stiffness and pain:

  1. “Back sleepers” may find that placing a pillow underneath your knees will relieve stress by correcting the hyperextension that may occur in your lower back and bringing your spine back to its natural curve.
  2. “Side sleepers” may find relief by putting a pillow (body pillows are great for this) between their knees and bringing their knees slightly towards their chest.
  3. Though “stomach sleepers” are in the most difficult position for sleep, due to the rotation of the neck and flattened spine, you can still find relief by positioning a pillow underneath your abdomen to bring your spine back to its normal positioning.

Back pain often stems from many things; from something severe such as a traumatic injury, to prolonged poor exposure while working or driving. However, one thing you might not have known is that injuries affecting other parts of the body, such as the shoulders, neck and even hips may be the root cause of a back injury.

At Walker Physical Therapy and Pain Center, we have an effective program for our patients with back pain. We look at the “root cause” when treating back pain to provide insights as to why you are experiencing pain, instead of just a quick fix! We develop physical therapy programs for each patient to provide results in an affordable, fun and healing environment. Call Walker Physical Therapy and Pain Center to schedule an appointment with an expert and caring physical therapist! Visit our WordPress blog for more tips and information!

1111 W. Town and Country Rd., Ste. 1

Orange, CA 92868

Phone: (714) 997-5518


Balancing Forces in Yoga Practice: Forearms, Wrists and Hands in Dog Pose

Ray Long, MD, FRCSC

A starting point for combining Western science with yoga lies in the term Ha/Tha. This Sanskrit word means Sun/Moon or Yin/Yang and implies a balancing of energies or forces. Balance creates stillness. Apply this concept in your yoga practice by examining the various forces operating around a given joint in a pose, for example, the feet and ankles in Adho Mukha Svanasana (Downward-Facing Dog Pose). You can also use it to correct hyperextending knees and elbows.

What about poses where a particular movement predominates, for example, in Urdva Dhanurasana (Upward Bow Pose) where the hip joints are more extended than flexed? Consider a recipe for food: You wouldn’t necessarily use equal portions of salt and pepper to create the final taste. In Urdva Dhanurasana, contraction of the hip extensors predominates while the hip flexors lengthen. Balance in a pose such as this is the right amount of engagement combined with the right amount of release. All of this produces a motor and sensory imprint on the brain and establishes the mind-body “connection” of yoga.

    (Figure 1 Close-up of pronator quadratus and flexor carpi radialis.)

    (Figure 2 Forearm pronators in Dog Pose.)

Try This in Downward Facing Dog Pose

  1. Gently press the mounds at the base of the index fingers into the mat and slightly flex the wrists. This engages the muscles that “pronate” the forearms or turn the palms to face down—the pronators teres and quadratus and the flexor carpi radialis.

  2. Then spread the force evenly across the palms to the little finger sides of the hands. This contracts the muscles that “supinate” the forearms, or turn the palms to face up—the biceps and supinator. Gently attempting to drag the hands towards one another activates the biceps.

  3. You can refine supination by extending the thumbs up and away from the mat for a moment and then laying them back down. This engages the extensor pollicis longus. Feel how these actions balance the energies of the forearms, wrists, and hands.

  4. Try this concept in other poses such as Adho Mukha Vrksasana (Handstand Pose) and Urdva Dhanurasana.

    (Figure 3 Close-up of biceps brachii and supinator.)

    (Figure 4 Forearm supinators in Dog Pose.)

More yoga practice tips, this time in a course from YogaUOnline and Anita Boser - Youthful Spine, Youthful Body: The Role of Fluidity in Healthy Aging.

Read more from Dr. Ray Long on yoga anatomy & asana practice tips - Lengthening the Torso in Forward Bends.

Reprinted with permission from Daily Bandha.

Chris Macivor3d Graphic Designer / Illustrator Chris Macivor has been involved in the field of digital content creation for well over ten years. He is a graduate of Etobicoke School of the Arts, Sheridan College and Seneca College. Chris considers himself to be equally artistic and technical in nature. As such his work has spanned many genres from film and television to video games and underwater imagery.


Creekside Springs

Information on Water

The FDA classifies bottled water according to its origin.

Bottled water may be used as an ingredient in beverages, such as diluted juices or flavored bottled waters. However, beverages labeled as containing "sparkling water," "seltzer water," "soda water," "tonic water," or "club soda" are not included as bottled water under the FDA's regulations, because these beverages have historically been considered soft drinks.
Some bottled water also comes from municipal sources--in other words--the tap. Municipal water is usually treated before it is bottled.
Examples of water treatments include:

    Bottled water that has been treated by distillation, reverse osmosis, deionization or other suitable process and that meets the definition of "purified water" in the HYPERLINK "" U.S. Pharmacopoeia can be labeled as "purified water”.

Creekside Springs bottles three types of water products -

Purified Water

Creekside produces drinking water by either reverse osmosis or distillation:

Reverse Osmosis (RO) - This type of water has been produced via a multi-step filtration process preceding reverse osmosis, a process whereby water is “forced” under high pressure through a series of membranes. The RO process is the most commercially accepted process regarding the purification of water on a large scale. Purified water may also be referred to as "demineralized water." It meets the definition of "purified water" in the United States Pharmacopoeia. The RO process typically produces a total dissolved solid (TDS) level, which is a measure of remaining solids within a liquid of 10 parts per million (PPM) or less

Distilled Water - Water that has been vaporized into steam, then cooled to re-condense it back into water. The water's minerals are left behind, leaving only pure tasting steam-distilled water. Distilled water is defined as a process by the FDA and not an end product. Creekside actually utilized RO purified water as a source for its distillation units. The distillation typically produces a product with a TDS of less than 10 parts per million and can produce a TDS of less than 1 ppm depending upon the distillation equipment and source water.

Spring Water

This type of water comes from an underground formation from which water flows naturally to the Earth's surface, which in the case of Creekside is our approved natural springs. This water must naturally flow to the surface of the surface and there are specific state by state regulations associated with both the development and use of spring water for public consumption. Both the TDS level and mix of inorganic compounds in spring water provide each spring a distinctive “taste’. These TDS components must be individually less than maximum detectible levels as dictated by the FDA to be permitted for public consumption. As each spring has a different “taste”, the source of spring water must be included on the product label.

Enhanced Water

Enhanced waters entail any still water, be it purified, distilled or spring, to which some ingredient or additive is added to the source water.

One of Creekside’s most popular enhanced water is fluoridated water. This type of water contains fluoride added within the limitations established in the FDA Code of Federal Regulations as well as guidance from the American Dental Association. This water is primarily marketed as "For Infants" or "Nursery" water.

Additionally, the majority of Creekside’s co-packing relates to the bottling of enhanced waters targeted to specific consumer groups. Current offerings include natural flavorings, electrolytes, minerals, and caffeine as additives for our various customers.


Hongbo Hu's Lab
The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy Si-Chuan University
Neutrophils license iNKT cells to regulate self-reactive mouse B cell responses

The innate immune system is important not only for serving as the first line against infection, but also for initiating and regulating adaptive immunity. The immune response under inflammation is tightly regulated to prevent autoimmunity. A recent study uncovers a new mechanism of how innate immune cells restrict excessive B cell response. In this study, they reveal that under the condition of infection causing inflammasome activation, neutrophils facilitate innate-type invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) to negatively regulate self-reactive B cell response. This study gives us a new insight into how neutrophils interact with iNKT cells to restrict autoimmunity and further studies may target on harnessing this interplay in therapeutic approaches to cure autoimmune disease.

The authors show that peritoneal injection of IL-18 triggers an interaction between neutrophils and iNKT cells that facilitates the activation of each other in spleen. Interestingly, activated neutrophlis upregulate their secretion of BAFF to support B cell survival, but they conversely facilitate iNKT cells to restrict autoreactive B cell response. Neutrophils license iNKT cells to adopt a cytotoxic phenotype mediated by FasL, which is of significance for the restriction of B cell response, as depletion of FasL would otherwise diminish this effect. The suppression of B cell response by iNKT cells is endowed by neutrophils. Depletion of neutrophils results in immoderate B cell response manifested by increased production of self-reactive antibodies, augmented germinal center formation and plasma cell response. Thus, neutrophils unexpectedly restrict autoreactive B cell response in this inflammasome-driven inflammatory environment.

ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Thomas,H, et al. Neutrophils license iNKT cells to regulate self-reactive mouse B cell responses. Nature Immunology 17, 14071414 (2016)

By Yanli


National Refinery Limited

Company Registration Number 0001747 NTN-No 0711325-7

BTX Plant

Based on Reformate as feedstock from the Fuel Refinery, this unit is designed to extract aromatics by SHELL Sulfolane Extraction process. This aromatic mixture is then fractionated through multistage distillation for the production of 25000 Tons Per Annum of high purity Benzene, Toluene and Xylenes. NRL owns the only BTX plant of the country.


Mr. Guttmann has represented many landlords in the
area and is a landlord himself in both residential and
non-residential situations.  This hands-on experience
is most valuable in understanding personally the
situations of landlords and tenants.  Some clients  do
not realize the particularities involved in
landlord/tenant law; it is always best to consult with
an attorney to properly litigate your case.

Mr. Guttmann would be happy to prepare
you might need, file a lawsuit on your
behalf, attend a hearing for you, and/or litigate your
case from start to end.  This firm also has, on hand,
private process servers who are willing and able to
deliver any paperwork that is needed promptly,
efficiently, and inexpensively, even for same-day
service.  A few questions prior clients have asked
are as follows:

 How much time does the eviction process take?  If
an eviction is based upon a tenant's non-payment, the
process usually will take about two and a half weeks
to complete in Escambia County, Florida, from start
to finish.  If the eviction is based upon misbehavior,
the eviction process will usually take approximately
a month or two to complete in Escambia County,
Florida.  Other counties will take longer, due to that
particular counties' court procedures.

Can an eviction be filed without a written
agreement between the parties?
Yes, most

What is the difference between an eviction and an
 An eviction is necessary when the
relationship between the parties is that of
landlord/tenant.  When a person is in possession of a
premises due to some other reason, then an ejectment
may necessary.  Ejectments are usually more
complicated, contested, and the process can take
considerably longer.
Phone:  (850) 432-9759
Fax:  (850) 497-7096                                    Stephen M. Guttmann * 314 South Baylen Street Suite 203 * Pensacola, Florida*32502
Click below for map to our office.


How to create users preferences vectors from clickstreams, presuming the existence of multiple distributions of the preferences

Hello all. This is my first post here. I do thank you in advance for your help.

Let's imagine we do have products who are conceptually describe by 40 features, with scores between 0 and 1.

Let's imagine the first feature is 'color'. 0 would be white, 1 would be black, just for the sake of the example.

Every user's interaction (like, follow, spend time on page) is recorded, with a factor function of the meaningfulness of the action (buy has more significance than a like, for instance).

When a new product arrives on the platform, I want to match this product with the users, to suggest it to the people the most likely to be interested by it.

We plan to calculate a cosine similarity score in between a) the product vector b) the users preferences vector.

This is where we struggle. How to get a coherent b) users preferences vector?

Indeed, let's imagine that I like white products a lot (score = 0.00) and black products (score = 1.00). I don't want to use an average per feature, because if I like white and black it doesn't mean my favourite colour is grey?

So my question: how to best represents the user per vectors? Maybe not only one, but a few? How to understand if the distribution is unimodal, or multi-modal?

And for which features are the distribution of a specific user significantly different from the other users?

Many questions -- for which I found little literature to read. This is why I am turning towards this forum.

Thank you


Berkeley resident Belle Owens celebrates her 106th birthday

It was in the small, quaint town of Carthage, Texas on April 26th, 1908 when Owens began her extraordinary life. Despite likely being the oldest living person in Alameda County, Owens is as feisty and talkative as she always was, with a sharp memory to aid her conversation.
Read More…

Mayor Bates delivers State of the City address

In his state of the city address Wednesday, Berkeley Mayor Tom Bates officially announced a new college pathway program for the city’s disadvantaged youth, and also outlined several economic and environmental initiatives to better the city.
Read More…


What does the word fetlock mean?

Usage examples for fetlock

  1. The Lance done creeps over in the night an' ties a hossha'r tight about the pony's laig jest above the fetlock. – Wolfville Nights by Alfred Lewis
  2. " 'Take time by the fetlock, ' as one of the girls says in 'Little Women, '" laughed Roger. – Ethel Morton's Enterprise by Mabell S.C. Smith
  3. Suddenly the boy turned from his party; and galloping down the shore, while the clerk called after him in vain, reined up his horse, fetlock deep in water, within ten yards of the ship's bows. – Hereward, The Last of the English by Charles Kingsley


July 14. 2018 8:10PM

Help for hoarders: Where Granite Staters can get assistance

New Hampshire Union Leader

Sarah Lopez, left, and Robin Felch of Tailored Transitions in Meredith help senior Dave deSousa sort through clutter in his garage. (COURTESY)

Initiatives to combat hoarding vary across the state. In Portsmouth, a community care team of social service agencies, mental health workers, visiting nurses and emergency responders tries to identify unhealthy situations and connect individuals, including hoarders, to help.

In Manchester, an anti-hoarding task force started several years ago has led to increased communication and a coordinated response among police, firefighters, ambulance services, visiting nurses, Easterseals, social workers, public health officials, building inspectors and senior housing managers who spot dangerous levels of clutter.

"We take a multifaceted approach," says Karen Sutkus, environmental heath specialist for Manchester's health department.

In Meredith, a two-woman team consisting of a social worker and recreational therapist, Tailored Transitions, helps seniors in the Lakes Region and beyond sort through items to keep, donate, sell or discard as they transition to smaller spaces or assisted living, or need help paring down at home.

In Lebanon, the Buried in Treasures program offered through the Aging Resource Center at DHMC offers group therapy and guidance in the form of a 16-week workshop for seniors and anyone struggling to climb out from under clutter, including counters piled with paper, overflowing closets, boxes that cramp or tower over living spaces and porches that are havens for broken chairs and non-working appliances. The program is poised to become a model for others in the state, as graduates train to become peer leaders of workshops in their own communities.

On the front lines is REAP, a free, short-term assistance program for older Granite Staters at the state's 10 community mental health centers, which helps identify vulnerable individuals and connect them to long-term support. The state's Bureau of Elderly and Adult Services investigates reports of seniors living in unhealthy conditions, including catastrophic levels of clutter, and refers to them to appropriate resources, occasionally providing funds to resolve imminent health dangers. The Choices for Independence program, accessed through REAP and ServiceLink, provides resources for seniors who can live safely at home with extra support.

Sutkus at Manchester's health department advises private individuals who notice anyone living in unhealthy or dangerously cluttered conditions to contact their town or city health officials or the Bureau of Elderly and Adult Services directly. The solutions for seniors may not be obvious or immediate, she says.

People who hoard things "have a hard time letting go of a newspaper because there may be an article that could save someone's life," says Lakin at BEAS. "Sometimes, all we can say is, 'Can we just agree to clear the area around the stove so all these papers don't go up in flames?' It's not necessarily bringing about a real big change, but it's ideally resulting in a safer place."


Scattered Showers and Thunderstorms

Unsettled weather is expected across Alabama for this weekend and early next week.

A moist atmosphere combined with passing upper level disturbances will produce scattered to numerous showers and thunderstorms across the region.

A bit more instability is possible on Sunday which would enhance the chances of wind gusts, but nothing strong enough to add any mention of severe storms.

Due to the scattered nature of the heavier storms, some areas will receive locally heavy rainfall.

We expect a cold front to push towards Alabama by late Monday and this front would bring some drier air into the state, as it stalls out along the Gulf coast Tuesday afternoon.


After After Data Scraping i need to seperate data based on a category and store them in seperate Excel sheets

I need to scrap data from a site where we have data related to two categories like buildings and Agriculture land.So,after Data scrap how to identify the category and copy the data into different sheets in Excel.

you can create datatable from data scrapping, the created datatable you can use condition based on your requirement to filter data like building and agriculture.

the resulting filter data you can write to corresponding excel file using write range or append range excel activity


Categories: Also in News Geology

The Earth’s tides weren’t always as energetic as they are today. A new study suggests that when tectonic movement molds ocean basins into certain shapes, the tides grow much stronger. And when tectonic movement opens those same basins millions of years later, the tides weaken. Credit: Creative Commons CC0.

The cyclic strengthening and weakening of ocean tides over tens of millions of years is likely linked to another, longer cycle: the formation of Earth’s supercontinents every 400 to 600 million years, according a new study. The new findings have implications for the formation of our planet, its climate and the evolution of life on Earth, according to the study’s authors.

The new research suggests long-term changes in tidal energy, which control the strength of the ocean’s waves, are part of a super-tidal cycle dictated by the movement of tectonic plates.

When tectonic plates slide, sink and shift the Earth’s continents to form large landmasses, or supercontinents, ocean basins open and close in tandem. As these basins change shape, they can strike forms that amplify and intensify their tides.

In the new study, tidal simulations projected hundreds of millions of years into the future suggest the Earth is now in the nascent stage of a tidal energy maximum, where strong tides will persist for roughly 20 million years. The oceans will go through several tidal cycles as the next supercontintent forms over the next 250 million years. Eventually, the tides will grow much weaker, just as they did during the two most recent supercontinents: Pangaea and Rodinia, according to the new study published in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union.

Scientists were aware tidal energy varied in the distant past, but the new study suggests there is a super-tidal cycle occurring over geologic timescales and linked to tectonic movement.

“Our simulations suggest that the tides are, at the moment, abnormally large,” said oceanographer Mattias Green from Bangor University’s School of Ocean Sciences in Menai Bridge in the United Kingdom and lead author of the new study. “And that really was our motivating question: If the tides were weak up until 200 million years ago, and they’ve since shot up and become very energetic over the past two million years, what will happen if we move millions of years into the future?”

Tidal strength is linked to life on Earth and understanding the ocean’s cyclic progression stands to inform scientists’ understanding of evolutionary history, according to the study’s authors. In times of strong tidal energy, like today, strong waves stir the sea, creating the nutrient mixing needed to sustain ocean life. As Earth’s landmasses move slowly toward a supercontinent configuration, the planet’s ocean basins open, eventually forming one unbroken mass of water. Such a sea would have low tidal energy. Weak waves mean there is less nutrient mixing, which could create an oxygen-starved ocean floor largely devoid of life, much like a pool of stagnant water, according to the new study.

The existence of this cycle and its link to tectonic movement stands to inform many disciplines, from evolutionary biology to global nutrient cycling, according to geophysicist Dietmar Müller from the University of Sydney in Australia, who wasn’t involved in the new study.

“It probably doesn’t mean anything to humans now in our lifetime,” Muller said. “But it does enhance our understanding of interactions between plate tectonics, Earth’s climate system, its oceans, and even how the evolution of life is, at least to some extent, driven by this tidal process.”

Changing continents, ocean basins

Each of Earth’s continents ride atop huge slabs of rock known as tectonic plates. These plates shift over hundreds of millions of years, striking different continental configurations along the way.

Tectonic plates dictate the shape and arrangement of continents, but they also determine the shape of ocean basins. As the North American and Eurasian plates drift apart, the Atlantic Ocean between them widens, also changing its shape.

The change in shape of ocean basins causes a change in a property known as resonance. When a basin is resonant, energy from the gravitational attraction of the moon aligns with the length of the ocean basin, causing an amplification of tidal energy.

Green likens resonance to a child on a swing set. A swinging child only needs a small push from an adult, at the right timing, to keep the swing moving higher and higher. “You force it at the same frequency as the natural oscillation, and the same thing happens in the ocean,” he said.

A tectonic timeline

The new study finds each tidal maximum lasts at most 50 million years and is not necessarily in phase with the supercontinent cycle.


grafic function ttg_font()

T&T Grafic function ttg_font

The font handling in Tool&Task Grafics is a bit complex and has changed markedly during develeopment. Good news is the availability of a form to enter font information and to copy it into your clipboard to be pasted into source code.

A font is defined by its index and 6 parameters. Tool&Task keeps data of 6 fonts for each printer. Including the index of the font ('A'-'F'), the function ttg_font will take up to 7 parameters. First parameter is the index just mentioned. The next three parameters are the name of the font, the size, and a string specifying the attributes 'Bold', 'Italic, 'Underline' or 'Normal' ("" = not bold, not italic and not underline). "BIU" would print all characters underlined in bold italic. Name, size and attributes can be selected by a sytem dialog which is invoked by the FoxdPro command getfont(). Since you can define the 6 fonts 'A' through 'F' for each printer, the corresponding form m_plpage has buttons to call getfont(). With this dialoge, font sizes in the range of 5 to 40 point are offered. This is not enough for printers with high resolution. Check the form for further information

TTG uses the full resolution of each printer to combine images and text, the size of the font has to match the resolution of the printer. When you open the page definition for a new printer, some standards are set automatically.

The next two parameters define the 'boldness' of characters. 'Fontweight' is the exprseeion. Firstly, the fontweight for normal characters is set. The range for fontweight is 0 to 999. A value of 100 is a good value for normal characters. The second fontweight determines how 'bold' bold characters shall be. A value of 300 is the TTG initial value. Try it and find out, what you like.

Parameter 6 specifies the color of the font as RGB-value.

You might call ttg_font with the font index and the next 4 parameters (=omitting fontweight and color), with 5 parameters (=omitting color) or with all 6 parameters.

Use ttg_fontweight() to only change the fontweight and ttg_fontcolor() to only influence the color.

See tt_printer() to see when the font information is passed to homerg2.dll and do not forget to select one of the 6 fonts using ttg_fontselect()before writing text (font 'A' is default).

Whenever you select one of your printers, the corresponding 6 fonts are set in homerg2.dll.

6 more fonts ('G' through 'L') are available for additional use in your programs. These fonts have to be defined once in each program. homerg2.dll keeps the setting of these fonts.

Wenever you need different fonts for a document, firstly define them all and afterwards skip the fonts by the use of ttg_fontselect() with their index.

1. Font index 'A' through 'F' for 6 fonts
2. Font name
3. Font size [points]
4. Font attributes (BIU = Bold, Italic and Underline)
5: Font weight normal characters
6: Font weight bold characters
7: Font color as RGB value


Non-volatile memory technologies

The nanocrystal memory is a promising approach for new scalable memory structures. Due to their interesting features like low programming voltage and the direct tunneling process for charging it overcomes limitations of currently used flash EEPROM technologies. The simple structure and the possible process integration with only a few more additional process steps favors this type of memory a well-suited candidate for applications in embedded systems.


File:Speghetti allo scoglio.jpg
File:Fried Fish and French Fries.jpg

Seafood is any sea animal that is served as food or is suitable for eating. This usually includes sea water animals, such as fish and shellfish (including mollusks, and crustaceans). By extension, the term seafood is also applied to similar animals from fresh water. These aquatic animals are also collectively referred to as seafood.

Edible seaweeds are rarely considered seafood, even though they come from sea water and are widely eaten around the world. See Category:Sea vegetables.

The harvesting of seafood is known as fishing and the cultivation of seafood is known as aquaculture or mariculture. Also see fish farming.

According to traditional Jewish food regulations, seafood falls into the category of ritually unclean and therefore does not appear in the kosher menu.

From the earliest age of human civilization, seafood has been an important food source that can easily be hunted and gathered even by those lacking power or speed. Basket-like traps have long been widely used to hunt fish in rivers and lakes. Sometimes, fish was speared just as one would hunt a small animal. Ancient Egyptian civilization used the symbol of fish for counting large numbers and it was eaten both dried and fresh. It is looked over too often but the rise of ancient Greek and Roman civilization was in no small part due to the abundant fish of the Mediterranean Sea. Shellfish was a staple food in many locations and in the Jomon period of Japan; the amount of shellfish consumed and thrown away from that time is used to measure how many people lived in certain area.

Seafood is a source of protein in many diets around the world.

See also Edit

External linksEdit

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:


Basic Mathematics for the Biological and Social Sciences - download pdf or read online

By F. H. C. Marriott (Auth.)

ISBN-10: 008006664X

ISBN-13: 9780080066646

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Read Online or Download Basic Mathematics for the Biological and Social Sciences PDF

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Extra info for Basic Mathematics for the Biological and Social Sciences

Example text

It is a remarkable fact that the different types of curve that can be represented by equation (2) are just the same as the types of curve in which the plane can cut the cone. First of all, if the plane is at right angles to the axis of the cone, the section is a circle. If it is displaced from this position, the circle is distorted—it is stretched in one direction. The resulting curve is called an ellipse (Fig. 9). This is familiar as the curve that represents a circle seen in perspective. $ If a circular tree-trunk is cut at an angle, the section is an ellipse.

If 0 becomes negative, sin 0 at once becomes negative, whereas cos 0 remains positive while 0 > 0 > — π/2. In fact, if 0 is negative, the position of P is the reflection in OX of the corresponding position for 0 positive (it is shown as P' in Fig. 1) so that cos(—0) = cos 0, sin(—0) = —sin 0. It is easy to check, from Fig. 1, the following rules: sin(0 ± 7T) = —sin 0, cos(0 ± π) = —cos 0; sin(0 ± 2&π) = sin 0, cos(0 ± 2&π) = cos 0 when & is any integer; sin(—0) = —sin 0, cos(—0) = cos 0. (1) These rules make it easy to work out the value of sin 0 or cos 0 for any value of 0.

A > c). ] 9. ) |(i) r 2 = Aaz, z = a + br cos 0. (r - cf cr , z2 b2 Λ , (ii) r = kz, z = r(a cos 0 + 6 sin 0) + c. 10. ) (i) r = αθ. (ii) r =

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Basic Mathematics for the Biological and Social Sciences by F. H. C. Marriott (Auth.)

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