The Science

7spell is scientifically designed, and utilizes principles based on decades of research in learning, retention, and psychology. Here is a summary of the theory and research behind 7spell's effectiveness.

Craik, F., and Tulving, E. "Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol 104(3) (1975): 268-294. Print and PDF.

In this seminal study performed at the University of Toronto, Canada, the authors performed a series of tests in which they gave the study participants a sequence of words to learn, with information related to each word as it appeared in order. They discovered that when the information provided stimulated the participant's brain to process the word on a more involved level (referred to as "deep encoding" or "degree of elaboration" in the study), that word was more effectively learned and remembered. With 7spell, the user is given a wide range of additional information about each spelling word, including the word's definition - one of the key factors in enhanced memory, according to this study - as well as usage examples, synonyms, and antonyms.

Gelman, B.D., Gruber, M.J., and Ranganath, C. "States of Curiosity Modulate Hippocampus-Dependent Learning via the Dopaminergic Circuit." Neuron, 22 October 2014, 84(2): 486-496. Web.

Students who are eager to learn are more likely to remember what they have learned, something that the authors of this study demonstrate. They used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to show real-time connections between a person's curiosity about a specific topic, and the production of dopamine, the neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and the brain's reward system. The authors also concluded that a higher level of interest and curiosity in a topic or question leads to better memory and enhanced learning. Including exercises that stimulate curiosity, and providing reward mechanisms as part of the study process, also increases a person's ability to absorb and retain information, as the researchers found. 7spell has a text import feature that allows each user to include and incorporate practice material that matches their interests, while learning the spelling of words in those texts. The system also uses several different reward systems to encourage users to continue working towards their defined goals.

Garcia, S.M., Tor, A., and Schiff, T.M. "The Psychology of Competition: A Social Comparison Perspective." Perspectives on Psychological Science, November 2013, 8(6):634-650. Print and web.

Each person is influenced by a unique set of factors related to their own status and progress towards goals, but is also affected to a greater or lesser degree by the achievements and perceived standards of the people around them. This analysis of past and current studies looks at the way people view and are motivated by individual goals as well as societal achievement (competition). The authors conclude that effective use of motivational strategies must take both into account. This is something that 7spell accomplishes by providing each user with the ability to set personal goals, earn reward points, and view their own progress tracking reports, and also to publish all of those results on public social media platforms.

Kivetz, R., Urminsky, O., and Zheng, Y. "The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis Resurrected: Purchase Acceleration, Illusionary Goal Progress, and Customer Retention." Journal of Marketing Research, February 2006, 43(1):39-58. Web.

In a study focusing on the influence of reward-scheme programs on behavior, the authors found that when people see visible progress towards their goals they are more likely to increase the activity required to reach those goals. The study also confirms that most people are also motivated by receiving rewards for completing specific activities, even if those rewards are not immediately transferable to actual material or monetary benefits. Status points, rewards, and real-time progress tracking are all methods used in 7spell to encourage frequent spelling practice by awarding points for the completion of exercises and activities. Because the user can access their progress charts at any time, they will always be able to see how close they are to achieving their personal spelling goals.

Buton, M., Winterbauer, N., and Todd, T. "Relapse processes after the extinction of instrumental learning: Renewal, resurgence, and reacquisition." Behavioural Processes, May 2012, 90(1): 130–141. Print and web.

Instrumental learning, also called "operant conditioning," is a method by which behaviors are learned in connection with a stimulus, a reward, or both. In this research done at the University of Vermont, the authors studied the ways in which the information connected to a specific behavior is retained when the stimulus is removed, and how subsequent repetition or reward reinforces information recall and a resumption of previously learned behaviors. They conclude that there are two primary methods of reinforcing active memory and behavior: by creating a different way to test the subject's memory, and by providing the opportunity for intensive focused repetition of that stimulus-behavior response. These two methods are widely used in the 7spell activities and games to create the link between instruction and memory that is so crucial in effective spelling learning on the student's part.

Xue, G., Mei, L., Chen, C., Lu, Z-L., Poldrack, R., Dong, Q. "Spaced Learning Enhances Subsequent Recognition Memory by Reducing Neural Repetition Suppression." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2011;23(7):1624-1633. Print and web. http://doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21532

In this study comparing long-term and short-term memory, the study authors tested the neural activity of participants as they memorized a set of images. Half of the study participants used massed learning techniques, in which each new image was presented multiple times in a row; the other half were given the images in a spaced repetition mode, where the images were shown in alternating order. Although each participant saw each image the same number of times, the people in the spaced-repetition exercise were able to accurately remember more images, and for a longer period of time. Repetition is a key technique in learning spelling, and 7spell incorporates spaced repetition in two ways. First, the system uses randomized selection of spelling words from the user's current list to populate the activities and exercises, ensuring an interval between word reviews. Second, the system's Word Discover feature provides pop-up instant review of the words on that list, again in random order. By providing users with multiple opportunities throughout the day to read and review their words, 7spell provides all of the benefits of the spaced repetition methodology in its spelling instruction.

Blocki, J., Cranor, L., Datta, A., and Komanduri, S. "Spaced Repetition and Mnemonics Enable Recall of Multiple Strong Passwords." Cornell University Library, January 3, 2015. PDF.

Spaced repetition is a memory training tool that relies on frequent and consistent review of information; mnemonics is a memory technique that involves multiple ways of looking at that information, such as the incorporation of images or story lines. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University focused on the combination of spaced repetition and mnemonics in evaluating how best to train people to remember specific pieces of information: computer passwords. They found that by combining the two methodologies, the results in both ease of learning and retention were increased. 7spell uses each method separately and together to help users learn and remember new spelling words by using the same words in multiple exercises, presenting spelling words in a variety of formats, and encouraging users to add information related to each word to make a personal connection that helps them to remember that word and its correct spelling.

How Did April Get Its Name?

Categories: Uncategorized |

Ever wonder why the months are named the way they are? What is it about the last month of the year that makes “December” an apt name for it? What about April and March – what are their stories?

We know for certain that for August through December, the months’ name correspond to their order of appearing in the year. September was the seventh month, October the eighth and so on, back when March was the first month of the year. However, April’s name has nothing to do to its position in the sequence.

April, the blossoming of Nature

The most prevalent theory as to how April got its name says that it goes back to the Latin word ‘aprilis’ and the verb ‘aperire,’ both of which denote an opening, to open, or blossom. This is a well-grounded hypothesis considering that April is the time when both animals and nature resume their activities after the long winter. Signaling this activity by naming the month after it seems like a sensible thing to do.

Another theory, however, says that ‘April’ got its name from the Greek goddess of Beauty and Love, Aphrodite. Again, this could be seen as an attempt to denote the beauty of this time of the year as the trees and flowers begin to blossom, showing off their radiant colors.

April is a month commonly mentioned in literary works, music and other forms of oral culture and arts. T. S. Eliot’s Waste Land opens with the line: “April is the cruellest month” and George Orwell’s 1984 novel opens with this strong image:

April Proverbs and Sayings

Cultures around the world have proverbs about the month of April that help us better understand the significance and role it had to play in their daily lives.

“March Winds and April showers bring forth May flowers”

This well-known proverb perfectly illustrates how the weather in March and April ensures the abundance of May and early summer.

This proverb signals the anticipation of spring and all the images this conjures up of blossoming flowers and buzzing nature. In many countries and especially the UK and Ireland, April has heavy rain (or ‘April showers’) due to the jet stream.  The Spanish face the same phenomenon as illustrated by their own saying which is very similar: “En abril, aguas mil.” This proverb says that during the month of April, there’s a lot of rain, ‘millions of water.’

In previous centuries when people use to forecast weather based on the weather of particular days and months, April was among the months whose weather was under scrutiny. Such forecasts include:

- After a wet April, a dry June

- Fogs in April, floods in June

- Moist April, clear June.

At the same time, the French have a saying that counsels patience. The proverb says that April is not yet the time to don your summer outfits:

-En avril, ne te découvre pas d’un fil.

The French caution you not to put away your winter clothes yet as cold is still a fact.

Is there a special proverb or saying in your language about April? Let us know in the comments below!

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Mark 1:1-20 CEV

1This is the good news about Jesus Christ, the Son of God.#1.1 the Son of God: These words are not in some manuscripts. 2#Ml 3.1. It began just as God had said in the book written by Isaiah the prophet, “I am sending my messenger to get the way ready for you. 3 # Is 40.3 (LXX). In the desert someone is shouting, ‘Get the road ready for the Lord! Make a straight path for him.’ ” 4So John the Baptist showed up in the desert and told everyone, “Turn back to God and be baptized! Then your sins will be forgiven.” 5From all Judea and Jerusalem crowds of people went to John. They told how sorry they were for their sins, and he baptized them in the Jordan River. 6 # 2 K 1.8. John wore clothes made of camel's hair. He had a leather strap around his waist and ate grasshoppers and wild honey. 7John also told the people, “Someone more powerful is going to come. And I am not good enough even to stoop down and untie his sandals.#1.7 untie his sandals: This was the duty of a slave. 8I baptize you with water, but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit!” 9About that time Jesus came from Nazareth in Galilee, and John baptized him in the Jordan River. 10As soon as Jesus came out of the water, he saw the sky open and the Holy Spirit coming down to him like a dove. 11#Gn 22.2; Ps 2.7; Is 42.1; Mt 3.17; 12.18; Mk 9.7; Lk 3.22. A voice from heaven said, “You are my own dear Son, and I am pleased with you.” 12At once God's Spirit made Jesus go into the desert. 13He stayed there for 40 days while Satan tested him. Jesus was with the wild animals, but angels took care of him. 14After John was arrested, Jesus went to Galilee and told the good news that comes from God.#1.14 that comes from God: Or “that is about God.” 15#Mt 3.2. He said, “The time has come! God's kingdom will soon be here.#1.15 will soon be here: Or “is already here.” Turn back to God and believe the good news!” 16As Jesus was walking along the shore of Lake Galilee, he saw Simon and his brother Andrew. They were fishermen and were casting their nets into the lake. 17Jesus said to them, “Follow me! I will teach you how to bring in people instead of fish.” 18Right then the two brothers dropped their nets and went with him. 19Jesus walked on and soon saw James and John, the sons of Zebedee. They were in a boat, mending their nets. 20At once Jesus asked them to come with him. They left their father in the boat with the hired workers and went with him.


Rampant, Vol. 1
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Rampant, Vol. 1

2nd Edition

Lady Cory has carved out a life for herself not just as a wife to three husbands but also as one of the rulers of the supernatural communities of Northern California—and a college student in search of that elusive degree. When a supernatural threat comes crashing into the hard-forged peace of Green's Hill, she and Green determine that they're the ones in charge of stopping the abomination that created it. To protect the people they love, Cory, Bracken, and Nicky travel to Redding to confront a tight-knit family of vampires guarding a terrible secret. It also leads them to a conflict of loyalties, as Nicky's parents threaten to tear Nicky away from the family he's come to love more than his own life.

Cover Artist: Anne Cain

Recommendations and Updates


Your diet impacts your mood & anxiety levels

Depression anxiety ebtoffical

Food choices have a massive impact of how we feel, perform, look, and age. There is a lot of focus today on “the optimal diet”, with discussions about the exact amount of specific nutrients and fights over nutritional timing. In earnest, we all know that if we eat whole foods, skip the processed stuff and don´t add refined sugar or too much alcohol to our diet, we will live a healthy life.

A “bad” diet has been linked to an increased risk of falling into depression, but it has also been shown that a diet based on high intakes of fruit, vegetables, fish, and whole grains may be associated with a reduced risk of depression (1,2).

A recent 12 week randomized controlled trial tested this approach on patients with major depression. Patients were randomly selected to either a dietary improvement setup or a social support setup, both groups with equal days and actual time in consulting. The diet was in general as mentioned above (the good diet). The diet group showed significant improvement on symptoms, mood and anxiety, compared to the control group (3).

Not depressed? Why should you care? Well, it is estimated that about 6.7% right now suffer from this condition, that’s 16.1 million adults in the U.S (4). Chances are that you, a family member or at least someone in your vicinity will fall into depression.

The study supports a beneficial role of good dietary choices for changing a depressed state to the better. Keep up your stomach happy and your mind will follow.

  1. Jacka et al. Moving towards a population health approach to the primary prevention of common mental disorders. BMC Medicine 2012, 10:149 .
  2. Jun S Lai et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community-dwelling adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;99:181–97.
  4. NIH. Major depression Among Adults. Used 20/3-17

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sun, silhouette, sunbeam, sunlight, tree, sky, lens flare, tranquility, sunset, nature, built structure, beauty in nature, low angle view, tranquil scene, building exterior, scenics, architecture, outdoors, no people, bright

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Farrer Huxley Associates

Alex Swallow

Alex Swallow

Assistant Landscape Architect

Alex has worked in both London and Sydney and joined FHA in 2018. With an eye for detail, he enjoys exploring the intricacies of how materials function and connect.

He has experience on projects ranging from the design of schools and courtyards to large infrastructure works. Alex is a passionate designer driven by a deep concern for the impact that noise pollution from cities is having on the natural environment.

Over the past few years, Alex’s work has also focused on exploring the effect of acoustics and environmental sounds on human experience. His research has been directed towards using sound as a method of increasing social interaction and activating unused spaces. Through his research he has also gained experience in temporary landscape installations and interventions.

Alex enjoys music and is proficient in five musical instruments. He also loves to travel and go on an adventure, especially when hiking or kayaking is involved.

2013 - 2017 | BA (Hons), Landscape Architecture, University of New South Wales

Key Projects

Winstanley and York Road Estate Regeneration, London Regeneration and Estate Enhancement (Mixed-use), RIBA Stages 2-6

Northwold Estate, London Residential, London, RIBA Stage 2-3


(Reopens FGN 47)

The numbers from South Korea declined by 4.2 per cent, causing it to fall from the third leading place of origin to fourth place.

After these top four countries, no country represents more than three per cent of the total international students in the United States.

Despite a one per cent decline, Canada remains the fifth leading place of origin, the report said.

Each of the top 25 places of origin had more than 6,000 students in the United States.

There were increases in the number of students from 16 of the top 25 places of origin, including China, India, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Iran, United Kingdom, Nepal, Nigeria, Kuwait, France, Indonesia, Venezuela, Malaysia, Colombia, and Spain.

As for American students going abroad, Europe remains the top destination.

Open Doors 2016reports study abroad to Europe increased by 5 per cent in 2014/15, driving study abroad growth.

The United Kingdom remains the leading destination for American students, followed by Italy, Spain, France and China ? which remained the fifth largest host destination despite a seven per cent decrease.

There were decreases in study abroad to China (down 7 per cent) and India (down three per cent to 4,438 students).

Several leading destinations in Asia saw increases as hosts for US study abroad: Japan (up 1.3 per cent) and South Korea (up nine per cent). PTI LKJ SUA AKJ SUA

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Marking Progress

It’s funny to observe the steps we take to mark our accomplishments. Last Thursday, the medical and corporate copywriters discussed our individual methods. For Laura, our lead creative copywriter, it’s highlighting an item once it has been written and then striking it through once it is approved. I mark all written items and then organize all hard copies depending upon its approval status. Andrew on the other hand, stays green by keeping a mental tally of completed works.

Why do we do this? To see the visual progression of a search engine optimized website, medical script, or eLearning program. As these projects often require a good-deal of technical copywriting, the task can seem overwhelming at first. But, as we check off each written page of copy, we can have visual validation of our progress.

For the past two weeks, I have been working on content for our new medical website and enjoy grabbing that highlighter at the end of each work-day to mark my progress and I find myself taking the same approach at home. Since we’ve started work on our house, it’s been difficult dealing with the overwhelming list of improvements. From insulating the house, repairing the roof, and rerouting a new floor plan to deciding what heating system to use and what bathroom fixtures to choose, it’s easy to crumble under the pressure. So, with each completed, task, we mark them off our long lists of ‘To Dos’ and feel a sense of accomplishment as the completed check-marks grow.


Sean “Penned” First Novel Bob Honey Who Just Do Stuff

Well known for his decades-long career in Hollywood as an actor, writer, producer, and director, these days Sean Penn is focusing on his writing. While Penn has previously authored opinion pieces, and worked as a war correspondent, his debut novel titled “Bob Honey Who Just Do Stuff,” presents a narrative featuring the main character, Bob Honey, a septic-tank salesman who doubles as a contract killer for the US government. The New York Times calls the book “a riddle wrapped in an enigma cloaked in crazy.” “Bob Honey Who Just Do Stuff” is a thought-provoking novel, and includes such thick and heady vocabulary and prose that the reader may need a dictionary to understand the nuanced dystopian world that Penn describes.

Bob Honey Who Just Do Stuff” is rife with commentary on the current sociopolitical climate in the United States and the world, which consequently may lead readers to believe that the novel could double as an opinion piece, although Penn disagrees. In an interview with Vogue, Penn denies the idea of his work as opinion and states that anyone who sees “Bob Honey Who Just Do Stuff” in that way “picked up the wrong book.” Despite this declaration, Penn references a plethora of current topics including the president, El Chapo, the #metoo movement, race and police tension, internet rights, mental health, the effects of the media, and recent events such as the Las Vegas concert shooting. Incontestably, Penn offers ample commentary on current events in society throughout the writing of “Bob Honey Who Just Do Stuff.”

Furthermore, not only does Penn describe current world events, but he finds inspiration from his personal experiences and conviction in helping others. “Bob Honey Who Just Do Stuff” describes the main character assisting in aid efforts after a hurricane, just as Penn did after a hurricane in Haiti in 2010, and after Hurricane Katrina. Penn has also worked as a war correspondent, while Bob Honey surveys the after effects of war in Iraq. Seemingly, Bob Honey has inherited certain aspects of his worldview directly from the life and times of his creator.

Penn’s debut novel is chock-full of events and ideas inspired by the present day, in addition to the author’s personal experiences and ideals. “Bob Honey Who Just Do Stuff” is satirical, garrulous, and thought provoking, and may require breaks to process this novel that illustrates the world as understood by Penn.


ZIKT Meaning and Definition

Astrological definition for ZIKT abbreviation. A list of ZIKT acronyms with corresponding meaning is located in the end of this web page.
Analysis and Definition for ZIKT
Life Path Number 3.

What hides behind ZIKT? Secret meaning of the letters. Here we have described the meaning of each letter of QYK in numerology.

  • Z has special meaning in ZIKT. Demonstrating the great power, the form of Z keeps us alert. It also stands for the truth and justice for all. Z reflects financial safety, because its base (material things), justice as a result of action (antenna located in the center), and logical thinking (the horizontal antenna at the top).

  • K has special meaning in ZIKT. Here you can see two antennas, one of which is directed to the sky, and the second to the earth. They are linked in the center of the vertical axis, which reflects the emotional field (its main function). The whole resembles three lines, one of which takes energy from the top (which means intuition), and the second gets it from the heart (standing for impulses). The last line gets energies from the earth.

Acronyms Like ZIKT
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A Hunting Gear for spring animal chasing

Inclination to maneuver around in their fat frameworks as well as large teams make animal the Eatfun hunters usually used waterfowl hunting goals. A animal chasing experience is obviously a satisfying and pleasing understanding, however any talented animal finder might inform you should you choose not provide the animal chasing equipment that is necessary that you are hard to finish up pleased with success. The minor necessary equipment that he must be given by any animal finder includes something to induce anything once they have been shot down to obtain something to decimate the animal, the animal, and the animal. The apparatus issues that are acclimated to efficiently draw with a hunting area that is selected in herds of animal are replicas. In front of animal at whatever stage views another mind of animal on the ground because it Eatfun hunter over a landing site that is possible.

The animal suppose the top on the ground has arrived there while there is nutrition on the ground for that cause that place, creating the top Eatfun hunter prepared to home because pursuit of nutrition. Categories of reproductions may be employed to technique into landing territorial, receiving them into selection of the maverick’s tool rushes of animal. Yet another thing designed for predators to draw in animal is simply perhaps an animal hunter, or perhaps a construction that duty seems similar to those that animal make. A spring animal consumes trusts and the sound that another animal is nearby, creating the animal really looks for the noise, consequently which makes it to maneuver ever nearer to the maverick. Likely the Eatfun hunter’s large device an animal finder should share with viably chase animal with him is just guns that will be clearly used to destroy the animal. Guns that individuals for that most part use to quest animal are two important types are shotguns and guns. The shotgun efficient over a more little variety compared with gun bearing in mind modify, dispatches a dash of topic items introduced buckshot over a far more intensive area, that makes it the less complicated tool to goal.

Use shotguns once they will be truly near to their goals 토토먹튀 hunters constantly. The gun is just an Eatfun hunter traditional type of tool that dispatches just one, directed concept that Eatfun hunter along its trip to improve precision. An animal finder will utilize a tool to take animal over extents out. Once you have shot them to obtain the animal, a certain standpoint in animal chasing equipment that is effective is just a method. A particular device is not necessary for this about the off-chance that you must take animal ashore moreover you would not worry travelling in to the available to obtain your wipes out yourself, nevertheless, you will totally desire to provide something to assist you say your killings if you go over a stream or river.


[Stretch Bands] Exercise Bands Set, TopElek Fitness Resistance Bands Set with 5 Fitness Tubes/Handles/Door Anchor/Ankle Straps/Carrying Pouch/Workout Guides, Best for Men and Women

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Warranty — Every TopElek product includes 45 day money back, 18 month worry-free warranty!


Mugai Ryu

Mugai Ryu Iaido is an old, authentic martial art of the Samurai. It was founded 1693 and passed down the generations. The style has a deep connection to Zen Buddhism and has a plain beauty with direct efficient techniques and a characteristic calmness and sharp attention.

Founder of Mugai Ryu

Inyoshin Dojo is the official representative for the whole of the UK.
Mugai Ryu is an open and inclusive style giving everybody an opportunity to train. Everyone is welcome to train without prejudice.
The students will be taught Bushido as a way of self-development. Also known as the way of Zen.

David Jackson, demonstrating Mugai Ryu

Kata (Forms) are trained with real swords. Until the Master degree, or Dan level, Iaito are used. Iaito are training Katana made of steel, but not sharpened. Kata training helps the Iaidoka to work on his posture, charisma and presence.
After gaining some experience, Kumitachi (actual combat) will be taught, using Bokuto (wooden swords).


دانلود مقاله ISI انگلیسی شماره 23907
عنوان فارسی مقاله

چطور مردم تصمیم واقعی بلند مدت می گیرند : یک مورد از آماده سازی بازنشستگی

کد مقاله سال انتشار مقاله انگلیسی ترجمه فارسی تعداد کلمات
23907 2012 22 صفحه PDF سفارش دهید 15687 کلمه
خرید مقاله
پس از پرداخت، فوراً می توانید مقاله را دانلود فرمایید.
عنوان انگلیسی

Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)

Journal : Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Volume 81, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 39–60

کلمات کلیدی
فرآیند تصمیم گیری - برنامه ریزی - قاعده کلی - پس انداز بازنشستگی - امور مالی خانگی
کلمات کلیدی انگلیسی
Decision process, Planning, Rule of thumb, Retirement saving, Household finance
پیش نمایش مقاله
پیش نمایش مقاله چطور مردم  تصمیم واقعی بلند مدت می گیرند : یک مورد از آماده سازی بازنشستگی

چکیده انگلیسی

Large variations in retirement wealth are common, with some households accumulating hundreds of thousands of dollars and others accumulating next to nothing. We examine to what extent formal planning or simple rules of thumb contribute to these differences in wealth accumulation. In particular, we investigate whether those who follow simple rules of thumb or those who come up with more complete plans accumulate more wealth than those who take an unsystematic approach. We test this empirically using a specifically designed survey about retirement preparation. We find that people who rely on a rule of thumb behave like literal planners. However, people without any systematic approach save substantially less. Our results, taken together with evidence from psychology, suggest that financial planning advice based on simple rules of thumb may be helpful for those who currently take no systematic approach.

مقدمه انگلیسی

Households differ markedly in their wealth accumulation for retirement. Attempts to understand these differences, such as Ameriks et al. (2003), Bernheim et al. (2001), Beshears et al. (2008), Laibson et al. (1998), Lusardi and Mitchell (2007), Saez (2009) and Scholz et al. (2006) have taken various approaches. People may differ in their budget constraints, information, discount rates, the functional form of their discount rates (such as hyperbolic discounting), whether they engage in planning, or their financial literacy. In this paper, we consider the role of what we will dub decision processes, i.e. the steps one takes to make a choice. Bernheim et al. (2001) suggest that the extent to which accumulated retirement wealth varies across households is difficult to reconcile with the classical life cycle model. Traditionally, economists assume that choices are the outcome of optimization over consumption in the presence of a budget constraint. Agents are assumed to identify the choice that leads to the highest satisfaction out of all feasible choices. In many domains, this optimization process is fairly straightforward, most notably for choices that do not involve long time horizons or substantial uncertainty. In contrast, in the domain of life cycle saving, literal optimization requires engaging in contingent planning and backward induction. Indeed, most economists agree that people do not literally engage in optimizing in this domain. Rather, there is consensus that people's behavior should be understood “as if” determined by an optimization process (Friedman, 1953). Interestingly, though, economists have remained surprisingly vague about what the “as-if” metaphor would mean in practice. In other words, economists have paid little attention to how real people actually arrive at the retirement savings decisions that they make. A growing literature has started to fill this gap. In particular, Ameriks et al. (2003), and Lusardi and Mitchell (2007) provide evidence that those who plan for their retirement accumulate more retirement wealth. What remains an open question is which precise aspect of planning, i.e. which decision process, leads to the positive relationship between “planning” and the accumulation of retirement wealth. Is it calculating a detailed savings plan? Or could it be that a simple rule of thumb may also work as a “plan” to boosting wealth accumulation? We define a decision process to consist of a series of steps that one takes to make a choice. In this paper, we consider three potential prototypes of decision processes people may adopt when deciding about their retirement savings. We dub the first prototype the literal planning approach. This relies on careful intertemporal budget calculations, perhaps based on financial software or expert advice. We dub the second prototype the rule-of-thumb approach. In contrast to the literal planning approach, some individuals may not actually engage in any formal planning process. Rather, they may follow some simple rules of thumb such as putting aside a fixed percentage of their monthly earnings. Finally, some individuals may not engage in any planning at all nor consciously follow any specific rule. We dub the latter the unsystematic approach. Crucially, individuals’ decision processes may differ in terms of the degree of their sophistication and therefore how costly they are to implement. Gathering detailed information for working out a careful plan may require a substantial amount of time. In contrast, copying a simple rule of thumb from a friend or simply maximizing the company match for a 401(k) plan does not require a large time investment. Importantly, the costs of working out a careful plan may differ across individuals. It may require little effort for someone with substantial mathematical or accounting skills. On the other hand, it may be very burdensome for people with low planning skills and to those with a high disutility from thinking about economic issues. Decision processes should be distinguished from preferences over consumption profiles. Intertemporal preferences determine the optimal choice of lifetime consumption profiles. However, finding out the choice that maximizes intertemporal preferences may be costly due to bounded rationality. As a result, individuals may make choices that differ from the preference-maximizing ones. Individuals may use simplified planning or rules of thumb as a procedure to come up with a savings choice. Individuals with identical preferences over intertemporal consumption streams may easily make different choices if they differ in terms of cognitive abilities or the propensity to plan, and hence in their decision making process. In this paper, we investigate how the three prototypes of decision processes, literal planning, a rule of thumb, and the unsystematic approach, contribute to differences in wealth accumulation. Bernheim et al. (2001) posit that observed variation in wealth at retirement is likely to be caused by deviations from “rational, farsighted optimization” and that differences are more consistent with a rule of thumb. However, previous research has not had access to data that could directly measure whether individuals follow a plan based on farsighted optimization or instead follow a simple rule of thumb or even exhibit an unsystematic approach to life cycle saving. For our analysis, we use a novel data set that has been collected for the purpose of this study. These data allow us to categorize individuals according to the three prototypes mentioned above by means of specifically designed survey questions. We first examine whether all of the three prototypes can actually be observed. We investigate their relative frequency as well as the determinants that lead individuals to adopt either prototype. The main topic of the paper is then to explore whether all three prototypes of decision processes lead to comparable savings outcomes or whether they are associated with systematic differences in outcomes. Our data come from a detailed survey module on decision behavior that we fielded with the American Life Panel at the RAND Corporation. Our module consists of questions on how individuals proceed when making their retirement savings decisions, as well as questions on choice outcomes and individual characteristics. In contrast to our survey module, traditional economic data sets typically contain only the latter two. We present two main findings. First, the planning and rule-of-thumb approaches are associated with substantially higher retirement wealth accumulation than the unsystematic approach. Second, we do not find any statistically significant difference between the outcomes for planners and rule-of-thumb savers. Thus, rule-of-thumb types behave as if they were planners. In Section 2, we discuss evidence from psychology of how even a randomly assigned rule of thumb can change behavior. In light of this evidence, our results suggests that a rule of thumb may be an effective device for retirement saving for individuals who find working out a careful plan too demanding. Our paper is closely related to the papers of Ameriks et al. (2003) and Lusardi and Mitchell (2007). Both investigate the role of planning for wealth accumulation and find that planning does indeed have an economically significant effect on wealth accumulation. A crucial difference between these two papers and our own is our aim to investigate multiple decision processes rather than just “planning.” In particular, we address the question whether adopting a simple rule of thumb leads to a similar amount of wealth accumulation as working out a careful plan. This question is important from a policy perspective; advice in the form of a simple rule of thumb is by definition simpler than a plan and may be an effective way to help those who do not have a sophisticated plan. Overall, our finding is that those who do not work out any plan but simply rely on a rule of thumb behave in a similar way as proper planners. In contrast, those following an unsystematic approach save substantially less. This suggests that treating both rule-of-thumb and unsystematic-approach people just as one single “non-planning” category as in the analysis of Ameriks et al. (2003) and Lusardi and Mitchell (2007) may not reveal the full picture. A further important difference between the work of Ameriks et al. (2003) and ours relates to differing samples. Their work is based on a highly skilled sample of TIAA-CREF participants. In contrast, our sample comes from the American Life Panel and is more representative for the overall population. Rodepeter and Winter (2003) provide an in-depth discussions of the literature on rule-of-thumb behavior in the domain of life cycle saving and simulate the outcomes resulting from various rules of thumb. While many authors have considered the use of a rule of thumb for savings,1 to our knowledge we are the first to measure their prevalence or their effect on wealth accumulation using micro-data. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 outlines the psychology of planning and wealth accumulation and spells out our main hypothesis. Section 3 presents our data and outlines the definitions of decision making types used for analyzing the data. Section 4 investigates the relationship between types and retirement wealth accumulation. Section 5 considers several robustness checks. Section 6 concludes.

نتیجه گیری انگلیسی

In this paper we have addressed whether the adoption of different decision making processes leads to systematically different levels of accumulated retirement wealth. Interest in this question arises for several reasons. First, previous research has found that variables related to the classical life cycle model do not explain much of the observed variation in retirement wealth. Second, knowing more about individual decision processes in the realm of retirement savings has practical consequences for a good design of a pension system. Third, addressing this question relates to a fundamental methodological issue in economics: whether or not decision processes are relevant for decision outcomes. Famously, Friedman (1953) suggested that decision processes are irrelevant. He argued that, even if some (or the majority of) people did not literally optimize by means of a careful planning process, their behavior would nevertheless look “as if” they optimized or had made a careful plan. While we cannot be sure that our planners are literally optimizing, they are calculating retirement needs and savings rates necessary to achieve those needs. At some fundamental level, this is similar in spirit to solving the life-cycle model. Our results allow us to conclude that rule-of-thumb types behave “as if” they were planners in that they accumulate a similar amount of wealth. This finding is novel and may be very welcome since, for a substantial part of the population, understanding the logic of a sophisticated plan may be rather difficult. On the other hand, we find that planner and rule-of-thumb types accumulate substantially more retirement wealth than the remaining category that we have dubbed unsystematic. Thus, decision processes do matter. The unsystematic type category counts for about one third of our sample. Hence, the behavior of a substantial fraction of the population does not look “as if” it is derived from a careful plan. Because of this, variation in decision behavior does indeed contribute to explaining part of the variation in observed retirement wealth. Building on the research of Ameriks et al. (2003) and Lusardi and Mitchell (2007), our results show that non-planners are not a homogenous group. Half of the non-planners are in fact rule-of-thumb types whose outcomes in terms of wealth accumulation are similar to planners. Our paper also has implications for the discussion about the validity of the life cycle model. The existence of unsystematic types and their much lower level of savings adds to the literature that refutes the life cycle model, while the behavior of rule-of-thumb types supports it. Thus, our research points to the importance of considering multiple models of behavior to describe subsets of the population. Our results suggest two main implications for policy making. First, it is important to be aware that people use different processes to make retirement savings decisions. In particular, unsystematic types may react to changes in pension policy differently from the other types. Economists should try to account for heterogeneous decision types in their theoretical models. This is all the more an issue given that all three decision making categories are substantial in size. Second, our results show that simple rules of thumb may be a powerful device for accumulating retirement wealth. We cannot make any strong conclusions that rules of thumb have a causal influence on wealth based on our data. However, there is a substantial body of evidence from psychology on the causal effect of such rules on behavior related to the achievement of long-term goals such as health behavior. This evidence suggests that at least part of the positive association between rules of thumb and retirement wealth may reflect a causal effect from a rule of thumb on wealth. If this is indeed the case, then it may be very helpful to spread information about simple rules of thumb that lead to an adequate level of retirement wealth for a range of representative cases. This may lead to a spread of adequate levels of retirement saving among the population by means of a non-intrusive policy measure.

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Friday, 16 May 2014

WILL They??

AFN, executive, regionals, PTO's and Confederacy must force the govts to deal with each nation. AANDC has regional offices that can develop capacity agreements to deal with administering respective nations/communities/freedom schools /home schoolers own education acts/regulations/curriculum. Of course, we already have the resources in our communities to deliver education to our students inside as well as outside the current education system. Lack of money and resources isnt so much the problem as the lack of will, coordination and faith that we can develop our own systems while incorporating conventional methods.

Change The Game By Not Playing At All

We cant keep fighting colonial government for something we can and should be doing ourselves.
Resurgence of our traditions, return to use of the land by taking only what you need for sustenance, medicines, prayers and teaching.
All of these laws, policies and politics won't mean a damn thing when they come to lay pipe, build wells, steal water and remove people. Its going to come down to on the land protection.
Setting up camps, freedom schools &  mapping where the sacred sites and traditional use areas are, so we prove we are actually USING the lands. We will have the basis of ongoing use of the land once we get out there.
The chiefs, Confederacy,  PTOs can still be relevant by directing their resources to local communities for things such as survival training,  traditional land use, mapping, freedom schools and direct action TRAINING - so we can be prepared to minimize the possibility of arrests, "injunctions" by knowing and exercising our rights based on court cases, international law, and most importantly inherent.
Rather than react to government and colonial structures of AFN, why not draft declarations that we are returning to the land, that we are inherently free, that we are responsible to the land, water and people.
Can they stop you from being free? Hell no. Change the game by not playing at all.

Wednesday, 7 May 2014

Education Trumps Politics

Focus on strategy while establishing nationhood should be the priority of our actions rather than depending on AFN Executive to speak for the Nations.  We should not be under the illusion that a new National Chief is the answer or even that AFN is the answer.

But as it the chiefs, regional, PTO's, and AFN executive not realize how much potential and leverage they have to show the government of canada that we have the potential to cripple the education system off reserve?

Pulling our children from the system to being under the First Nations jurisdiction, even just for a short time, would be very effective in changing policy.

Take a look at Saskatchewan for example;  There are approximately 4000 First Nations funded students that attend provincial schools and depending on tuition agreements that number could be approximately $40 million.  Thats $40 million that we can rightfully hold from the provinces.  Thats 4000 students that can learn in an environment that respects their culture, language and land.

We all know that AFN as it is today and prior to Atleos resignation, cannot serve its the purpose because of the many diverse communities. Why is the executive not listening to Ontario Regional Chief Stan Beardy when he asks that the confederacy of nations be revived?  POWER AND STATURE is the reason. The ones in control do not wish to relinquish it.  They are clinging onto their  chiefdom and 'job' rather than duties.

So while it is still here, we should use the AFN and PTO's as a tool by accessing and using their capacity to meet, coordinate, implement and force the government to meet with the First Nations or territories directly.  Force the AFN executive and the structure as it is now to empower nations and provide resources to meet and formulate nation building.

The AFN executive must hear the voice of their people prior to the May 15th and May 27th meetings.  They cannot rely on their technicians to guide their hearts.   After such, the AFN executive and PTO's must listen to the grassroots and assist in Nationhood building which could include providing templates for our own respective Nations education acts and assist in making the transition as easy as possible.   While many Chiefs of First Nations are busy running local band administration, politics and the front line, regional chiefs have the capacity to forum with members to see where they go from here and provide recommendations.

Until there is a body that can effectively force the government and industry to deal with the nations, we must use the resources of the AFN and PTO's while maintaing autonomy.   The AFN and executive are not rights holders, rather the AFN executive should be forcing the government to deal with our nations and territories directly.

If there is to be an advocating body it it to be a grassroots membership directing the path.  Since there is no such body, the Confederacy of Nations would be the most inclusive of what is presently out there.  As I said above, I do not see the executive taking a chance on invoking such a logical and powerful structure.
If the AFN executive fails to hear the voices they will prove they are irrelevant and redundant.

The only solutions I feel is effective is local jurisdiction and responsibility.

We need not to beg the government to recognize our inherent right to educating our children.  We do not need them to give us permission to do everything necessary for our future generations.

We must establish curriculum based on our traditions, worldview and also include conventional education then implement it.

We have the solutions in our communities and the resources are on the front lines.  The educators, the parents, the elders, knowledge keepers and most importantly the youth are these resources and they should not be underestimated or ignored.

The present Education system does not meet the needs of our cultural identity, language, learning styles, the consideration of family dynamics, ceremony, and history.  So rather than forcing our children to accommodate the needs of an an education system that doesn't respect their needs, we should be forcing the education to accommodate our children's needs.  An action such as this would force the government to consult with First Nations or Territories directly.

An action like this is NOT idealistic or radical.  Its pride, faith and inherent knowledge that makes it possible.

Monday, 5 May 2014

Proof is in the pudding

We are being put to the test and now is the time to show what we are capable of.

From my perspective, I feel we as grassroots people should approach PTO's, Band councils, Tribal councils and FN urban service providers and begin strategy on a national call to action.  What would this would look like:

Pull students from the schools for the most part of June.  Call it National Cultural Resurgence & Education Month, if you may.

Return to community building and empowerment.  Freedom schools can be set up concentrating on language revitalization, cultural teachings & storytelling, land based education in medicines, botany, hunting, tracking and survival skills.

Call a strike for all on reserve teachers & administrators to walk out of colonial structures and constraints and onto the land for the survival of our people by providing your knowledge.

We have the resources, intelligence, capabilities and the heart to accomplish this.  There is no barriers to such an action.  Working together to send a message not only the government but more importantly to our youth - "WE WILL TAKE CARE OF OUR OWN".  "Youth are our future leaders and we should support them", lets prove this to them by taking ACTION.

This is a call to all Chiefs, Councilors, educators, service providers to meet with the grassroots people and come up with a plan to PROVE we will exercise our jurisdiction of our children's education.

A couple examples that it IS possible and CAN be done:
The Akwesasne Freedom School (AFS) was founded in 1979 by Mohawk parents concerned with the lack of cultural and linguistic services available in local public schools.  As an independent elementary school, AFS has existed on a shoestring budget for over 25 years. In 1985, the parents who administer the school made a historic decision to adopt a total Mohawk immersion curriculum. It was a historic decision. AFS was the first to implement this curriculum and did so without approval or funding from state, federal or provincial governments. By focusing on our young people, we reverse the assimilation process and ensure that the Mohawk people do not lose their language, culture and identity.The school continues to immerse its students in levels Pre-K to 8 in the Kanienkéha (Mohawk) language and culture. All instruction, as well as recess periods, outdoor activities, field trips, meals and extracurricular activities are conducted in the Mohawk language.
In the winter of 2005 - Rontewennanónhnha – Ganienkeh’s first total immersion school became a reality. Experienced Kanien’kehà:ka language teachers and program developers were recruited for this one-of-a-kind opportunity to develop Kanien’kehà:ka language programs at Ganienkeh. Programs are being developed and implemented that will work and are not tainted by the bureaucratic constraints of “Indian Country” schools still dependent on funding from US and or Canadian sources. Our education is truly in our control and this was mandated and insisted upon by our youth who truly appreciate one of our greatest resources – our language, our direct link to the natural world around us.
Mother Earths Childrens Charter School
Canadas first and only Indigenous Charter school
Our Vision
Rediscovering the gifts and potential given to them by the Creator, our children will achieve personal excellence and fulfillment.
Our Mission
To wholistically nurture, guide and challenge each child’s spiritual, intellectual, physical and emotional self through traditional Indigenous teachings.
Anishinaabek Gardens Homeschool Academy is a private homeschool located in Michigan but available online for all families across the world. This is an umbrella school for families that need private school enrollment with little interference over their educational activities. Families may purchase their own curriculum of their choice or we can plan a curriculum specifically for their needs. You may request assistance with transcripts, graduation activities, and homeschool advising.

Saturday, 3 May 2014

Knowledge is Free

Autonomous education is what I prefer rather than having our children herded into a system and curriculum based on colonial constructs.
The free will to choose what is best for our children rather than a one size fits all model. We are built of many nations and to think that legislation, even if we were the ones writing the regulations - the rich diversity of our culture would be sacrificed to some extent.
The ability to choose, what parents and their children feel necessary to learn,  is true freedom.  Working with like minded people to develop their own curriculum,  support and share  knowledge is liberation.
Developing Freedom schools, home-schools, charter schools and co-ops is what I would love to see. Something like this takes coordination, commitment and resources.
If there was a fight I am willing to put all my dedication into it would be gathering these resources and pressuring the government to also provide. Regardless of what the government does or doesn't do, I believe we can still do what is necessary for our childrens future.
Once we begin to establish nationhood and modelling holistic education, governance, protection; others will follow suit.  Indigenous as well as those not originally from Turtle Island will see these models as a concept that works to not only protect humanity but Mother Earth as well.
We will provide cultural teachings, language and land based education to our children as priority while incorporating math, science and other subjects given in conventional education systems.
Shifting the worldview that success isn't based on western concepts of materialism and financial wealth to the worldview that what we as Indigneous people know - success based on the wellbeng, health and comfort of our families and Mother Earth.

If there is to be any mobilization against government it should be done as an act of resurgence rather than reaction.There is a great opportunity now to pressure the government by exercising our jurisdiction of education.  It is my belief that if a mass mobilization of parents, educators, traditional knowledge keepers and Elders liberated their children from schools, even for just a short time, as we establish more secure means of teaching our own, we can send a message to the government, school boards and provincial regulators.  They will see and feel the potential results that we are a force to be reckoned with.  They will see that they must heed our warning and provide the resources necessary to make Indigenous peoples education a priority.   With all the technology available, the possibilities for reaching many is endless. Satellite schools can be set up in homes, halls, band offices and even in parks on the land.  Free universities that provide every bit of relevant concepts that conventional institutions teach can be a reality.  Knowledge is free, degrees are not.  It is the ability to exercise our responsibilities that we are fighting for.


Support the documentation of Aboriginal cultural landscapes

Formats and tools

Unit Description
Assessment Tool
an assessor resource that builds a framework for writing an assessment tool
Assessment Template
Assessment Matrix
Wiki Markup
Evidence Guide
create an evidence guide for workplace assessment and RPL applicants
Competency Mapping Template
Observation Checklist

Self Assessment Survey
Moodle Outcomes
Registered Training Organisations
Trying to find someone to train or assess you? This link lists all the RTOs that are currently registered to deliver AHCASW307, 'Support the documentation of Aboriginal cultural landscapes'.
Google Links
Reference books for 'Support the documentation of Aboriginal cultural landscapes' on This online store has a huge range of books, pretty reasonable prices, free delivery in Australia *and* they give a small commission to for every purchase, so go nuts :)

Elements and Performance Criteria

Performance criteria

Elements describe the essential outcomes.

1. Identify the characteristics of Aboriginal cultural landscapes on Country

1.1 Identify Aboriginal cultural landscapes and associated sites and features of cultural significance

1.2 Determine boundaries and extent of Country

1.3 Apply the concept of lore/law in the land

1.4 Describe Aboriginal cultural landscapes in ecological and archaeological terms, Aboriginal cultural language and spiritual terms, and traditional Aboriginal economic terms

1.5 Identify archaeological evidence of landforms

2. Participate in investigations of cultural and historical records of an Aboriginal cultural landscape

2.1 Identify from relevant databases or websites whether any historical records or previous research is available for the site

2.2 Participate in research activities to determine traditional understanding of the cycle of the seasons and meteorological phenomena, and of landform and vegetation community types in a cultural landscape

2.3 Determine environmental cultural knowledge, cultural connections and relationships with the landscape that are passed down generationally

2.4 Carry out investigations on Country in accordance with safe work policies and procedures, enterprise requirements and Burra Charter guidelines

3. Identify Aboriginal cultural value links to cultural landscapes

3.1 Identify cultural landscapes and determine links with Aboriginal cultural and Community knowledge

3.2 Describe relationships between Creation stories, oral histories, kinship and totemic to the cultural landscape

3.3 Identify gender access, roles and usage as this relates to the cultural landscape

3.4 Identify Aboriginal cultural values in cultural landscapes

3.5 Identify links between archaeological evidence and cultural landscapes

3.6 Identify indicators in the landscape that reveal traditional Aboriginal land management practices

4. Describe Aboriginal cultural practices and beliefs which maintain cultural connections to cultural landscapes

4.1 Identify appropriate persons within Communities who hold cultural knowledge

4.2 Identify appropriate Cultural Knowledge holders and/or Cultural Manager for an Aboriginal cultural landscape

4.3 Recount the range and interrelationship of Aboriginal beliefs and Aboriginal cultural and ceremonial practices that maintain connection with the cultural landscape

4.4 Document the associations of connection to Country through language, stories, song, dance and art if appropriate according to Community protocols and customs relating to disclosure of knowledge, using archaeological and Aboriginal terminology


Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
Title: Multilevel processes and cultural adaptation: examples from past and present small-scale societies
Author: Reyes-García, Victoria
Balbo, Andrea L.
Gómez Baggethun, Erik
Gueze, Maximilien
Mesoudi, Alex
Richerson, Peter J.
Rubio Campillo, Xavier
Ruiz Mallen, Isabel
Shennan, Stephen
Keywords: cultural adaptation
cultural evolution
multilevel selection
Issue Date: 2016
Publisher: Ecology and Society
Citation: Reyes-García, V., A. L. Balbo, E. Gómez-Baggethun, M. Gueze, A. Mesoudi, P. J. Richerson, X. Rubio-Campillo, I. Ruiz-Mallén, and S. Shennan. 2016. Multilevel processes and cultural adaptation: examples from past and present small-scale societies. Ecology and Society 21(4):2.
Series/Report no.: 21;(4)
Also see:
Abstract: The last two decades have seen a proliferation of research frameworks that emphasise the importance of understanding adaptive processes that happen at different levels. We contribute to this growing body of literature by exploring how cultural (mal)adaptive dynamics relate to multilevel social-ecological processes occurring at different scales, where the lower levels combine into new units with new organizations, functions, and emergent properties or collective behaviors. After a brief review of the concept of ¿cultural adaptation¿ from the perspective of cultural evolutionary theory, the core of the paper is constructed around the exploration of multilevel processes occurring at the temporal, spatial, social, and political scales. We do so by using insights from cultural evolutionary theory and by examining small-scale societies as case studies. In each section, we discuss the importance of the selected scale for understanding cultural adaptation and then present an example that illustrates how multilevel processes in the selected scale help explain observed patterns in the cultural adaptive process. The last section of the paper discusses the potential of modeling and computer simulation for studying multilevel processes in cultural adaptation. We conclude by highlighting how elements from cultural evolutionary theory might enrich the multilevel process discussion in resilience theory.
Language: English
Appears in Collections:Articles

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Increased social spending by government can decrease mortality rates

Views: 48

New York, March 2 (IANS) Even small increases in social spending — monies for welfare, education, and health — can significantly reduce the risk of dying, says a US-based study.

Each additional $250 spent per person per year on welfare can lead to three percentage point lower probability of their dying from any cause, the findings showed.

“My findings highlight the health benefits of welfare and education spending, in particular, and the harm that increasing or maintaining the gap between the rich and the poor can have on everyone’s health,” said researcher Daniel Kim, associate professor at Northeastern University in Boston, US.

The findings were published in the journal Preventive Medicine.

The study, involving more than 430,000 adults, examined the effects of US state and local social spending on mortality.

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In his study, Kim examined six leading causes of death in the US in older adults: coronary heart disease, stroke, colon cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, and suicide.

Most affected by state and local government social spending was coronary heart disease, which kills more than 370,000 people annually, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Kim found that each additional $250 spent per person per year on welfare reduced the chances of dying from heart disease by nearly two percentage points, and the same amount spent per person on education reduced the chances by almost one percentage point.

His analysis also showed that the bigger the gap between the rich and the poor, the greater the chance a person had of dying.

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Comments: 0


Rajinikanth, Bollywood celebrities get Padma honours

Views: 35

New Delhi, Jan 25 (IANS) The government on Monday announced that nine film celebrities will be conferred the country’s prestigious civilian honours. Southern megastar Rajinikanth will get the Padma Vibhushan while late India-born British actor Saeed Jaffrey has been posthumously named for the Padma Shri.

Veteran actor Anupam Kher and singer Udit Narayan will be conferred the Padma Bhushan; actors Ajay Devgn and Priyanka Chopra, and filmmakers Nila Madhab Panda, S.S. Rajamouli and Madhur Bhandarkar will get the Padma Shri honour.

Rajinikanth, who enjoys a massive fan following, tweeted: “Feeling deeply honoured for being awarded the Padma Vibhushan. My heartfelt thanks to my dear fans, well-wishers and friends for all the wishes.”

Lovingly called ‘Thalaivar’ by his fans, the actor has spent over four decades in filmdom and is a phenomena by himself. His family is equally excited that he has been named for the country’s second highest civilian award.

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His daughter Soundarya tweeted: “Proud daughter! Appa is now Padma Vibhushan Shri Rajinikanth”, while his son-in-law Dhanush, who’s married to his second daughter Aishwarya, wrote: “Padma Vibhushan for Thalaivar… SUPER thrilled, SUPER proud SUPER day can’t get bigger.”

Equally excited are the other celebrities who have been chosen for the honours.

National Award winning actor Anupam, a cinema and theatre veteran who has over three decades of experience, shared: “Happy, humbled and honoured to share that I have been awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India. Greatest news of my life. #JaiHind.”

The other Padma Bhushan awardee is Udit Narayan, who has been entertaining listeners with his melodious and soulful voice for over 30 years now. He’s best known for his romantic tracks like “Pehla nasha”, “Jadoo teri nazar”, “Mehndi laga ke rakhna”, “Dil to pagal hai” among several others.

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Bhandarkar, best known for his films “Chandni Bar”, “Page 3”, “Traffic Signal” and “Fashion”, is “really grateful and honoured” to be awarded the Padma Shri.

“I accept it with all humility, this great respect bestowed by my government and my country,” he tweeted.

In the Arts category, other Padma Vibhushan winners are classical dancer Yamini Krishnamurthi and classical vocalist Girija Devi.

Theatre director Heisnam Kanhailal from Manipur and sculpture artist Ram V. Sutar are among the Padma Bhushan awardees.

Classical dancer Prathibha Prahlad, folk musicians Bhikhudan Gadhvi, Mamta Chandrakar and Malini Awasthi, textile designer Sribhas Chandra Supakar, classical musician Pandit Tulsidas Borkar, classical vocalist Soma Ghosh, folk artist M. Venkatesh Kumar, folk dancer Gulabi Sapera and theatre artiste Naresh Chander Lal have been named for the Padma Shri honour.

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Rajasthan’s classical music icon Prakash Chand Surana has been named for a posthumous Padma Shri.

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As a recent immigrant, I still marvel at the energy usage in all aspects of Canadian life. As a country, we are in 27th position of a list of the 29 OECD nations for energy use per capita, with a rate of twice the OECD average and five times the global average. Over the last eight years we have seen gas prices at the pump continue to creep upwards from 80 to 120 cents/L, with peaks of 140 cents/L in 2008. Ironically this is still lower than gas prices were in the UK when I left in 2004 and I am well used to the life-choices that people make when faced with high energy prices. I often wonder what effects this steady increase has on the North American psyche; at what point do people begin to downsize their cars and houses, and change their lifestyles? However, at the same time, we are all aware of the enormous reserves of hydrocarbons in North America; the International Energy Agency recently stated that the U.S. would surpass Saudi Arabia in oil production by 2017. So what’s the problem?

In 1956, Hubbert developed a model of oil production that has been successfully used to predict the peak and decline of production from oil wells to whole countries. Peak oil theory suggests that we are at the cusp of global peak oil extraction and the rate of production is now expected to go into terminal decline. Although pronouncements of the death of the oil industry are, to paraphrase Mark Twain ‘exaggerated’, what is not controversial is that much of the remaining estimated trillion barrels of oil on Earth will come from unconventional sources, such as oil sands, shale gas and deep-water offshore fields. The challenges of extracting and processing these hydrocarbons, requires high oil prices for the economic viability of the reserves. So it is not likely that we will run out of oil, but the era of cheap oil is over. Negative global economic outcomes are predicted to occur with this post-peak oil production decline, due to the dependence of industrial transport, agricultural and systems on the low cost and high availability of oil. Although major investments in alternative energy sources can be anticipated, they will not be able to replace oil and a viable transition fuels are decades away. Hence major changes in the economies and industries of heavily oil-consuming nations will eventually occur.

Despite the current global recession suppressing oil prices, increases from the current $117 per barrel of Brent crude to the historical maxima of $147 per barrel are quite feasible over the next few years. This has been estimated to cause a 1% reduction in global GDP (approximately $500 billion), which will be magnified for developing countries, with some of the poorest oil-importing countries estimated to lose up to 4% of their GDP. Reductions in investment and tax income often take place with significant oil price volatility and contagion occurs in the financial markets. The lower economic output from the OECD countries will potentially lead to less bilateral foreign aid, philanthropy and lower immigration rates, which may affect diaspora contributions to their home countries.

Oil prices will have significant influences on employment, food and transport prices, which will increase food insecurity and poverty levels in developing countries. Whilst global trade will decline, higher transport prices will likely encourage more local and regional trade. Certain groups in society have a higher degree of vulnerability, such as the poor, the landless, informal workers and female-headed households. The poor spend a higher proportion of their money on oil products and in urban areas have limited access to agriculture and are vulnerable to changes in the food and urban transport prices. The cost of community development initiated from the OECD countries will also increase and more projects may be generated and lead by local NGOs.

A number of policy solutions have been proposed for developing countries to cope with these oil price increases, including strategic petroleum reserve stockpiling, trade agreements with net oil-exporting developing countries, infrastructural change to renewable sources of energy and reducing and optimizing energy usage. The creation of innovative solutions for oil price stability is also recommended. However, the use of bio-ethanol is a salutary lesson, since it has had the unintended result of causing higher food prices for the developing world. Oil price increases will certainly affect us all and the globe may even be entering a period of de-globalization. The developing world is particularly vulnerable to these changes and the international development sector will be dealing with the consequences sooner, rather than later.

Do you agree? What issues can you foresee for development if this occurs?


Local Officials

town officials at a meeting

Information for You

We gather dental health information about Vermonters so we can improve the quality of life of Vermonters.

Increasing physical activity and access to healthy diet choices are important in reducing the impact of chronic disease.

Private water supplies are monitored and maintained by their owners, so it is important for them to do their own water testing and maintenance to make sure their drinking water remains safe.

Climate change will affect everyone, but certain people and certain places will be affected more than others.


Dealbreakers for New IT Hires

Exit ButtonEven candid exit interviews don’t always reveal while someone’s leaving, even if they’ve  only been with you for a short while. Since many IT professionals seek advice from their peers before throwing in the towel, we’re sharing a list of the top issues that point newcomers to the door.

Inaccurate Job Descriptions

Out-of-date or inaccurate job descriptions raise a red flag, especially when the manager doesn’t address or acknowledge the disparity between the promised and actual duties. For example, one professional was promised the opportunity to develop new tools and work with cutting edge technology, but was still debugging poorly written code in an older program three months later. If the manager is too busy to revise the job description, ask members of the IT team to make the necessary updates or provide an interim list of tasks and duties covering the first six months.

Sometimes the new guy is ambushed by the staff and required to provide after-hours technical support, or a rogue teammate takes credit for his ideas or assigns him extra work. New hires usually put up with the situation for a while because they’re afraid to complain. But rather than risk losing them, encourage managers to assign them a big brother. A respected veteran won’t hesitate to put unruly teammates back in line, at least until the new employee acclimates and can fend for himself.

Fire Drills

There’s not much HR can do about a lack of resources or a backlog of IT projects, except tactfully suggest that the manager prioritize the work or bring in additional contractors. Of course, it’s important to be transparent about the situation during the hiring process, so a new hire isn’t tempted to hit the streets after just 30 days on the job.


What is materiality? The basics of defining what matters

What is materiality? The basics of defining what matters

A successful sustainability strategy and effective sustainability reporting starts with one very important exercise: defining what really matters, often referred to as a materiality assessment. Understanding what is expected of your company to deserve the continued loyalty of stakeholders, is maybe the most important knowledge you can have to ensure (sustainable) success for your company. It’s the very basis of your strategy, and implemented well, it will integrate with the entire company strategy in order to transform in the direction needed to stay relevant in the 21st century. This blog post will give you who is new to the concept a basic understanding of what materiality is and how to define what really matters.

Get an overview of topics and reporting disclosures utilizing international frameworks

Define what matters

The organization’s economic, environmental, and social impacts

What is important to your stakeholders

The GRI Materiality Matrix gives an understanding of what topics could be considered most material. Source: Global Reporting Initiative

Benchmark against industry peers

Other blog posts you might find interesting:


Art Form Nurseries

Wholesale Growers of Perennials and Herbs

Pennisetum alopecuroides 'Hameln'

Dwarf Fountain Grass

Very popular and widely used in groups, mass plantings or even as a specimen in a smaller garden. Finely textured, grass-green foliage is topped by fluffy, wheat-like flowers in July. Stays attractive all winter when foliage fades to a straw color.

Exposure: Full Sun
Size: 30" tall x 24" wide
Bloom: Fall
Color: Cream/Tan
Hardiness: Zone 5
Characteristics: Deer Resistant


Physics- Electrostatic Field Force Flashcards Preview

Grade 9 November Exams > Physics- Electrostatic Field Force > Flashcards

Flashcards in Physics- Electrostatic Field Force Deck (11):

Shock come from

A discharge of static electricity from your body to an object

Discharge can be seen

As a spark

The total positive electric charge in the nucleus is

Balanced by the total negative charge of the electrons around the nucleus.

If you remove one or more electrons

The atoms is no lined neutral but positively charged

If you rub two different types of materials against each other

Some of the electrons can be transferred from one material to the other. This leaves one negatively charged (material that picked up electrons) and other materials is positively charged (material that lost electrons)

Only electrons

Can be transferred from one material to the other

Static electricity has

Potential energy. This energy comes from the energy spent on the running process

How lightning is formed

When wind blows thunderclouds, it creates friction between the ice particles and water droplets in the cloud, which move past each other in the atmosphere.
Thus friction is responsible for a very high electrostatic charge build-up inside the cloud.
If the electrostatic charge becomes high enough, it discharges in the form of a lightning bolt to the earth.

The energy in a lightning bolt is

Very high and can cause severe damage and death with a fraction of a second

Lightning discharge usually

Hits high points

Protection against lightning

Lightning conductors provide a safe path for electricity to travel to the earth.a metal rod with the bottom end buried in the soil and the top end attached to a sharpened.
Hide in the lowest possible position if outside.
Stay clear of bodies of water or tall trees.
Seek shelter.
When inside, avoid showering, taking baths or washing dishes.
Avoid using appliances that conduct electricity, such as landlines and televisions.
Stay inside half an hour after you hear thunder or last see lightning

Decks in Grade 9 November Exams Class (186):


Socialization Flashcards Preview

Sociology 1A06 > Socialization > Flashcards

Flashcards in Socialization Deck (18):

- We need social interaction for brain, intellectual, social and physical development
- Just as important as food and water

- Discovered to be living in nature without care of adults
- Lack of socialization could lead to never developing language

Feral Children

- Friends
- Media
- Education

Agents of Socialization

- Differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world
- ex. kissing one's cheeks

Cross-cultural variation

- Childhood: learns the values, norms and behaviors that should be displayed
- Family is the most important agent

Primary Socialization

- Adulthood: learns appropriate behavior to be displayed within a smaller group still part of a larger society
- lengthier and discontinuous such as education

Secondary Socialization

- Process where a person practices or rehearses for future social relationships

Anticipatory Socialization

- Learning new and different set of attitudes, values and behaviours from those of one's background and previous experience

- Making the decision on your own to change and learn new norms in a new society

Voluntary Resocialization

- Forced to readjust to a new lifestyle with new norms and values

Involuntary Resocialization

- Looking glass self: our self concept is tied to how we think people view us
- our interpretation of other's reactions shape who we are

Charles Cooley

- Taking the role of the other: ability to interpret or understand another's perspective
- Ability to take role of the other will shape how we take on certain encounters

George Herbert Mead

Self Developed 4 Stages

1) Imitative (imitating parents)
2) Play (pretending to be other people)
3) Game (able to take on and understand role of several people at same time)
4) Generalized Other (understanding how others see us)

- socially constructed from birth
- emphasize socially constructed gender roles
- explicit or nuanced

Gender Socialization

"Sexual harassment in the workplace" (Welsh and Baker)

- Gender socialization teaches men to be dominant, powerful and competitive
- view women as sexual objects
- women accept it or are non-confrontational
- support services are important

Children's Books

- females underrepresented in stereotypical ways
- male characters were much more prominent and pursued adventures while female characters were very limited and had passive roles

Women and gender socialization

- women are rarely in higher workplace positions
- women taught to be modest about accomplishments
- reluctant to take verbal credit
- usually say "we accomplished" rather than "I"

Gender differences in friendships

- Women have fewer friends but closer friendships (face to face)
- Men have more friends but less close friendships (side by side)


A federal appeals court is being asked to order the government to legalize use of marijuana for medical purposes such as controlling nausea in cancer patients.

The Drug Enforcement Administration ignored evidence that marijuana can ease the suffering of patients with cancer, glaucoma and multiple sclerosis, said plaintiffs in the case being argued Monday before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.Marijuana has been shown to ease nausea in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, lessen muscle spasms caused by multiple sclerosis and reduce eye pressure for glaucoma patients, according to the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) and the Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics. They are represented in court by the Drug Policy Foundation.

The DEA acknowledges that the drug's therapeutic potential has been noted by doctors for 150 years.

But the agency has repeatedly rejected bids to allow medical use of marijuana, most recently in December 1989. It contends that marijuana is still a research drug and that it has not been accepted by the medical community as having a medical use.


science and technology

Answer both of the following questions: What is the most important lesson this course has taught you about science or technology? Which specific ideas or arguments from the authors we have read have taught you this lesson? Exactly why do you consider this lesson an important one?

Use examples from one or more of our assigned readings to document the extent to which you have used your work in this course “to think critically about contemporary technology issues….and to learn to accept the social responsibilities of educated citizens in a global technological society” (p. xiv).

Please ensure that your answer are well-organized, make specific reference to relevant ideas from our course readings, and addresses each aspect of the assigned questions.


The Wild Tundra

By: Brynn McFarlen and Macy Davis

The first few meters of soil are completely frozen as the fertile soil lies underneath. It has 400 varieties of flowers but only 48 types of animals. Also during the summer it is daylight 24 hours a day. Plants that grow in tundra often grow in clusters to help protect themselves from severe water winds.

The Plants of the Tundra

Arctic Moss (Calliergon giganteum) - Can grow in water to escape the cold and stores energy to make leaves during the Spring, the growing season.

Caribou Moss (Cladonia rangiferina) - Actually a Lichen, or a fungi and algae living together, which is a symbiotic relationship. The lichen is capable of going dormant if there is little or no water.

Diamond-leaf Willow (Salix pulcha) - Grows across the ground a few inches tall and lives near creeks and marshes.

Labrador Tea (Ledum groenlandicum) - grows up to 4 to 5 ft up in down in the warmer parts of the tundra, and across the ground further North.

Pasque Flower (Amemone patens) - Grows close to the ground in order to avoid the cold

The Animals of the Tundra

Tundra Vole (Microtur oecoromus) - Lives near steams or areas with cover to escape the cold, and tunnels through the ground to escape predators and travel.

Tundra Shrew (Sorex tundrensis) - Lives in dry climates with shrubs for cover and food.

Lemmings (Lemmus lemmus) - Burrows in snow tunnels to be safe from the cold and win. They sometimes drown in rivers and lakes...

Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) - Lives in groups/ Can walk in deep snow because of their long legs and flat wide hooves.

Musk Oxen (Ovibus moschatus) - Long fur coats and both males and females have horns. They travel in groups of 10 to 20 and constantly move as they feed. The form a circle to protect their young from danger.

Arctic Wolf (Canis lupus arctos) - White fur for camouflage and tick undercoat to keep warm. They hunt in small packs.

Wolverine (Gulo gulo) Climbs trees and rocks and "pounces" onto prey. They fight each other for territory.

Arctic Fox (Vulpes lagopus) - Lives on dens by river banks or dug into hills.

Weasel (Mustela ernminea) - Kills things then takes their burrows as homes. Nobody messes with weasels, not even a honey badger.

Arctic Hare (Lepus arcticus) - Thicker winter coats and lives in burrows to escape the cold.

Arctic Owl (Bubos scandiacus) - Flies close to the ground to find food, hunts all small mammals.

Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) - Long coat with that is white of camouflage, can swim and hunt in the water.

Climate for tundra
Big image
Big image
Human influences

Most desolate place next to the desert with little life

Coldest area on the planet next to the arctic

One of the most natural places on the Earth, touched little by humans in areas without oil


The North Pole Press

The Santa Claus Enigma is available at:

NewKindleDigital          WindowsStore

AppleNook   Kobo   Scribd   24 Symbols   Inktera   Angus and Robertson

The Santa Claus Enigma

What is an enigma? According to the dictionary definition it is; a person or thing that is mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand. Santa Claus fits into all three parts of this definition.

He is certainly mysterious, popping in and out of homes at Christmastime without people knowing he has been there and gone.

Santa is puzzling. Precisely why does he bring toys and gifts to the Christian world, and ask nothing in return except good behavior from the recipients?

And through his flying around the world with unusual modes of transportation, distributing billions of presents, and answering to a variety of names and dress, Santa is difficult to understand to the common man or woman.

This book will solve many of the questions above and a few more. The elves compiled the most sought after questions and secrets about this mysterious gift-giver. They put forth explanations to answer, and help understand how things work in the North Pole and with Santa Claus.

You now have the answers in your hand. Enigma solved.


The Long Road Home

PDF EBook by Ben Shephard

EBook Description

At the end of World War II, long before an Allied victory was assured and before the scope of the atrocities orchestrated by Hitler would come into focus or even assume the name of the Holocaust, Allied forces had begun to prepare for its aftermath. The Long Road Home PDF EBook Taking cues from the end of the First World War, planners had begun the futile task of preparing themselves for a civilian health crisis that, due in large part to advances in medical science, would never come. The problem that emerged was not widespread disease among Europe’s population, as anticipated, but massive displacement among those who had been uprooted from home and country during the war.

Displaced Persons, as the refugees would come to be known, were not comprised entirely of Jews. Millions of Latvians, Poles, Ukrainians, and Yugoslavs, in addition to several hundred thousand Germans, were situated in a limbo long overlooked by historians. While many were speedily repatriated, millions of refugees refused to return to countries that were forever changed by the war—a crisis that would take years to resolve and would become the defining legacy of World War II. Indeed many of the postwar questions that haunted the Allied planners still confront us today: How can humanitarian aid be made to work? What levels of immigration can our societies absorb? How can an occupying power restore prosperity to a defeated enemy?

Including new documentation in the form of journals, oral histories, and essays by actual DPs unearthed during his research for this illuminating and radical reassessment of history, Ben Shephard brings to light the extraordinary stories and myriad versions of the war experienced by the refugees and the new United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration that would undertake the responsibility of binding the wounds of an entire continent. Groundbreaking and remarkably relevant to conflicts that continue to plague peacekeeping efforts, The Long Road Home tells the epic story of how millions redefined the notion of home amid painstaking recovery. Like this book? Read online this: Long Road Home, The Long Road of War.

The Long Road Home PDF download

Select filetype to download The Long Road Home:


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Inexpensive non-woven bag

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crayheader.gif (7645 bytes)          adaptec_1505_technical

The Adaptec 1505 is a low cost SCSI controller suitable for the connection of Tape or DAT backup (due to their low transmission rates). It is the controller we recommend for use with the PICK operating system.  It is supplied with EZ-SCSI Lite software for Windows.

To select the Address and IRQ on the card, you are required to set two jumpers on a bank of five pairs of pins (JP1).
The ALT pin pair selects the Address setting. When jumpered the Address is 140. Without a jumper the Address is 340. The PICK operating system requires the Address to be 140, therefore ALT should be jumpered.
The remaining four sets of pin pairs select the IRQ. The uppermost pin pair below ALT selects IRQ 12. The PICK operating system requires the IRQ to be 12, therefore this pin pair should be jumpered.

Terminating resistors are fitted as standard to the card. If the controller card happened not to be the first device on the SCSI bus, these resistors should be removed.

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We cover the colander with a towel in order to prevent the snails from escaping and we leave them there for a few minutes until all of them start to move. We separate the snails that move from the snails that have not exited their shell. We check if these snails are alive, using a tooth pick to prick them. The snails that show no reaction are dead and must be immediately disposed.

After that we again wash the snails carefully with plenty of cold water for the complete removal of remainders and we put them in a pot with cold water, vinegar and salt. We put the pot on the heat and we notice the time when the water starts to boil , the snails try to climb the walls of the pot so as to escape the heat. We put them back inside the pot.

While the temperature rises a froth is created in the surface of the water.

We constantly remove the froth with a skimmer. After that we remove the snails, we put them in a colander, we wash them with cold water and we repeat the boiling with vinegar and salt 2 to 3 times until the froth evaporates. We drain the snails, wash them with cold water, dry them with the orifice down on an absorbing paper and then the boiled snails are ready for immediate consumption or they can be stored in the refrigerator or in the freezer for long preservation.

We put olive oil in a large pot, we add whole onions and we sauté them until they turn brown. Afterwards, we add the rest of the ingredients (garlic, cinnamon, tomato paste, laurel leafs, salt, pepper) and water so as to cover the onions. Then we boil them in a low heat for an hour. After that we add the snails and continue the boiling for another hour while, from time to time, we stir thoroughly. When the sauce becomes thick enough we add vinegar and cumin (optional), we mix the food and we remove it from the fire.

Our proposal for better results is that after the removal from the fire the food should stay in the pot for a few hours for better balance and “bonding” of tastes and ingredients. Then we are ready to serve.