Managing Activities
Managing Staff & Volunteers
Running The Organisation
Getting Young People Involved
Succession Planning
Planning before the Event or Activity
Managing The Activities
Evaluation and Review
Finding New Staff
Orientating and Inducting New Staff
Training Staff
Recognising and Awarding Volunteers
Managing Behaviour
Managing Bullying
Access and Equity
Child Protection
Clubs, Associations and Businesses
Running Meetings
Money Management
Getting Control of the Paperwork
Work Health and Safety
Planning For The Future
Understanding Youth Involvement
Helpful Links and Resources
Section 1: Introduction to Succession Planning
Section 2: The Succession Planning Process
Section 3: Crucial Ingredients for Steps 1-5
Step 1. Stop and Think
Step 2. Identify Barriers to Participation for Young People
Step 4. Form Community Partnerships
Step 5. Recruit Young People
Step 7. Effectively Communicate with Young People
Step 8. Invest in Young People
Step 9. Mentor your Young Volunteers
Step 10. Recognise Volunteers and Thank Them for Their Work
Step 1: Examine your club’s position
Step 4: Develop and prepare potential successors
Step 5: Evaluate your succession plan

Access And Equity

Almost one half of all Australians were either born overseas or had a parent born in another country. Our country is also home to the world's oldest continuing culture. Despite this, services are often strongly biased towards the main cultural group in their area. Sometimes this is deliberate but sometimes it just happens.

Whether or not it is deliberate, it is against the law to discriminate against people in:

School, TAFE or university;
Getting or using services;
Going to public places;
Renting accommodation;
Playing sport; and
In other aspects of public life.

The Australian Government has set up policies that make sure all government money and departments are used in ways that benefit the whole community. This means there should be no discrimination based on where someone comes from, their language, culture, race or religion.

However it also it means services should be set up so that people are treated fairly and that resources are allocated based on their needs.

This could mean making a special effort to include people from 'Culturally and Linguistically Diverse' (CALD) backgrounds - these are people who are from different cultures or who speak different languages. CALD people might have special needs that should be addressed in order for them to be comfortable using your services.
Making this kind of fair service rarely just happens. It is something which takes some effort and often in ways we don't normally think about.

This is why it is important to make a special effort to include all people, to find out what things will make them more comfortable using the service or easier for them to find out about the service.
In short, Access and Equity means:

Ensuring that all Australians, regardless of racial, religious, cultural or language backgrounds enjoy full access to services they are entitled to. It is NOT about special services for people of culturally and linguistically diverse background or from a non-English speaking background;

Finding and removing barriers that prevent people from knowing, using and participating in a service that they want to use.
An equitable, fair and just distribution of resources among all eligible clients, even if it means providing additional services or seeking additional resources to do so.

For more information about Access and Equity, look at the following resources.

The Youth Action and Policy Association (YAPA) has produced a guide to developing Access and Equity policies, which you can download from this link:

http://www.youthaction.org.au/model_policies It includes a checklist where you can find out the gaps in your own organisation's delivery of services.

The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) has information that answers common questions about Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander peoples, migrants & multiculturalism and refugees and asylum seekers at http://www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/face_facts/index.html
HREOC also has information and resources for people who feel they have been discriminated against at http://www.hreoc.gov.au/complaints_information/lodging.html


The Concept Of Team Formation

To achieve stated goals and objectives people in organizations work in teams. These teams go through various stages. The extent to which project leadership success or failure, relates to the stages of teams formation, in the pursuance of these goals and objectives are not clear cut as past researches have given divided opinion and bringing other factors in contention. This assignment will introduce the concept of team formation and project leadership and critically discuss the extent to which the stages of team formation relate to the success or failure of project leadership.

To critically evaluate how the stages of team formation relate to the success or failure of project leadership, Tuckman’s team building model which explain the five forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning stages of the team formation (please see appendix 1) and Blanchard’s situational leadership model which explain the four leadership styles that a leader should adopt during the team development situations will be evaluated as the team behaviour and leadership style can be clearly seen in these two models. Tuckman’s model emphasis that as the team develops, the leader changes leadership style. At the forming stage a successful leader follow a directing style which is similar to telling phase described in situational leadership model, at the storming stage leader coaches their team to come out from the conflict which is similar to the selling phase of the situational leadership style model, at the norming stage the leader facilitates its team to develop standards which is similar to the participating phase of the situational leadership model, at the performing stage leader delegate task to the members and almost detached which is similar to the delegating stage of the situational leadership model.

Tuckman’s team building model Blanchard’s situational leadership model

The different stages of team building and their relation to the success or failure to the project leadership are explained as follow:

Stage 1 – Forming:

At this stage the team initially formed, the team members meet each other; identify the purpose of the team, terms of reference and its composition. Team members endeavor to test each other, establish their personal identity and create an impression within the group with most consideration given to structure of the team, code of conduct, objectives, individual roles and responsibilities.

If the team is more diverse, it is more difficult for the team to maneuver through as this stage takes longer. Therefore, in the formation of multicultural teams it is a particularly sensitive stage as it is characterized by commonality, courtesy, caution and confusion. To take the team to the performing stage leadership is crucial. Team members will not be comfortable if there is lack of clarity. If a leader could not direct the team members effectively, team would not able to reach the next stages of the team formation; therefore this stage does impact the success or failure of the project leadership. When team members truly consider that they are the part of a team, generally this stage is complete.

Table 1: Members and Leadership competencies in Forming stage of a team.

Member competencies needed:

Leadership competencies needed:

  • Asking open-ended questions
  • Maintaining equity and being fair
  • Listening without making assumptions and judgments
  • Helping the group to articulate its purpose and overriding goal
  • Observing group patterns of communication
  • Facilitating discussions
  • Using inclusive communication patterns
  • Intervening to include all
  • Disclosing one’s needs appropriately

Stage 2 – Storming:

This phase of team development is typically marked by conflict between team members, criticism and tension. Conflict arises due to the competing approaches to obtain the group’s goals, disagreements over responsibilities and appropriate task related behavior. Team members might disagree about who should be leading the team and how much power the team leader should have and can result in redefining of the team’s overall goals and specific tasks. Team members are likely to individually decide their level of commitment to the group tasks and extent, to which they like the team tasks, therefore may resist the control imposed by the team.

At storming stage the team members may begin to withdraw, therefore this stage relates to the success or failure of the project leadership. If leaders coach their teams effectively, teams can proceed to the next stage. Therefore this stage is a critical stage for the group survival and effectiveness as the conflict harms the team progress and negatively affects some interpersonal relationship. When team’s control is no longer resisted by the team members and everyone in the team agree about who will lead the team, this storming stage is completed.

Table 2: Members and Leadership competencies in Storming stage of a team.

Member competencies needed:

Leadership competencies needed:

  • Using inclusive language and behaviors
  • Establishing an agreed-upon work plan
  • Managing emotional expression
  • Using mediation skills
  • Giving and receiving feedback appropriately
  • Using diverse methods of feedback and conflict transformation

Stage 3 – Norming:

At this stage norms and expectations about what different members are responsible for doing are realize and develop as the team delineates task standards, develop intra group cohesiveness and establish standards, rules and regulations. Team members really start to feel their belongings to the team and the development of close ties with other team members. Therefore this phase of team development is characterized by: commitment, collaboration, cooperation and cohesion as team members attempts to mutually agree upon objectives and goals, accept different opinion and try to open exchange of information. Feeling of belongings and friendship to team, help to work towards team goals.

At the norming stage the leader facilitates and enables their team to establish the standards and reach to the performing stage. By the end of this stage, standards to guide behavior in the group are agreed by the team members. This stage is similar to the participating stage of the situational leadership model. If the leader does not participate to establish standards, the team may develop their own standards and norms which may me contrary to the project overall objectives and lead to the project leadership failure. At this stage the major decisions are normally made by the team members jointly and the minor decisions may be delegate to the individuals.

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Table 3: Members and Leadership competencies in Norming stage of a team.

Member competencies needed:

Leadership competencies needed:

  • Demonstrating support on task and in relationships
  • Reinforcing high standards for task
  • Recognizing individual and cultural differences in how appreciation is shown
  • Coaching where needed

Stage 4 – Performing:

This is the stage at which real work is done, team members know their role and duties and performing their work according to the expectations. Team members concentrate on the achievement of common goals and objectives. Sometime it can take long to reach to the performing stage, in most cases when they are self-managed work teams. Team members make progress towards common goals and feel comfortable working within their roles. This phase is marked by consideration among members, creativity challenge and group consciousness. At this stage the team morale is high and team has a good ability to focus on the task as relationship issues have been resolved. At the performing stage the team may produce another successor leader.

At this stage the team members does not need assistance and instructions, but they need delegated tasks from the leader. Therefore at this stage leader delegates, observes and almost detach, this stage is similar to the delegating stage of the situational leadership model. This is the main stage where actual work will take place; delegation of wrong tasks to wrong person may lead to project leadership failure.

Table 4: Members and Leadership competencies in Performing stage of a team.

Member competencies needed:

Leadership competencies needed:

  • Adapting and changing
  • Establishing a process for incorporating change and renewal
  • Including new members
  • Sharing leadership

Stage 5 – Reforming or Adjourning:

At this stage a task force teams disbands after the fulfillment of its goals or due to poor performance. But some teams are permanent (ongoing work teams), therefore may not reach to the adjourning stage and often remain to the performing stage. This final stage can be characterized by communication, closure, compromise and consensus. The adjourning phase is not the main task of developing a team, but this stage is very relevant to the team members.

Table 5: Leadership Activities at Different Group Formation Stages

Leadership Activity

Direct the team and establish objectives clearly by negotiating ground rules.

  • Explain “forming, storming, norming and performing” idea for people to understand why conflict’s occurring, and that things will get better in the future.
  • Teaching assertiveness and conflict resolution skills.

Help the team take responsibility for progress towards the goal by arranging a social, or a team-building event.

Delegate as far as possible. Once the team has achieved high performance, the aim now is to have as “light a touch” as possible by focusing on other goals and areas of work.

When successfully achieved the objectives time should be taken to celebrate the achievements.

The above table clearly depict the relation between the stages of team formation and successful project leadership, the reverse will mean failure.

4. Conclusion

Successful project leadership should realize that not all teams and situations will behave in the way depicted by Tuckman. However, in using this approach, the leader should not attempt to force situations to fit it but make sure that people don’t use knowledge of the “storming” stage as a license for boorish behavior. There are some drawback with Tuckman’s team formation modal as it does not talk about the time teams do spend and should spend in different project and external environment does not take into account.

Paper 2

Critically evaluate of the dynamic between Task, Team and Individual as related to managing a project successfully.

1. Abstract

People in organizations work in teams in achieving stated goals and objectives. The extent to which project success relates to the management of task, the individuals and the teams formation in the pursuance of these goals and objectives are not of equal proportion and need to be well judged and balanced by the leader.

This assignment will use John Adair’s Action Centre Leadership model to related the dynamic between task, individuals and team; critically discussing the extent to which these three needs are related to the management of a successful project.

One person cannot handle whole project, he/she need other individuals an effective team to successfully complete the project. An effective team is a team who has high commitment, is highly appreciated by upper management, is always ready (adaptive) to change open to new ideas and always achieves its goals.

Bailey and Cohen (1997: 4) considers a team as “a collection of individuals who are interdependent in their tasks, share responsibility for outcomes, see themselves and are seen by others as an intact social entity, embedded in one or more larger social systems and who manage their relationships across organizational boundaries.”

Adair’s Action Centred Action (ACT) model will be used to find the dynamic between task, team and individual as relate to managing projects successfully, as this model identifies three core interrelated functions, which explain the management and leaders core management responsibility. These three core function consist task: achieving the team’s goal. team: developing and building your team, so that it’s ever more effective. individual: helping individuals develop their full potential in the workplace.

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Davis (2001) identified three factors, which can determine whether the team is effective or not, such as:

  • The people (individual) within the team: Effective team determining factor for individual aspect
  • include personal job satisfaction, low or no conflict and power struggles, having job security,
  • appreciation by management and mutual trust of colleagues.
  • The organization’s rules and culture: includes the people do thinks and believes of the individuals.
  • The tasks to be completed: including appropriate leadership, team involvement in decisions, appropriately skilled team members, challenging work, goals and objectives.

According to Davis (2001) it is easy to appreciate the impact of organizational rules and job tasks on each other and on people (individual), but it is much more difficult to understand the impact of individual-related factors on other factors of successful teams of a successful project. Individual related factor such as trust is a major component in forming an effective working team that achieves results. Leaders/ managers are primarily responsible for creating trust.

Adair (1997) describe the best leaders is who balance the task, team maintenance, and individual needs.

Balancing task, team and individual

Adair found that effective leaders pay attention to three areas of need for members of the team: those relating to the task, to the team itself and to individual team members with emphasis on variation with all three interdependent variables.

Teams can be more effective for making decisions effectively and quickly than the traditional hierarchical structure according to the large body of research (Thompson 2008). As group members come and go, due to turnover, promotions, hiring and other reasons; therefore resulted over time change in teams, goals, group tasks etc (George et al. 2008). Teams can be classified on the basis of size, organizational level, composition, potential contribution to organizational performance, objectives, permanent versus temporary. According to Colloquia et al., there are 5 general types of teams such as work teams, management teams, parallel teams, project teams and virtual teams.

Leadership is the ability to affect human behaviour to accomplish a mission, the act of influencing

people to set and achieve goals (McGraw, 2009). Great leaders are visionary people who are able to achieve results using people. They exhibits authority in themselves and exhume confidence in their team members. Some leaders are democratic, allowing team members to express their opinions. Some are dictatorial, explaining what they want from their teams to the team members to execute. All styles have opportunity and challenges and may be used in certain circumstances.

Team leaders must also realise that there are different types of human traits that can be exhibited among team members. These traits rarely have advantage over others as they are complementary. It is the duty of an effective team leader to identify the trait in individual members of his or her team and know how to use the qualities to advantage. All these traits have the qualities which effective team leaders can exploit and none is better than the other.

Tasks are those activities that need to done in order to achieve the desired goals and outcome. Leader can help to facilitate these tasks by planning the work, allocating the resources, checking performance and reviewing progress. Team maintenance relates to maintaining good relation and building team spirit, training the group, maintaining discipline. Individual needs can be satisfied by attending to personal problems, training the individual, giving them status and praise, meeting their needs and reconciling conflicts between group needs.

To achieve the task, management should make it clear who is going to do what, proper delegation of responsibilities, everyone is clear about the objectives, is adequate authority delegating to the team, are working conditions right for the group, have the time planned affectively, who will cover the absent person, is there adequate resources to complete the tasks.

In building and maintaining the team, management should make it clear is the size of the team is correct, are the right people working together, are the rules seen to be reasonable, is the team motivated to achieve the tasks, is the conflict dealt properly, does the team accept the objectives do the team knows about the expected standards of performance.

In developing the individual, management should make it clear that have the targets been agreed and quantified, does the individual know about their contribution to work, overall result, does the individual got sufficient authority to achieve the task delegate to them and has adequate provisions been made for retaining and training team members.

According to the Hackman (1987), there are 3 primary definitions of team success, and these relate to the task, social relations, and individuals. A successful team completes its task. While completing the task, team members develop social relations that help them work together and maintain the team. Teamwork should help to improve an individual’s social and interpersonal skills.

Mullins (2010:369) suggests that the action taken by the leader in any one of these area of need will affect one or both of the other areas of need with the ideal position been the complete integration towards the achievement of all three. However, building the team and satisfying individual needs are considered to be part of leadership whilst achieving the common task involves the process of management.

According to Robbins (1998) Individual behavior have key variables, which make up individual difference. Every individual has their own attitudes, personality, values, talent, ability to learn, motivation factors, perceptions. Different nature of these variables (attributes) make individual different.

Attitude is the judgment an individual make about events and people. This judgement can be positive or negative. Basic values influenced attitude and attitude affect the individual behaviour. Sometime attitudes can change, while values are unlikely to change.

Values: Values are the general belief about what is good and bad. Values affect the individual behavior and attitude and difficult to change.

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Personality: Individual act and behave in a particular way, which called personality. Personality can be learned and inherited.

Talent: Talent means the intelligence and ability of the individual. Level of person’s talent will depend on how those people perform their job.

Ability to learn: This is related to the change in behavior based on experience and getting new ideas.

Motivation: Motivation means willing to do something with inspiration, not by force. Different individual have different motivating factors, such as money, name and fame etc. According to Bowditch et al the motivation of team members of joining a team, strongly influence cohesiveness of the team and the member’s productivity.

Perception: Different people give different meaning to what they see around them; therefore people perceive things in different ways.

By Knowing about individual differences leaders can understand why individual respond differently. Leaders should appreciate that it is difficult to change values, therefore they may be try to change attitude. As attitude affect behavior, which affect job performance and motivation. The key learning point from these different factors is that if leader want to get best from their team he should appreciate that individuals need to be treated differently.

There is also Myer-Briggs model (1956) which effective team leaders have to contend with. This model is about personality types. Myer-Briggs identified four ways people differ from each other. These are: the way they think; the way they view; the way they feel/perceive and the way they see things. Team diversity include language difference, cultural difference, background difference, qualification difference, class, age, sex and experience also have effects in a team which the leader must manage. Mckenna and Maister draw attention on the importance of group leader establishing trust among the group by helping them understand the behaviours that build trust (Cited in Mullins, 2010).

Successful project management will require the following list of common tasks for each of the three management responsibilities so that leaders will balance their resources appropriately.

Establish deadlines for project tasks, and explain the quality standards expected.

Ensure that everyone in the team has the skills and training to accomplish the final goal

Help define each individual’s role within the team and agree the tasks they are responsible for.

Clearly state the final goal of the team.

Monitor team relationships, and resolve conflicts where necessary.

Appropriately praise and reward individual team members for their contribution to the team.

Ensure everyone understands the resources, people, and processes that they should be using

If team will be working in smaller teams, appoint a leader for each team, and ensure that he/she is effective and properly trained.

Ensure that one on one time is spent with each member: identify their strengths and weaknesses, their needs, and any special skills they can bring to the team.

Create a detailed plan for how the group is going to reach their final goal.

Work on keeping the team motivated with high morale.

If any team members seem to be lagging behind, coach them until they are back on track.

Identify the purpose of the team and communicate team members.

Identify the style the team will be working in (very formal, relaxed, etc.)

Ensure each team member has the skills to perform his or her role successfully.

Give regular feedback on the team’s performance.

4. Conclusion

Leaders have many responsibilities when it comes to managing their teams. And, it’s easy to get so focused on one area that the others slip by the wayside, leading to an unbalanced, poorly-functioning group. ACL model states that leaders must balance the actions they take across all three key areas if they want their project to succeed. The areas are interdependent; if a leader focuses too much on one area and neglects the other two, then the group will experience problems. The leaders do not necessarily have to divide their efforts equally across these but balance according to the situation and over time. Using a tool like Action Centered Leadership can help any leader stay on top of the most important responsibilities, and keep the group working efficiently, happily, and productively.

John Adair’s simple Action-Centered Leadership model provides a great blueprint for leadership and the management of any team, group or organisation. Good managers and leaders should have full command of the three main areas of the ACL model, and should be able to use each of the elements according to the situation. Leaders who are able to achieve the task; building the team and develop keeping the right balance, gets results, builds morale, improves quality, develops teams and productivity, and is the mark of a success.

References and Bibliography:

Adair, J (1997), cited in Management Extra Leading Teams; page 43

Bailey and Cohen (1997), cited in Halverson B. Claire; Trims S. Aleel: Effective Multicultural Teams-Theory and Practice, page 4

Belbin R. Meredith: Team Roles at work; 2nd Edition, page 122

Belbin, M. (2004) Management Teams – Why They Succeed or Fail? 2nd Edition. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0 7506 910 6.

Colquitt A., Jason; Lepine A., Jeffery; Wesson J., Michael: Organizational Behaviour (2nd Edition)

Daniel Levi: Group Dynamics for Teams (2nd Edition) page 20

George M., Jennifer; Jones R., Gareth; Understanding and managing organizational Behaviour (5th Edition.); 2008

Harvard Davis (2001), cited in Management Extra Leading Teams; page 7

Hondon (2002), cited in Managing People in Organizations Contemporary Theory and Practice by Dr Jeremy Adams.

Making the team: a guide for managers / Leigh L. Thompson. (3rd Edition)

Mullins J., Laurie (2010): Managing and Organizational Behaviour (8th Edition),

Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1947) The German Ideology. New York: International Publishers.

Oyedele, O (2010) Team Management: Lessons from the Leadership Styles of Successful Team Managers, Glasgow Caledonian University, June 2010

Robbins (1998), cited in Management Extra Leading Teams; page 7

Thompson, L. (2008). Leading high impact teams. Team leadership survey from the Kellogg School of Management Executive Program. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, cited in Making the team: a guide for managers/ Leigh L. Thompson. (3rd Edition)

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Romanticism in Frankenstein

Having lived between 18th and 19th century, author Mary Shelley was greatly influenced by the intellectual movement of romanticism. Since she was closely associated with many of the great minds of the Romantic Movement such as her husband Percy B. Shelley and Lord Byron, it is natural that her works would reflect the Romantic trends. Many label Shelley s most famous novel Frankenstein as the first Science Fiction novel in history because its plot contains the process of a scientist named Victor Frankenstein creating a living human being from dead body parts, but that is only a part of the entire novel.

At its core, Frankenstein is a product of Romanticism featuring the traits of a Romantic hero on a Romantic quest, the embracement of nature s sublimity, intense emotions felt by fully experiencing life, imagination breaking away from social conventions, and anti-enlightenment. One of the key features found in Romantic literature is the Romantic hero, also called the Byronic hero after Lord Byron, pursuing a Romantic quest. Victor Frankenstein life story, which is at the heart of Frankenstein, is a Romantic quest toward self-destruction, and Frankenstein represents the Byronic hero almost exactly. The Byronic hero is not as virtuous as conventional heroes but, instead, has many dark qualities. He is an extremist considering his pride, intellectual ability, passions, hypersensitivity, and self-destructiveness. Frankenstein is such a person with genius, arrogance, and passion for the study of natural philosophy and knowledge of the world.

These are the reasons that drive him to the obsession with discovery of the secret of life. As the novel progresses, Frankenstein becomes increasingly self-centered, moody, irresponsible for his creation of the monster, and self-destructive, ultimately leading to his complete isolation which is yet another characteristic of the Byronic hero. Another feature of Romanticism found in Frankenstein is the attitude of anti-Enlightenment.

Whereas the Enlightenment emphasized rationality as the means to establish ethics, aesthetics, and knowledge using reason and science to explain life and forces of nature, Romanticism called for obtaining knowledge of life through intuition and experiencing life instead of studying it. Frankenstein at first may seem to be promoting the ideas of Enlightenment with Walton exploring the North Pole and Frankenstein studying natural philosophy and trying to find the secret of life through the deductive reasoning of science.

However, with Walton failing to explore the North Pole and Frankenstein s scientific creation spinning out of his control, Frankenstein emphasizes the theme of the danger of discovering knowledge with reason and science. Frankenstein devotes almost his entire life to the study of natural philosophy and the creation of the monster in eagerness to understand the secret of life, yet this act of creation eventually results in the destruction of everyone close to him and his ultimate isolation.

Likewise, Walton attempts to surpass previous human explorations by navigating to reach the North Pole but eventually finds himself trapped between sheets of ice unable to reach his goal. Mary Shelley is conveying a message as a Romantic, with the characters of Walton and Frankenstein, that the thirst for knowledge and the attempt to explain life through science, both of which are valued during the Enlightenment movement, can be destructive. Nature sublimity and intense emotions realized through connection with nature, a major emphasis of Romanticism, is another theme presented in Frankenstein, namely in the characters of Frankenstein and the monster. Sublime nature is continually seen throughout the novel with Frankenstein and the monster s numerous individual experiences with nature, and combined on the summit of Mountanvert. Time and time again, Frankenstein experiences spiritual renewal by turning to nature after remorseful, traumatic events such as the creation of the monster and the death of William and Justine.

While Frankenstein seeks the cold, harsh conditions of the Alps for comfort, as if to freeze his guilt about the death of William and Justine, the monster finds happiness in the soft colors and smells of a springtime forest, symbolizing his desire to reveal himself to the world. He says, for example, °It surprised me, that what before was desert and gloomy should now bloom with the most beautiful flowers and verdure. My senses were gratified and refreshed by a thousand scents of delight, and a thousand sights of beauty. (Shelley 81) Cheered by the beautiful scenes of spring, the monster is able to temporarily push away the negative aspects of his life. Many more of similar occasions occur in the novel, all of which clearly demonstrates the influence of Romanticism in Frankenstein. Yet another trait of Romanticism of the emphasis of imagination and individuality free of social conventions is paralleled in Frankenstein with the characters of Walton and Frankenstein. Walton is self-driven with his persistent passion for the dream of navigating to the North Pole and unconventional thinking to explore the unexplored.

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Frankenstein is also self-driven with his passion for natural philosophy and the creation of the monster. The idea that he is able bring a being pieced together by dead body parts to life is outrageous not only in the 19th century but today also. Frankenstein s boundless imagination and independent mind are what allows him explore the subject which society would tell him to avoid. In this sense, the novel is similar to others of the Romantic period in their plot of putting imagination into work and demonstrating what is humanly impossible.

Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in the midst of the Romantic Era influenced by many famous intellectuals of that time, and as a result the novel reflects the culture and values of that period. Many traits of Romanticism can be seen in the experiences of Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and the monster told in the novel. While some may claim Frankenstein to be a Science Fiction novel for its inclusion of the scientific process of creating a live human being, it is foremost a Romantic novel, showing features of Romanticism from many perspectives.

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Sternum is a flat bone in the middle of the thorax, which is the region between the chest and the organs, including the heart and the lungs. It provides support for the shoulder bones and the ribs. The ribs are connected to it through costal cartilage, which keeps them safe and in place. This bone provides vital protection for the internal organs. Without it, there would be a gap in the middle of the chest and even the smallest trauma to the area would be very dangerous for the lungs and the heart. In fact, without the sternum as protection, any blow to the chest could be fatal.

As for the injuries to the sternum, they include fractures and a problem called bruised sternum.

Causes and symptoms of bruised sternum

The sternum can become bruised due to injuries such as car accidents, where the driver did not wear the seat belt, or in sports injuries, especially in contact sports. Athletes who do sports like boxing, kick-boxing, rugby, football, martial sports and such should always wear protective gear as the blows to the chest are very common in those sports and bruised sternum is a common sport injury.

Bruised sternum can also occur due to very forceful and violent coughing.

The symptoms of bruised sternum include, of course, bruising and pain, which can range from moderate to severe, especially during movement. The pain becomes particularly sharp when laughing or coughing, and even during rest the area is very tender. There may also be some swelling, and the pain may be present while breathing. Because of the pain when breathing, many people take short and shallow breaths, which is not recommended because it may lead to chronic shallow breathing and infections.

Treatment for bruised sternum

The recovery time for bruised sternum usually lasts from four to six weeks. During this period, it is recommended to breathe normally and to use treatment designed to alleviate the symptoms. It is also recommended to refrain from strenuous activity, especially from the kind of activity that aggravates the pain.

The pain can be managed with analgesics, which can include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opiates. Doctors usually recommend ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, flurbiprofen and fenoprofen.

Even though the treatment for bruised sternum focuses on alleviating the pain, it is highly recommended to see a doctor in any case of sternum injury, because the chest is a delicate region and there can be other damage to it apart from the bruised sternum.

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How the egyptian pyramids were built and the purposes they served

The original building was never finished, and may not have attained any great dimensions. In fact, it is worth asking if it was ever re-sealed at the bottom end.?

One portcullis was positioned between the new Kings Chamber and the tunnel to the old Kings Chamber. This is the natural decay process for these isotopes and is low energy.

Ancient Egypt

We now come to an example of the real purpose of geometry. In real life the inertia of the massive block and barge [about 20 tons] would also be too large to negotiate the bends and islands with human power and paddles. All that we additionally require is a smooth round polished wood or metal pole mounted at the edge of the pyramid for the ropes to turn over.

Despite other names for Memphis, "White Wall" stuck as the name of the 1st Nome of Lower Egypt, which includes the immediate area of the city, but not the long range claimed by Romer.

Ancient Egyptian architecture

The Queens Chamber is extremely irregular in shape. Although the lowest step can technically be completed first, that would mean many more lifts using ropes and shadoof devices in series. The spent cores would advance along a canyon over a period of weeks before being chemically processed.

It was also discovered through scale model experimentation that to start the block rolling, a single knock with a correctly sized battering ram was required to provide additional acoustic energy.

The famous tower at Borsippa, on the left bank of the Euphrates, whose ruins now go by the name of Birs Nimrud, was a temple dedicated to Bel-Nebo, and rose in seven tiers or stages, representing the seven planets. What other kind of energy source can be used anywhere?

Tombs of the elite could also include fine jewelry. Build a lattice tower structure from wooden poles in a triangular pyramid shape with a height to width ratio of about 6 to 1. This kind of death was viewed as venerated, and only priests was permitted to touch the body.

Relatively small quantities of stone would be required to build those secondary ramps, overlaid with wooden planks or split poles.

Six inches of air or a very thin layer of paper will absorb alpha radiation. These attitudes and their potential dissemination through society counterbalanced inequality, but how far they were accepted cannot be known. The text quoted above also gives great prominence to the dead, who were the object of a cult for the living and who could intervene in human affairs; in many periods the chief visible expenditure and focus of display of nonroyal individuals, as of the king, was on provision for the tomb and the next world.

The case for this claim is developed in the remainder of this paper. An example of cursive hieryoplyhpic writing: Complete facsimile copies of Egyptian monuments have been published since the s, providing a separate record that becomes more vital as the originals decay.

Kings of Sumer and Akkad

We have no idea. The Pharaoh was the ruler of Ancient Egypt, both politically and religiously.Ancient Egyptian culture flourished between c. BCE with the rise of technology (as evidenced in the glass-work of faience) and 30 BCE with the death. Information and facts about ancient egypt: facts, gods, religion, pyramids, pharaohs, history, hieroglyphics, timeline, art, clothing.

The Great Pyramid at Giza

Index of Egyptian History. Egyptian history constitutes an awesome period of time. Including the Ptolemies, it covers at least three thousand years (c. Learn how to use The Healthy Eating Plate as a guide for creating healthy, balanced meals—whether served on a plate or packed in a lunch box.

A Surveyor Looks at the Washington DC Planing Map. When I was first introduced to the idea that there were symbols embedded in the Washington, D.C. landscape I was working as a carpenter. History and Development of Egyptian Sculpture. Despite the wealth of materials and quantity of production, Egyptian sculpture changed so gradually that it is not easy to trace a precise evolutionary path - from the earliest dynasties we find a fully developed art.

Real life experiments that reveal the ancient art and techniques of building Egyptian pyramids Download
How the egyptian pyramids were built and the purposes they served
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Please Read This Interview Carefully: Karen Havelin on Writing Pain

May 1, 2019 | 3 books mentioned 9 min read

I began reading Karen Havelin’s debut novel Please Read This Leaflet Carefully with the intention of reviewing it. Havelin’s protagonist Laura, a Norwegian expat who has settled in New York, lives with endometriosis and the chronic pain it causes. I was determined to be a good literary citizen and review as many books as I could before the September release of my debut essay collection, Codependence, which centers in part on my intractable headaches. A novel centered on another woman’s chronic pain seemed a good place to start. But as I got further into the book and learned that Laura’s health issues have their roots in Havelin’s own experience, I became less interested in writing a straightforward review and more curious about what we could learn from putting our books and bodies in conversation.

Havelin was diagnosed with endometriosis at age 29, though her symptoms went undiagnosed for 10 years. Endometriosis affects over 170 million women worldwide, and according to the CDC, women are more than twice as likely as men to suffer from headache disorders; although more women report chronic pain than men, studies show that doctors and researchers often dismiss or overlook women’s pain. Havelin and I arranged a video chat—no easy task when one of you is in Norway—and discussed her novel and its aims, how pain affects our writing lives, inequities in pain treatment, and more.

Amy Long: In telling people about your book, I’ve called it “a novel about a woman with endometriosis,” and it is that, but I also know that description is reductive. How do you describe the book? What did you hope to explore or communicate or accomplish with it, particularly by centering the narrative on this specifically feminine pain syndrome?

Karen Havelin: I’ve been thinking about it a lot recently because I’ve been filling out questionnaires for publishers in three different countries [the U.S., the U.K., and Norway], and the book gets presented in different ways in different countries and by different editors. It’s important to me that the book is viewed as a work of art that explores larger ideas about human frailty, human bodies. At the same time, I want it to reach people with endometriosis and other illnesses, I want to get people to talk about endometriosis, and I want the book to reflect an experience I’ve never read or seen in media. I grew up reading books, and I never read a book that I saw myself in. Every time I read a book about someone who was sick, they always had cancer, and they always died or were cured. The narrative arc was predictable, and I wanted to subvert that with the structure of my book.

ALI wanted to ask you about the reverse chronology. So many illness narratives sort of go, “I was sick, and then I got better, and I’m so grateful to my illness for teaching me XYZ.” I really wanted to avoid that in writing about my chronic pain, and I think you did, too. How did reversing the timeline help you challenge that typical narrative arc?

KH: Mostly, the structure allows me to loop over the same issues again and again. That way, I can depict Laura’s pain and how it’s still there even at points when she’s doing “better.” And at some points, she has the illness, but she doesn’t know what it is, but it’s still influencing her. So, as readers get further into the book, they know more, and Laura knows less about her illness, herself, her relationships. She’s pretty young by the end of it, so we see her change a lot.

The structure also creates a kind of multitude of potential endings. I go into a moment of her life in each section of the book [Please Read is divided into eight sections], and at the end, she’s kind of sick, and she’s going to get sicker, but she’s also okay at that moment. There are all these scenes in the last chapter that show her loving her body and using it and having fun and feeling a sense of expansiveness. I think of it as a lighter part of the book, but I hope all the different parts will resonate with each other since they do circle back to the same themes again and again from different angles.

AL: What would you say those themes are?

KH: Bodily frailty and what happens when it encounters love and relationships, growing up, anger. Self-presentation is something I think about a lot, both in terms of gender and being a patient. With pain management you have to present yourself in the right way so you get what you need from a doctor who might not really be listening to what you’re saying because he has, like, 10 minutes, and he’s going to judge everything you do and say even if you are perfect.

Recently, I was talking to the chairwoman of the Norwegian Endometriosis Association, who is a nurse. She was at least in her 30s when she got sick, so she was an adult and she had a formal medical education; she was a professional, and she still couldn’t advocate for herself. It seems like, no matter how perfect you are and no matter how well you present yourself, you can’t get away from the stigma. Being a female patient alone in a room with a male doctor trying to make yourself understood and heard is really difficult, and this is part of the picture with endometriosis, why it takes so unnecessarily long to get a diagnosis.

AL: Exactly. Did you ever read that study “The Girl Who Cried Pain”? Leslie Jamison mentions it in her essay “A Grand Unified Theory of Female Pain.” The researchers found that, when men report pain, they tend to get painkillers for it, and women more often get tranquilizers because our pain is “all in our heads.”

KH: Oh, yeah, I’ve heard of that. It’s so interesting, but I can’t even read that stuff because it makes me want to set myself on fire.

AL: Do you think you captured the complexities not just of gender but of race, class, and sexuality in pain treatment?

KH: I’ve tried to be cognizant of the intersections of gender, race, and sexuality. I certainly am not the person to enlighten a lot of people about race. U.S. racial stuff is different and more complex than it is in Norway, and I’m always nervous talking about it because, though I’ve learned a lot, I need to learn more. And I know that women’s pain gets downplayed, and race is definitely a part of it. There have been some studies that find that black women and women of color have it even worse. There’ve been a lot of moments in my life when I feel like I’ve barely squeaked through, and I have a lot of support and privilege, and I don’t even have to pay medical debt. And, still, it’s almost too hard.

AL: I wanted to ask you about the ice-skating sections. You use definitions of ice-skating moves to sort of introduce or expand on themes and plot points. But Laura is also a former figure skater. Can you talk about that formal element of figure skating as a plot device and a way to explore the body in pain?

KH: I had this book about figure skating, and I looked at all these definitions of jumps and pirouettes and stuff, and I thought there was a weird kind of poetry to them. Even as a former figure skater, I can’t really picture it. It sounds like it’s magic or ridiculous—like, how could anybody do that? It’s a kind of art and a kind of bodily mastery, and I just like the poetry of these weird little snippets. I think it reflects trying to do something that’s basically impossible but that you can somehow still do.

AL: Which is sort of like dealing with pain all the time. Like, you think you could never do it—

KH: But somehow you do.

AL: There have been a few recent nonfiction books that focus on endometriosis or on women’s pain specifically, but I don’t think I’ve ever seen a novel centered on it. Why did you choose to write Please Read This Leaflet Carefully as a novel, and what do you think fiction allows you to do that another genre such as memoir wouldn’t have? And what were the biggest challenges you faced translating something you’ve experienced into fiction?

coverKH: Yeah, Abby Norman wrote a brilliant nonfiction book last year about endometriosis, Ask Me About My Uterus, and it’s like my worst nightmare medical experience interspersed with the whole of patriarchal medical history, so it’s a tough read for me, but it’s so good. Writing this as fiction is, again, like, doing something impossible and somehow still doing it. But, no, writing fiction means you can do whatever you want, and writing is hard enough without having to stay true to real life. So, I think all writing for me is a question of trying to create a little bit of private space somehow. Or, like, be left alone.

I made a very radical change when I left Norway to do my MFA at Columbia. I changed language and genre. I’d mostly written poetry before. It was kind of an insane thing to do! And it also meant that I didn’t have any backlog [of stories to turn in for workshops and classes], so I had to start writing a lot very quickly when I got there, so I couldn’t really help that the writing reflected what had been happening in my life. I had to submit a lot of pages, so it was an intense time. Everything I was reading and doing just kind of came out. And then I had these different sections, and it took me a long time before I figured out how to combine them into a novel. Or whether that could even be done. I didn’t just want to write a story about someone who gets sick. Not that there’s anything wrong with that story. There aren’t enough stories like that either.

AL: Is it the distance that helps you—the idea that this is a character and not you—or did you add in things that haven’t happened to you?

KH: Laura has a lot in common with me in terms of physical health. She isn’t me. She actually gets off really easily compared to me! So, she gets a pretty good deal in the end, which is also something that I definitely wanted. I wanted to make sure that it had a happy ending: like, she’s okay, but she’s also not okay, but she’s okay. There’s that balance at the start of the book. She has a job, she can write. When she’s out in the world, no one really knows she’s sick. She has her limitations, but they’re not as harsh as they could be.

AL: In an early scene, Laura describes her shoulder pain as hot and nauseating, which stuck out to me because I use both those terms to describe some of my headaches. Do you ever worry or just wonder how people who don’t know chronic pain will interpret your descriptions and if they’ll make sense? How do you think the book will read to an audience for whom this is all totally unfamiliar?

KH: I’ll certainly be interested to find out. In a way, I feel like I’m trying to force the reader to be inside that pained body. And I want to give them some of that experience, which maybe is not going to make people want to read the book! But it will hopefully bring out readers’ empathy. In a way, though, I’m kind of writing more for people like us, who will hopefully read it and go, “Oh, yes! That helps a little bit.”

AL: There’s something sort of validating about seeing your experience represented, especially in fiction because, in nonfiction, it’s often, like, “This is my totally crazy, unique experience.” But, in fiction, the emphasis is often more on universality, so to see something described in fiction is sort of to make it real—more comforting, less alienating.

KH: Yeah. I hope so, anyway.

AL: When Laura is in New York, she feels a sort of freedom that she doesn’t feel in Norway. Do you think, in terms of pain treatment, that she’s better off in one place or the other? What does she have to trade for the freedom she feels in New York?

KH: She gives up a certain safety by not going back to Norway, and that gives her a lot of anxiety, but she feels more free because she feels like nobody’s watching her. She feels like she has more in common with people in New York, people whose lives are strange and unpredictable. And people live these crazy lives right next to each other, where Norway is a small and very conformist type of country where you can feel like you’re very visible. In New York, you get a sense of anonymity, and you’re not in your home country or your home environment. For Laura, it’s maybe not a rational choice, but it’s a choice she feels compelled to make.

coverAL: The book also features multiple love stories. In her essay collection, Pain Woman Takes Your Keys, Sonya Huber writes that “all pain sex is queer sex.” Laura is also queer, and we see her negotiate pain and sex, particularly with men, a lot in the novel. How does that idea—of pain sex as queer sex—resonate with you?

KH: I love that idea. There’s something important to me about these different identities intersecting and how, for Laura, it’s incredibly freeing to think of herself as queer and have this pride concept that she can use. Even though it’s, like, 10 years before she hears anyone talk about disability or illness in a way that reflects that, it sort of works for her anyway. It comes down to maybe being on the outside a little bit or having an experience that’s not typical. There’s also something about that—how people think that the sex that people with physical trouble and queer people have is more difficult and weird or something.

AL: And kind of gross. Or that people with disabilities or illnesses are kind of sexless.

KH: Yeah. People who are heterosexual and healthy often think that they can go their entire sex lives without ever talking or figuring out anything for themselves. They just try to do what they see on TV, and that’s a terrible idea! If you’re doing something that you’ve never seen—if you’re not trying to reproduce sex you’ve seen in media or something—you have to figure it out for yourself. You have to be open to what the other person wants and realize that not everyone likes the same things or has the same kind of body. All bodies are singular, and even if you are a healthy, heterosexual person, your sex life will be better if you realize that!

AL: Do you see pain always being part of your work, or do you want to move on to something else next time? Do you feel like you can? Do you feel like it’s a thing that will always attach itself to your stories or something?

KH: Oh my god, I would love to move on to something else! But we’ll see. I’ve many times tried to write something different, and it always comes back in. I do feel like there are plenty of stories about pain left to tell; there’s kind of a whole world that I’ve never seen reflected in art. But I would love to write, like, a sexy, action-filled romance next!

first book, Codependence, was chosen by Brian Blanchfield as the winner of Cleveland State University Poetry Center's 2018 Essay Collection Competition and is forthcoming in September 2019. She holds an MFA in creative writing from Virginia Tech and a master's in women's studies from the University of Florida. Her work has appeared in Best American Experimental Writing 2015, Hayden's Ferry Review, Ninth Letter, and elsewhere, including as a Notable Essay in Best American Essays 2018.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What does AFUE stand for?

Gas furnaces are rated for efficiency according to their Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency, or AFUE. The higher the AFUE rating, the more efficient the furnace.

What does HSPF stand for?

What is a SEER?

What do efficiency rating numbers really mean?

Who do I contact for air conditioning products and service?

For questions concerning new products, energy efficiency ratings, savings on your utility bills, or repair or replacement services, contact us and we will answer all of your heating and cooling questions.

Is there any advantage to setting my thermostat fan to “On” so the fan runs constantly?
Leaving the fan on will constantly filter the air in your home. This moving air will give you a more even temperature distribution throughout your home. However, continuous fan mode during the cooling season may not be appropriate in humid climates. If the inside of your home feels uncomfortably humid, it is recommended that the fan be used in “Auto” mode.

How long does a typical furnace and air conditioner last?

An air conditioner or furnace typically will last 10 – 20 years with regular maintenance. Sometimes replacing old systems sooner rather than later can save you a lot of money (lower gas and electric bills) from the higher efficiency provided by newer equipment. Life expediencies can vary greatly. The major factors influencing life expectancy are proper installation and regular maintenance. Maintenance is a must to maximize efficiency and protect your investment.

What goes into installing a new system?

If you install a new system, most of the items from the “What happens when I replace my old system?” will need to be changed as well. One of the the most important components installed with a new system is the duct-work. Duct work is composed of two parts, supply and return. The supply ducts are attached to the outflow of the new system, delivering air to each zone in a home.

The amount of air reaching each zone is determined by the size of supply duct-work connecting it to your system. Air-O service will help you determine the size of all the needed supply duct work in your home. The second part of the duct-work, the return duct, attaches to the inlet of the new system and draws air out of the spaces to be heated or cooled.

Attached to the return duct is the filter. The filter should be placed as near to the furnace or air handler as possible. Duct-work can be either duct-board, flexible duct, or metal and must be properly sized in order to evenly distribute the proper amount of air to each room.

Common Problems

The indoor fan runs all the time even though the temperature in the house is fine. Is something wrong?

There are two settings for the fan: On and Auto. A common mistake people make is leaving this switch to On. Be sure it is set to Auto and the fan should regulate itself normally..

Is something wrong if my heat pump is set for Heating but the air coming out feels cool?

While a heat pump is perfectly capable of effectively heating your home, the temperature of the air coming out of the registers is heated to about 90 to 95 degrees, depending on the outdoor temperature. This temperature is approximately 20 – 25 degrees warmer that the indoor air temperature and will warm your house. It is, however, below body temperature (98.6 degrees) and can feel cool when someone puts their hand in the airflow.

Some rooms in the house are either too hot or too cold. Can’t they all be the same?

They most certainly can. Airflow problems can sometimes be attributed due to a dirty filter, coil, and/or blower which results in reduced air flow passing through the air handler. This causes the air to die off in the outer branches of the duct system.

The duct work sometimes can come loose and a minor reattachment repair will solve the problem. If the issue is a “duct design” problem Air-O Services should be called in to troubleshoot the situation. Solutions can range from some simple air balancing to replacement of ducts to advanced climate control systems such as a zone system.

My propane gas furnace is blowing cold air, what should check?

Make sure the propane tank still has gas. To check the tank, flip open the dome lid on top of the tank. Look at the gauge. It will have numbers (percentages) from 0 to 100. Make sure the needle is not on zero.

Is it normal for my heat pump to make a “whooshing” noise followed by some cool air through the heating registers even though it is heating season?

This is a normal occurrence. During the cold weather months, frost can accumulate on the outdoor coil. This can cause the heat pump to go into a defrost cycle anywhere from 1-10 minutes, depending on the amount of ice on the coil. This is temporary; the system will return to the heating mode once the ice is gone.

How come my heat pump system will freeze up sometimes?

The heat pump system can freeze for several reasons. If running in the cooling mode check your filters; restrictions in air flow can lead to freezing. Next, thaw the system out by turning off the cooling and running the fan. You can also try turning the system to the heat mode to melt the ice.

If the problem recurs after checking for air restrictions and thawing your system. Contact Air-O Service to make a service call. Our service technicians will check the refrigerant level. They may also have to clean the evaporator coil, check the blower speed and check for any intermittency in blower operation. A service technician can also evaluate other conditions that may make your system prone to freezing and recommend the best course of action.

Routine Maintenance

What kinds of maintenance do heating and air conditioning systems require?

Maintaining unrestricted air flows is the most important maintenance for HVAC systems. Dust, dirt, and debris are an HVAC system’s worst enemies. It doesn’t matter if the unit is indoor or outdoor. You must keep all filters and coils clean and free or restrictions.

We recommend that your heating and cooling system be checked and serviced twice a year. A spring and autumn tune-up is the perfect schedule. We also recommend that you change your filter regularly. This alone can eliminate many of the most common problems that need fixing and can significantly reduce the likelihood of a serious breakdown.

Why do I need to change my filter regularly?

Replacing your heating and cooling system’s filter on a regular basis helps the system operate at peak levels and improve indoor air quality. Changing the filters regularly will ensure proper air flow and to keep your home free from dust, allergens and germs. Depending on the type of filter you have, you may require weekly or monthly filter replacements. Air-O Service technicians can recommend the ideal filters and replacement schedules for your systems.

How often should I replace my filters?

Air-O Service recommends that you replace your disposable filters at least once a month. If you have washable filters, they should be cleaned once a month. We can recommend a replacement schedule that delivers the optimum efficiency and filtration for your specific system. We recommend that you visually check filters and filtering equipment monthly. If filters look dirty, they need to be cleaned or replaced.

Besides changing filters what else should I do to maintain my heater and/or air conditioner?

Most major maintenance should be performed only by a qualified Air-O Service technician. But here are some things that you can do to assure optimal performance:

  • Make sure outdoor units clear of debris, clutter and weeds if they are on the ground. They can reduce the airflow to the unit.
  • Use caution with weed trimmers and other yard maintenance tools to prevent damaging control wiring.
  • Pet urine can cause expensive damage. Keep your pets away from your outdoor systems.

How often should I have Air-O Service take a look at my air conditioner?

Air conditioning system should be inspected and maintained at least once a year – spring to early summer being the best times. This ensures maximum efficiency and enables us to foresee any possible problems that may occur in the near future.

What are some things I can do to maintain my furnace?

Any forced-air heating system will perform more efficiently (save you money on energy bills and repair costs) if you perform the following tasks:

  • Inspect the filters at least once a month and replace them when they are dirty.
  • Make sure all of the vents and air supplies are not obstructed. Make sure nothing is in front of them or on top of them such as furniture, curtains, boxes, toys, etc.
  • Keep areas around furnace clean and clutter free. Keep at least 3 – 4 feet totally clear all the way around your furnace.

  • Keep debris, grass clippings, dirt, and leaves away from outdoor unit.


The ABC of the Indian Bureaucracy

31 May 2018
The ABC of the Indian Bureaucracy
Accountability Initiative's blog series

Accountability Initiative’s blog and social media series deals with terms often heard in government offices which have come to be associated with the bureaucracy. Using wit and acute observation, the series unpacks some of the factors that drive government officials at work, and touches upon root causes that build a perception of the bureaucracy in the eye of the public.

Of Authorisation Letters, Samosas And Chai explores the conundrum of almost absolute obedience to authority based on ranks. It also observes how being hauled up for questioning by seniors, having a red mark on a permanent record, salary cuts, or possible suspension orders issued for deviating from norms hold officials back.

B is for Babu discusses how “Babu ki kami hai!” (there’s a shortage of clerks!) is an all too familiar concern shared by government staff in the middle and lower level offices. Babus are integral to the smooth functioning of government offices, and yet a sneak peek into their work lives and challenges (which this blog provides) has been elusive so far.

A Circuitous Journey delves deep into the all-important bureaucratic artefact- the circular. In practice, the circular acts as the official order or notice giving directions regarding any work, discussion or meeting that the bureaucracy undertakes. In an environment where officials are already inundated with more work than they can cope with, the lack of a circular implies an absence of legitimacy - used both as an escape clause, and a way of discerning the relative importance of the person/task at hand. So is the circular only a directive or a tool for crafty bureaucrats to wield based on convenience?

Lastly, How Important Are Deadlines In The Bureaucracy? delves into the management of a multi-layered, diffused and a highly interdependent public bureaucracy. What does the race to meet deadlines look like in the bureaucracy? What are organisational repercussions if a deadline is missed?

In all, the public bureaucracy, like any other organisation, has a vocabulary, work culture and an internal logic that is unique to itself. You can view the complete set of the series here.


Offseason Offerings: John Wall

With the offseason in full effect, ballers around the country have begun what is widely regarded as one of the most grueling grind modes of the year as they prepare for the up-and-coming season.

Every week we’ll profile an elite player and have them dish on one of their most unorthodox training methods and explain why it’s been so beneficial.

Next up?

Washington Wizards point guard John Wall, the No. 1 pick in the 2010 NBA Draft.

The Drill: Ball-less/Court-less dribble-juking


May 31st, 2017

How Affordable Golf Clubs Really Are

For Residents In UK’s Towns and Cities

 How Affordable Golf Clubs Really Are

Golf over the years has unfortunately gained the association of being an ‘expensive’ sport, mainly because of the membership price of golf clubs.

Now has calculated how long residents in 18 towns and cities would have to work to earn a membership. decided to calculate how long residents in 18 different towns and cities outside of London would have to work in order to buy a golf club membership, based on the weekly wage for that area. investigated the average cost of a golf club membership in each of the selected towns/cities (Newcastle upon Tyne, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Swansea, York, Liverpool, Nottingham, Leeds, Oxford, Norwich, Coventry, Manchester, Glasgow, Cardiff, Bristol, Birmingham, Leicester and Southampton) and then, looked at the corresponding weekly wages for residents in the area, using statistics from the ‘Office of National Statistics (ONS)’.

Golf clubs in Newcastle upon Tyne are the most affordable for local residents, as it would take them just 41 hours and 36 minutes to work for a membership.

Just above Newcastle upon Tyne, were golf clubs in Aberdeen, where residents would have to work slightly more, at an average of 43 hours and 13 minutes to attain membership.

Local residents in Edinburgh, who have the highest weekly wage at £696.30, would have to work the third lowest at 44 hours and 47 minutes to afford membership at their respective golf clubs.

On the other end of the spectrum, was Southampton which has the least affordable golf clubs for residents, as they’d have to work an astonishing 79 hours and 42 minutes to pay for membership – the equivalent of 10 working days.

Leicester, whose residents have the lowest weekly wage at £521.50, would have to work marginally less at 79 hours and 24 minutes to gain membership – the second highest after Southampton.

Overall, golf clubs in 50% (9 out the 18) of the reviewed towns and cities would require local residents to work more than 60 hours in order to afford membership.

Additionally, found in a survey of 560 residents in the reviewed towns and cities, that 72% personally believe the current membership prices of their local golf club do not offer value for money.

How not to lose your wedge

 How Affordable Golf Clubs Really Are

TAGS: GB&I, Travel


Untitled design (2)

Many flags have flown over Santa Fe from long before the first celebration of the 4th of July. New Mexico would not become any legal part of the United States until 1848 following the Mexican-American War. So the first 4th of July celebration was most likely observed when New Mexico entered the Union as a Territory (no elected representation in Washington), which she remained until gaining Statehood in 1912. Prior to this, there was a rich tradition of religious and civic festivals such as the Santa Fe Fiesta and the various Catholic saint days that made up an important part of colonial life.

In the United States, the original 13 colonies created most of the national celebrations, while religious observances handled the others. While the Congress passed a Resolution of Independence from England on July 2, 1776, it was not until 2 days later that the founding fathers signed the Declaration of Independence – on July 4th. In the following year in Rhode Island, the 4th was saluted with the firing of 13 guns representing the 13 original colonies.

This most certainly was the beginning of a tradition of firework displays in all communities and backyards throughout the nation.

Pancakes on the Plaza - image from santafe.com

Pancakes on the Plaza – image from santafe.com

To talk about the 4th of July today on the Plaza is easy because so many community events are all occurring at the same time, making a visit more than ordinary. What could be as American as Enchiladas and standing next to the exact spot on the Plaza where the Santa Fe Trail ended, heralding the opening of the vast Western half of the country? The most exciting event going on is standing in long lines at the United Way pancake breakfast, staffed by countless volunteers serving sausages and pancakes, with all proceeds going to the United Way of Santa Fe.

Speaking from my own experience, the 4th of July is truly the day for locals to bump into people they might not have seen in 35 years. This democratic coming together of the citizens to celebrate their day of political and religious freedom underscores the “Spirit of 1776.” After eating and feeling good from a full belly of pancakes, and with the knowledge your breakfast has contributed to the United Way, stop to see the vintage car exhibition on streets next to the Plaza. Talk to the proud restorers and owners about their vehicles’ histories and ask any question imaginable about the make and model of their particular vintage automobile. Not into old cars? There is an Arts and Crafts show as well as a silent auction. Did I forget the dancing, singing, and music from the bandstand? And there’s other food choices as well.

But the best memories of the 4th are the fireworks…sparklers and roman candles, firecrackers, rocketing displays of color throughout the nation’s skies! However, there can be no fireworks on the Plaza these days due to extreme drought conditions in the West. But if you cannot survive the withdrawal, there is still a City sponsored night display at the high school’s football field. But remember, while the firing of the 13 cannons mark this day, any conscientious citizen owes it to himself and nation to contemplate the meaning of this day of independence and what it represents. We embraced the spirit of the Enlightenment and freed ourselves from the chains of monarchy and foreign rule, embarking upon the most unique voyage of religious, political and civic freedoms the world has seen.

So, to set the tone for this contemplation, have a quiet and relaxing dinner at the Agoyo Lounge at the Inn of the Alameda and toast our Founding Fathers and the commitment and bravery they exemplified.

Happy 4th of July!

image from http://www.iceflowstudios.com/

image from http://www.iceflowstudios.com/


Top tips to ensure your project meets its deadlines

Find Out More

Every project has a deadline and it’s something we all have to manage. There are many reasons why deadlines are missed or pushed back, and sometimes it can’t be helped. Whilst challenging timescales often have a substantial impact on a business and the project managers, they are also key to productivity and helping businesses meet their objectives and grow.

We believe deadlines are important; they set expectations and help encourage a well-ordered workflow. So, here are some handy tips for you to keep in mind whether your project is just getting started or in full swing, to ensure you meet your deadline and achieve your goals.

1. Know your requirements

A great place to start is understanding the project requirements. Clarification on what is needed to ensure a successful outcome can go a long way in determining which milestones will be crucial throughout the project.

So, before you start plotting your deliverables, ensure you’re fully up to speed with the ultimate goal and avoid wasted time or confusion. Once you understand what the objective is, you’ll be able to source the right resources and the right team to make the project a success.

2. Be transparent, whether the outcome is positive or negative

Secondly, don’t be afraid to be open and transparent with your project team. Regular catch-up meetings can go a long way in ensuring everyone involved is fully up to speed and help streamline what is required from each team member ensuring they get the job done.

Great communication can also be key to identifying an issue and resolving it. If a problem arises, it’s best not to keep it to yourself, extra support can mean a quicker resolution.

3. Problems aren’t always the end of the world

In an ideal world, everything would run perfectly to plan, and you’d achieve your deadlines with ease. However, that’s not always the case and problems do arise. So, it’s best to be proactive and think about potential problems.

Creating a contingency plan that will help minimise the impact any problems could have is a great way to prepare for the unknown and ensure you’re still on target to reach those all-important deadlines.

4. Plan, plan and plan

Finally, we’d stress the important of planning – plan, plan and plan again. Create a detailed schedule that helps you break down tasks into smaller tasks and then set deadlines for each one. This will help you understand how much time is required for each key milestone, and whether or not the original time you believed it would take will be enough.

MJF provide specialist flooring and site services including resin flooring and construction cleaning, from cabin cleaning to builders and sparkle cleans to support construction projects (brief description of services etc), learn from our expertise and experience here:

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Becomes biggest liability

The Daily Telegraph - Sport - - Total Football -

ing the more likely to score. Brighton suddenly dropped deeper, they were worried about pressing, because finally Bruce’s side were able to pass through it, either forward or out wide.

Shelvey had not been a passenger, he was a liability and of all the problems facing Bruce, the loss of not just form, but also mobility, this is one of the most worrying. Shelvey said a few weeks ago that he was loving life under Bruce, so he cannot blame his manager for his travails.

This was as bad as he has played for Newcastle in his 3½ years on Tyneside and a niggling thigh injury only offers so much mitigation.

These should be the peak years of his career, but they are passing him by and there is only so much any manager can take. Shelvey has been a huge disappointment and if there is not a rapid improvement, he will not be around much longer. Bruce is a tolerant manager, but the Shelvey conundrum is not easily solved.

“He’s as frustrated and disappointed as I was, especially in the first half,” Bruce said, before adding that the thigh injury was not a valid excuse for what he had witnessed.

In truth, all the excuses are wearing a little thin on Tyneside. This was as bad as things have been for a long time and Shelvey may well find Bruce has a ruthless side, because he simply cannot rely on a player who can no longer rely on himself to do the things he once could.

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NewsTV List

13 Best Netflix Series of 2019

November 9, 2019
11 min read

Of the many ways in which Netflix has revolutionised the world of TV shows, the push towards binge-watching is perhaps the most notable one. From the tricks to keep one episode after the other rolling to luring you in with popular international shows, there is nothing this streaming service won’t do to keep you hooked to itself. All the time that we are spending on Netflix works greatly in its favour, but it also has to keep up with the reputation it has earned.

When you have been served with things like ‘Mindhunter’, ‘The Crown’, ‘Stranger Things’ and ‘Money Heist’, your expectations rise exponentially for what is next in line. In turn, Netflix has increased the count of its originals so much that after a point, it becomes impossible for the viewers to keep up with it. If you have been overwhelmed by its massive collection, allow us to narrow down the search for the “what to watch next” question. Here is the list of best Netflix originals of 2019 that you must watch (please keep in mind that we have only considered the shows that made its debut in 2019).

13. How to Sell Drugs Online (Fast) (2019-)

Netflix’s investment in German dramas has served it very well. Last year, ‘Dark’ mesmerised everyone with its mind-bending story, and further twisted the storyline in its second season. Its success was followed by other Netflix originals like ‘Skylines’, ‘We Are the Wave’ and ‘Criminal: Germany’. However, it was this teen comedy-drama, based on a shocking true story, that surpassed its contemporaries. ‘How to Sell Drugs Online (Fast)’ is pretty much what its name suggests. Set in a fictional town of Germany, it focuses on the story of Moritz Zimmermann, a high-schooler who wants to win back his ex-girlfriend. In order to impress her, he comes up with a plan to sell ecstasy online. To his surprise, the business takes off, and he becomes a leading drug trafficker from the comfort of his home. This raises a lot of eyebrows and invites more trouble for Moritz than his ex is worth. You can watch the series here.

12. Carmen Sandiego (2019-)

Entertainment has often been used as a tool for education, and if there is one story that has proved to be a precursor of such efforts, it is Carmen Sandiego. It began with a video game, which became so popular that it eventually spawned TV shows, comics, music albums and even planetarium shows. It was widely accepted by the public schools to focus on subjects ranging from geography and history to mathematics and other subjects. The last we saw of this “thieving villain” on television was in 1999 in ‘Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego’, the animated series that aired on Fox. Netflix adopted the character to discuss its origins in this action-adventure series. You can watch ‘Carmen Sandiegohere.

11. Dead to Me (2019-)

Starring Christina Applegate (who received an Emmy nomination for her role) and Linda Cardellini, ‘Dead to Me’ focuses on the aftermath of a personal loss for its characters. Jen’s husband is killed in a hit-and-run case and the person responsible for it is never caught. Unable to share her grief with someone, she recuperates from it by investigating the crime herself. Meanwhile, she joins a grief therapy group where she meets Judy, who has been struggling to come to terms with the loss of her own. Despite their polar opposite personalities, the women develop a strong friendship, eventually becoming each other’s rocks through the whole ordeal. But Judy is hiding a secret and Jen is still reeling from the things that her husband kept from her. You can watch the show here.

10. The Society (2019-)

Set in somewhat of a ‘Lord of the Flies’ scenario, ‘The Society’ is one of the best teen dramas to come out on Netflix this year. It rises above the usual tropes that almost all of its contemporaries desperately hold on to, and delivers a character study of various teens who are caught in an impossible situation. When their town is invaded by a strange smell, they are sent on a field trip, which is cancelled mid-way. They return to town, but find that all the adults are missing. At first, they relish their freedom by partying hard and doing whatever their parents would ask them not to. But as they spend more time in the place, they realise that a system needs to be established if an order is to be maintained. But who will create this order and will everyone agree to follow it? You can watch ‘The Societyhere.

9. Green Frontier (2019)

Ciro Guerra, the director of the Academy Award-nominated film, ‘Embrace of the Serpent’, has directed this crime thriller set in the jungles of Amazon. It begins with the murder of four women. Helena Poveda is sent from Bogota to the small town on the Brazil-Colombia border to investigate the crime. Apart from facing sexism, she also has to suffer the hostile and demeaning behaviour of the local police department. But that doesn’t deter her. In fact, finding another mysterious dead body in the jungle intrigues her even more. She not only senses conspiracy and corruption within the department, but it also looks like there are other forces at play here. The last victim had her heart cut out and post-mortem suggests that she had been much older than she looked. You can watch ‘Green Frontierhere.

8. Sex Education (2019-)

Otis Milburn doesn’t have much experience in sex. He doesn’t even have a proper relationship, owing to his socially awkward character. The only friend he has is Eric, and he, too, isn’t much of a popular personality either. But there is one thing that sets him apart. All thanks to his mother, who is a sex therapist, Otis knows a thing or two about solving everyone’s problems. When Maeve Wiley, a girl known for her promiscuity, comes to know about his hidden talent, she proposes a deal. With all of their classmates exploring their sexuality, every one of them is bound to have a question or two about their sex lives which they can’t discuss with each other. Why not open a sex clinic and help them out while making money? You can watch ‘Sex Educationhere.

7. The Spy (2019)

Starring Sacha Baron Cohen, ‘The Spy’ charts the glorious career of the Israeli spy, Eli Cohen. It is written and directed by Gideon Raff, who is known for creating espionage thrillers like ‘Homeland’ and ‘The Red Sea Diving Resort’. Over the course of six episodes, we are introduced to the domestic life of Cohen and the political circumstances in Israel. He is scouted by the Mossad to infiltrate the Syrian government, which was becoming increasingly hostile, especially with the looming threat of a nuclear weapon in their possession. Not only does Cohen successfully place himself amongst the most prominent figures in Syria, but is also offered a high-ranking government position. How the hell did he manage that? Watch the series on Netflix and find out.

6. After Life (2019-)

Written and directed by Ricky Gervais, ‘After Life’ follows the story of Tony. After the death of his wife, he contemplates suicide and comes very close to going forward with it. The only thing that stops him is his dog. How can he ever leave her behind? He finds a reason to live in his canine companion, but now he needs a mechanism to get through the days. Believing that sooner rather than later, he will bite the dust, he finds it best to use his remaining days on Earth to be honest to the people around him. This gives rise to hilarious situations, adding comedy in the most morose and bleakest of circumstances as only Gervais can. But in the end, ‘After Life’ is much more than about just a good laugh. It is above living with grief and fighting depression, and finding an anchor in your dog. You can watch the series here.

5. The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance (2019-)

A prequel to the 1982 fantasy film, ‘The Dark Crystal’, ‘Age of Resistance’ expands the world, characters and the mythology of Thra. The Skeksis have established themselves as the gods of Thra and rule over the noble Gelfling race. No one is aware of the true intentions of the overlords, and they have allowed themselves to be ruled by these creatures. But truth has the tendency to come to light sooner or later. Rian discovers a horrible secret when his girlfriend is killed by the Skeksis in front of his eyes. Meanwhile, the princess of the Vapra Clan embarks on a quest of her own when she comes across a secret symbol in one of her books. From the depths of Thra, a young Gelfling from the Grottan Clan finds her way to the surface to find a way to protect her dying land. Their combined efforts lead to a revolution that changes the destiny of the planet. You can watch the series here.

4. When They See Us (2019)

This Emmy nominated drama by Ava DuVernay follows the story of the five youngsters who were charged with the brutal rape of a woman. With all of the accused between the ages of 14-16, the cops didn’t waste time to “get the truth out of them.” Intimidated, scared and even beaten up, the kids confessed, even when they had been nowhere near the crime scene. It took more than a decade for the truth to come out and they were finally exonerated, but does that mean that justice was done? In ‘When They See Us’, we go through the heart-breaking journeys of these young men, and witness the despicable face of the justice system that doesn’t seem to care about the victim or the crime. They just need scapegoats. For his performance as Korey Wise, Jharrel Jerome won an Emmy, and deservedly so. You can watch the series here.

Read More: Best TV Sex Scenes of 2019

3. Russian Doll (2019-)

If you didn’t already love Natasha Lyonne, after her performance in ‘Orange Is the New Black’, then, this show will definitely work her magic on you. Another show that blends comedy to make the darker issues digestible, ‘Russian Doll’ is the story of a woman who has suppressed her feelings for too long. The protagonist is Nadia, a game developer, who arrives at her 36th birthday party, only to die at the end of it. But that’s not it. In fact, this is where the story begins. She finds herself back at the party, ready to live through the same chain of events all over again. At the end of it, she dies again, and again, and again. No matter how much she tries, no matter what she does, she always ends up dead. Until she finds another person stuck in the same loop. You can watch the series here.

Read More: Best LGBTQ Movies of 2019

2. Delhi Crime (2019-)

As heinous a crime as rape is, it is also the most prevalent one, unfortunately. And the fact that it has nothing to do with sexual gratification is proved by the inhumane things that rapists do their victims in the name of god-knows-what. There is no shortage of the accounts of bloodcurdling rape and murder in cases in India, but there is one in particular that stood out due to the sheer extent of its brutality. In 2012, a woman was raped in a moving bus by six men, one of whom was a minor. And that isn’t even the worst that they did to her. The details of their barbaric act will make any normal person wonder how these animals are allowed to walk amongst us. In ‘Delhi Crime’, we witness the investigation from the perspective of the police officers who were tasked with finding the culprits. You can watch the series here.

Read More: Best Documentary Movies of 2019

1. Unbelievable (2019)

Have you ever come across a situation where you were forced to accept that you did or didn’t do something just so it would serve the purpose of the other person? You might have done it out of fear, or frustration, or simply because you wanted the thing to be over and move on from it as soon as possible. These things make sense in normal, routine situations, but not in rape. If you want to understand why the movements like Me Too are important and why there is so much outcry for feminism, then watch ‘Unbelievable’. It follows the story of Marie who reports that she was raped by a stranger who broke into her apartment. However, the cops find it difficult to believe her because there isn’t enough evidence to support her theory. It isn’t until a few years that the truth comes out when two female detectives come across a similar series of rape cases. You can watch the show here.

Read More: Best TV Shows of 2019


gravity concentration of chromium ores

Jaw Crusher

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Grinding Mill

Grinding Plant

Gyratory Crusher

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Sand Washer

Enhancing the Utilization Potential of a Low Grade Chromite Ore .

Low grade chromite ore with less than 30% Cr2O3 was investigated with a view to . Beneficiation of the ore was undertaken using gravity based methods. . size, the spiral concentration generated a concentrate with 40.5% Cr2O3 from the.

Improvement in Cr:Fe Ratio of Indian Chromite Ore for Ferro Chrome .

Jan 3, 2012 . gravity concentration (wet shaking table) and high intensity magnetic separation . Chromite ore is the main source for chromium metal,.

Chromite - Wikipedia

Specific gravity, 4.5 - 4.8. Optical properties, Isotropic. Refractive index, n = 2.08-2.16. Other characteristics, Weakly magnetic. References. Chromite is an iron chromium oxide: FeCr2O4. It is an oxide mineral belonging to the spinel . The only ores of chromium are the minerals chromite and magnesiochromite. Most of the.

shrnn technick sprva - Acta Montanistica Slovaca

Benefication of low-grade chromite ores of abandoned mine . example crushing and shaking table) could easily upgrade the chromium contents. . the enrichment possibilities using the gravity separation methods, namely the Willfley type.

Apr 4, 2017 . What is the minimum size of Chrome ore which is currently concentrated with Fine DMS?

Chromium in South Africa - SAIMM

Feb 2, 1986 . have a chromium-to-iron ratio of 3,0 and higher, were the principal .. from the ore with the product of a gravity-concentration process, which.

New aspect of chromite gravity tailings re-processing - ScienceDirect

New aspect of chromite gravity tailings re-processing☆ . Cr2O3 from chromite ores containing 30–35 % Cr2O3 by gravity separation methods since 1920.

gravity concentration of chromium ores,

Feasibility study to extract iron and chromium from . -

concentrated oxide can be used as a substitute for the iron ore. The extracted metal can . conducted using magnetic and gravitational separation techniques.

Cr 27.06% 3E 0.559g/t LG6 Lumpy Ore Bushveld South Africa .

Certified Concentrations. Cr Fus 19.78 ± 1.06 % Cr XRF per 19.53 ± 0.46 % V M/ICP 1302 ± 130 ppm. Specific Gravity 3.96 ± 0.20. Provisional Concentrations.

Gravity Concentration - Multotec

Gravity concentration is used in coal, copper, iron ore, chrome, mineral sands and gold . You'll find gravity concentration spirals at 2 points in a typical chrome.

Chromite Recovery From Northern California Ores . - CDC stacks

Gravity concentration of Emma Bell, Seiad Creek, and Broken Ladder ores ....... .. grade concentrate containing 48 pct or more Cr 203 with a minimum.

Concentration of Hessen Bay Chromite Ore - PNG UniTech

Nov 13, 2013 . This ore is amenable to gravity concentration. However, both . The Cr2O3 content in the ore is around 11-12% and Cr/Fe ratio is less than 2.0.

Gravity concentration of Sudanese chromite ore using laboratory .

keywords: concentration of low-grade chromite ores, gravity separation, shaking . refractory, chromite, the main mineral of chromium, is a main constituent in the.

Chrome ore beneficiation challenges & opportunities – A review .

Gravity concentration techniques Multi-gravity separator Contents 1. .. Around 90% of mined chromite ore is con- chromium in varying proportions depending.

Chromium - New Zealand Petroleum and Minerals

Chromite is the only commercial chromium ore. It is a . Ultramafic rocks have a high concentration of chromium, typically about 1000 to . specific gravity of 4.6.

Improvement in Cr:Fe Ratio of Indian Chromite Ore for Ferro Chrome .

Experiences in the production of metallurgical and chemical grade .

ore gangue and chromite mineral types, the influence of the primary. PGM extraction . the virtual absence of chromium in mineral species apart from the chromite spinel . gravity techniques—specifically spiral concentration as applied in.

Chromite: The only mineral ore of chromium metal - Geology

Chromite is the only ore of chromium, a metal essential for making stainless steel, . Careful observations of hardness, streak, and specific gravity are required to . the chromite is disseminated through the rock and not highly concentrated in.

chapter 11 applications of ore microscopy in mineral technology

metal concentrations to require no beneficiation (e.g.,some iron ores), most contain relatively . media for separation or other methods of gravity concentration, such as mineral jigs or ... concentration of chromium-rich fractions in some cases.

Chromium ore, or chromite, occurs exclusively in rocks formed by the intrusion . mineral and it concentrates through gravity separation from most of the other.

Sustainable Development through Beneficiation of Low grade .

Sep 4, 2013 . Chrome ore demand is estimated to reach ~29 million tons by 2015 ... Most gravity separation processes suffer large chromite losses in the.

gabbro magma by a gravity differentiation of the ultrafemic con- stituents in a manner ... centrates. Since the price of chrome ore has fallen the concentration.

Characterization and Beneficiation of Anka Chromite Ore Using .

CHROMITE ORE USING MAGNETIC SEPARATION PROCESS . Chromium is largely used as alloying elements in steels for production of stainless .. grains intermixed with host rock, crushing, gravity separation and magnetic separation.

Application of Full Factorial Experimental Design and . - MDPI

Jan 19, 2016 . Keywords: Knelson concentrator; chromite ores; gravity processing; . chromium. . other using a gravity concentration technique is possible.

Mineral processing | metallurgy | Britannica

A successful separation of a valuable mineral from its ore can be determined by . fraction of a ground ore is suspended in a liquid of high specific gravity.

Beneficiation of Elazı˘g-Kefda˘g Chromite by Multi Gravity Separator

determined for the concentration of chromite ores are as follows; a washwater flowrate of 3 l/min, shake amplitude of 15mm, shake . Key Words: Multi-Gravity Separator, chromite .. cle of Tailing of the Chromium Dressing Plant of. Bulqiza".

ultra fine chromite concentration using spiral . - EprintsNML

Chromite ore is the main source of chromium metal, chemical and refractory. . chromite are treated in gravity concentration at different stages of upgradation.

Chromite ore | CrFeO4 - PubChem

Chemical Names: Chromite ore; Chrome ore; Chromite (mineral); Iron chromate(II); ... of coarse material and gravity separation of fine material may be required.

Processing of Ferruginous Chromite Ore by Dry High-Intensity .

Mar 23, 2016 . KEYWORDS: Chromite ore, Cr:Fe ratio, magnetic separation, ore mineralogy . In chrome ore beneficiation, specific gravity and size-based.

Chromite Beneficiation Process - 911 Metallurgist

Mar 19, 2017 . Experience indicates that chrome ores are concentrated to best advantage by gravity methods. Since recoveries are generally very poor in the.

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