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kontakt@oswbz.org +48 515 382 917
Cheaper cooling at your fingertips – SCA
Monday May 13th, 2019

SCA is an integrated system designed for installation on chilled water aggregates.
It uses the natural process of water evaporation to change the average temperature of the air cooling the air conditioning equipment. Thanks to the efficient adiabatic cooling modules, the industrial cooling system can still work in the highest efficiency range, even on the hottest days.
SCA creates a cool microclimate around the industrial cooling system. Adiabatic air cooling before it enters the system is the fastest way to reduce energy consumption. Ensuring a constant supply of cold air to the condenser not only increases the efficiency, but also helps to extend the life of the equipment and reduce operating costs.
The natural pre-cooling provided by SCA is by far the simplest and most effective way to quickly reduce their impact and achieve significant savings.

The innovative design and the idea of SCA’s work is aimed at eliminating scale deposits on the exchanger fines. Water is sprayed onto the nets in the spray modules, not onto the exchanger. Water jets spray in the opposite direction to the air flow, and the evaporating water is on the nets. Thanks to the use of proven electromagnetic technology, the SCA water descaling system eliminates the risk of calcium deposits. The combination of magnetic interactions and kinetic energy induces the crystallization of calcium and carbon ions in the aqueous suspension. The formed microcrystals have a non-adhesive structure. Once crystallized, they do not settle on other surfaces.

What makes SCA stand out the most is SCA Web and design.

The attachment of light spray modules to the devices takes place using neodymium magnets with a very high attraction force. There is no disruption and breakage of the corrosion protection of structural elements.
In contrast, SCA WEB is access to the cloud providing a constant view of the operating parameters and achieved energy gains. The user receives weekly reports on energy saving, utilities consumption and working temperature.

It is worth noting that the trade offer is unparalleled on the market.

The principle of cooperation is based on the rent, which depends only on the achieved energy gains (confirmed by a certificate by the Warsaw University of Technology) measured by SCA Web – equal distribution of profits 50% / 50%.
Therefore, Users do not incur costs for the system. They only share energy profits from SCA Systems.

Given the current complexity of the electricity price market, reducing electricity consumption through SCA can bring tangible financial benefits with no investment outlays at the same time.
Grafika otwierajaca


Costa Vida
(801) 582-7873
M-Th 11 am- 9 pm, F/Sa 11 am -10 pm, Su 12-8 pm

Being true to the cuisine of coastal Mexico, Costa Vida food is made fresh in each restaurant's kitchen. Each tortilla is hand crafted daily and served hot, ensuring that no customer will ever have to eat a factory-made tortilla pulled from a bag. The sweet pork and shredded beef are perfectly seasoned and slow-cooked for several hours to create the signature intense aroma and flavors of Costa Vida. Led by our Certified Executive Chef, Costa Vida uses only the highest-quality, all-natural ingredients to create flavorful, award-winning meals that leave guests energized, inspired, and looking forward to their next visit.


My Spice Drawer

South African Vegetable Apricot Curry

This is our take on "Bunny Chow", a popular South African take-out food that is served in a hollowed out loaf of bread.
 3 tbsp olive oil
 2 medium onions, thinly sliced
 2 tbsp ginger, minced
 8 cloves garlic, minced
 3 tsp Durban Curry (or more for hotter)
 2 tsp turmeric
 1 green (or tart/sweet) apple, peeled, cored and chopped
 1/2 - 3/4 cup dried apricots, chopped and rehydrated (3 hours)
 1 sweet red pepper, chopped
 3/4 lb green beans, trimmed
 1/2 lb carrots, peeled and sliced
 1 1/2 lb cauliflower, in small florets
 1 medium yam, peeled in 1/2 inch cubes
 3 cups red cabbage, shredded
 1 1/2 cups veggie stock or water + bouillon cube
 salt to taste

Sauté the onions in the oil until translucent, then add ginger, garlic, apple, red pepper, Durban Curry and turmeric. Stirring regularly, add a 1/4 cup of the stock, followed by the carrots and yam. As the vegetables start to soften over the next ten minutes or so, add enough stock to keep things slightly liquid and then add the apricots, the cauliflower, beans and cabbage. Add more stock as the apple and onions cook down and thicken the sauce.
Add salt and more Durban Curry to taste. When the carrots, cauliflower etc. are soft, stir together, remove from heat and let rest to merge the flavours. There should be enough sauce to surround and coat the other ingredients.

If you want to serve Bunny Chow, cut the top off a round loaf of crusty, white bread, hollow it out and pour in the curry. Rip off pieces of the crust to scoop up the sauce or alternately, just serve with slices of crusty bread.

Makes enough for 6 to feast.


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Enforcement of ABC Laws and Commission Rules

Alcohol law enforcement officers are available to answer questions and provide information. Such agents/officers have rights to inspect establishments holding ABC permits: (1) they may inspect all parts of licensed premises, (2) they may take any enforcement action for illegal activities on the licensed premises, including but not limited to issuing criminal citations and administrative violations, and (3) they may examine the permittee's books and records.

Agencies who ensure compliance with ABC Laws:

The responsibility for complying with ABC’s laws and rules lies strictly with the permittee.


Spring 2017 Workshops

January 23

4:20 p.m.

Matthew Jennejohn (BYU)

The Architecture of Contract Innovation

The game theoretic models of contract economics assume that agreements are fully customized, while, on the other hand, recent legal research highlights the role standardized terms play in contract design. Those lines of research overlook an important class of contracts that transcends those extremes. Many contracts, such as the merger agreements studied here, are complex combinations of customized and standardized terms, and thereby achieve economies of both scale and scope. Such contracts are “mass customized,” to borrow a term from engineering research.

This Article introduces a theoretical framework and methodological toolkit for studying such complex agreements. With respect to theory, it adds to recent scholarship that applies modularity theory to the design of complex agreements by introducing an alternative approach to harnessing contractual complexity—flexible specialization. Whereas modularity attempts to manage systemic complexity by isolating discrete subsystems from one another and ensuring their interoperability through a set of static interface rules, flexible specialization allows for tightly coupled connections between subsystems, and interoperability is achieved through a suite of explicit and tacit organizational routines that reduce the design team’s communication and learning costs, allowing them to quickly process adjustments across the interlocking sub-systems. If modularity “hides” information within subsystems and relies on accurate ex ante planning of the system’s structure to reduce the costs of change, then flexible specialization makes information radically transparent and uses robust feedback mechanisms to provide flexibility over time.

Using hand-collected data from samples of public company merger agreements and of the teams of deal lawyers that designed them, this Article presents the results of a preliminary empirical study testing whether the architecture of mass customized contracts reflects either modularity theory or the logic of flexible specialization. Methods developed in systems engineering, organizational theory, and network analysis are used to map the structural topology of the sampled agreements and deal teams. Results of the merger agreement analysis suggest that the contracts are more integrated, rather than modular systems. Similarly, analysis of the internal organization of the corporate law firms designing those agreements suggests thickly interwoven organizational structures, consistent with flexible specialization’s rich information-sharing routines. Thus, the picture of contract design that emerges is of agreements built upon a flexible architecture provided by a dynamic cluster of experts, more similar to the industrial districts of Emilia-Romagna in Italy than Ford Motor Company’s famous Highland Park assembly line.

Preliminary evidence that transaction designers mass customize agreements through flexible specialization raises important implications for doctrine, policy, and research. In regard to doctrine, this Article adds a missing dimension to recent attempts to articulate a non-unitary theory of American contract law. With respect to policy, evidence that flexible specialization underpins the infrastructure of the M&A market challenges deterministic accounts of the legal industry’s transformation, and illuminates the overlooked trade-offs presented by recent arguments to further standardize complex contracting. Finally, in regard to research, this Article provides a basis for much needed theoretical and empirical work on the interaction effects between governance mechanisms within an agreement.

February 6

4:20 p.m.

Oren Bar-Gill (Harvard Law) with Omri Ben-Shahar (U Chicago)

Optimal Defaults in Consumer Markets

The design of default provisions in consumer contracts involves an aspect that does not normally arise in other contexts. Unlike commercial parties, consumers have only limited information about the content of the default rule and how it fits with their preference. Inefficient default rules may not lead to opt outs when they deal with technical aspects consumers rarely experience and over which consumers’ preferences are defined only crudely. This paper develops a model in which consumers are uninformed about their preferences, but can acquire costly information and then choose a contract term that best matches their preferences. The paper explores the optimal design of default rules in such environments, and how it differs from the existing conceptions of efficient default rule design.

February 20

4:20 p.m.

Adam Badawi (Washington University in St. Louis)

Debt Contract Terms and Creditor Control

The law and finance literature characterizes debt covenants as a means to manage agency conflicts between creditors and shareholders. While both banks and bond holders make use of these covenants, they do so in quite different ways. Banks typically monitor their debtors closely and rely on financial maintenance covenants to protect their interests. When these covenants get triggered, banks can use the leverage of accelerating the loan to achieve their governance goals. This ability to monitor and renegotiate suggests that tailoring precise ex ante contract restrictions is not of paramount importance because a bank and a debtor can negotiate around those restrictions based on ex post contract conditions. Bond holders, in contrast, generally do not monitor and renegotiate with their debtors because these bond holders tend to be large groups of passive investors who face substantial collective action problems. As a consequence, ex ante restrictive terms in the contract are likely to be the primary means through which bondholders can address potential conflicts with shareholders. These differences in contracting technologies suggest that the restrictions in bond contracts are more likely to be responsive to changes in background legal rules. This paper tests this theory by treating two Delaware decisions that limited the default duties that the directors of Delaware corporations owe to their creditors as a shock to the contracting conditions for Delaware firms. Difference-in-difference and triple difference tests suggest that restrictive terms in bond contracts for Delaware firms increased in reaction to this change, while there was not a detectable shift in the strictness of loan agreements.

March 6

4:20 p.m.

Giuseppe Dari-Mattiacci (University of Amsterdam)

A Theory of Corporate Personhood: Commitment of Capital, Liquidity, and the Separation between Ownership and Control

I develop a theory of corporate personhood starting from a fundamental question: Who should own firm assets, the collection of investors or a distinct legal entity, which is in turn owned by the investors? In a partnership, individual investors own firm assets as they have the right to unilaterally withdraw their capital at will. If, instead, firm assets are owned by a distinct legal entity (the corporation), investors implicitly waive this right, locking capital in the firm. Capital lock in facilitates long-term investments and enhances the liquidity of the secondary market for shares. Hence, liquidity-strapped investors can sell their shares and the firm survives individual liquidity shocks. Dispersed ownership, however, comes at the cost of a more entrenched management and inefficient continuation decisions. While partnerships are at times inefficiently liquidated due to their vulnerability to liquidity shocks, corporation live inefficiently long. The amount of own capital needed to start a business is lower and share value at issuance is higher in a corporation if the number of investors is large, while the partnership might be preferred with few investors. The analysis sheds light on the choice between different business organizations, practices and rules that foster dispersed ownership, insider trading, and the separation between ownership and control in large corporations.

March 27

4:20 p.m.

Kenneth Ayotte (Berkeley)

Disagreement and Capital Structure Complexity

In the post-financial crisis period, many corporate bankruptcies involve complicated, fragmented capital structures characterized by many layers of debt and complex legal entity structures with many subsidiaries. Why do capital structures evolve this way, given that they make distress more costly to resolve? I suggest an answer based on the notion that investors may disagree about the value of assets that back loans. When such disagreement exists, firms have the incentive to exploit it by issuing claims that are targeted to subsets of the assets that investors are more optimistic about. This can create zero-sum disputes about entitlements to the firmi's value when distress occurs. These disagreements minimize the borrower's cost of funds ex-ante by maximizing perceived recoveries, but they can be inefficient ex-post, because resolving disputes is socially costly. I show that disagreement about collateral values can cause inefficient liquidations. I also find that allocating securities in bankruptcy rather than selling firms for cash allows parties to continue "agreeing to disagree" about entitlements, which can avoid costly litigation over valuation.

April 10

4:20 p.m.

George Triantis (Stanford)

The Design of Staged Contracting (with Albert Choi)

April 24

4:20 p.m.

Lin Peng (Baruch)

CEO Incentives: Measurement, Determinants, and Impact on Performance (with Ailsa Röell)

This paper examines different measures of CEO incentives: pay-performance elasticity (PPE), pay-performance semi-elasticity (PPSE), and the traditional pay-performance sensitivity (PPS).
We clarify the theoretical settings under which each measure best captures incentives and provide insight into the determinants of the optimal level of incentives. Consistent with model predictions, our empirical analysis finds that larger, more R&D intensive, and low idiosyncratic risk firms have higher PPE and PPSE. The results on size and risk are intuitively plausible and help resolve puzzling prior empirical findings that were obtained using PPS. Concerning the impact of incentives, we find that performance, as measured by ROA and Tobin’s Q, is first increasing and eventually decreasing in PPE and PPSE, while results using PPS are mixed. Furthermore, a shortfall in PPE or PPSE relative to the predicted level appears detrimental to firm performance, suggesting that the average CEO compensation contract is at or below the optimal level of incentives. Overall, the results obtained with the PPE and PPSE measures accord better with economic intuition than those obtained using PPS.


Poo, the Dog’s Watching Us

dog in park

As dog lovers and dog guardians, we have all experienced our dogs watching us intently as they poop.

There are many theories as to why our dogs do this. They are not simply trying to enjoy the moment with you or looking at you out of embarrassment wishing you wouldn’t watch in what we believe should be a very private moment. Nor are they looking at you as if you are their slave, knowing that you will have to pick it up and dispose of it.

Dogs are instinctual and visual animals that are very tuned in to their environment

They must be aware of their surroundings and any dangers to ensure their survival. Dogs are at their most vulnerable while defecating because they are not in a position to engage in fight or flight responses to danger. They are very aware of their vulnerability and therefore look to the pack and watch their body language for any signs or signals of approaching danger.

Another reason your dog may gaze at you while taking care of his business is that you may have trained him to go in a specific place by rewarding him for doing so. Therefore in this case it may simply be looking for its reward for doing the right thing as you have taught it.


Hi, How Can We Help You?

How does Obamacare affect my company? The answer to the Employment Law Question for July 2012

The answer to this question will largely depend on the size of your business.

Medium-to-Large Businesses
Small Businesses

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, commonly referred to as Obamacare, goes into full effect in 2014; however, employers are already struggling to comply with its many mandates, some of which are already in effect.

Starting in 2014, every individual with annual income over $9,500 for whom health insurance is considered affordable based on family income must be insured or face a penalty. Individuals can turn to government-run “insurance exchanges” for coverage, and low-income employees may receive tax credit subsidies if their employers provide no health insurance, or unaffordable/insufficient health insurance. (“Unaffordable” health insurance requires an employee to pay premiums or co-pays of more than 9.5% of wages, and insufficient benefits fail to cover at least 60% of costs). The Government will finance these subsidies, however, by penalties assessed against the individuals’ employers if they have 50 or more full-time employees (or part-time equivalents).

Medium-to-Large Businesses. Under Obamacare, many medium-to-large businesses will need to adjust health insurance or staffing to comply with the law’s requirements. Obamacare requires businesses with 50 or more employees to offer affordable and sufficient health care coverage to each full-time employee or pay a penalty. This penalty is assessed if even one full-time employee receives a subsidy. The penalty varies depending on whether the employer offers no health insurance, or unaffordable/insufficient insurance. If it provides no health insurance, the penalty equals the total number of full-time employees, minus 30, times $2,000. If it provides unaffordable or inadequate insurance, the penalty is the lesser of either (i) the total number of full-time employees, minus 30, times $2,000; or (ii) the number of subsidized employees times $3,000.

For example, if a 50-person employer provides no health insurance and only two full-time employees receive government subsidies, then that employer would be charged $40,000 in penalties. If it provides unaffordable or insufficient insurance, it would only pay $6,000 in penalties (2 x $3,000 = $6,000, which is less than 20 x $2,000 = $40,000).

Despite these penalties, however, the likely increases in health care costs under Obamacare may make it cheaper for medium-to-large companies to stop providing health care coverage to employees. Obamacare will increase health insurance costs because it will add millions of people to Medicaid (including households below 133% of the Federal Poverty Level), which will likely cause hospitals and doctors to increase costs for private insurers. Additionally, Obamacare imposes expensive new mandates on employer benefits, including:

1. requiring that employee dependents remain covered until age 26;

2. eliminating caps of annual and lifetime reimbursement limits; and

3. imposing new burdens on employers when it comes to reporting costs, including that employer-sponsored insurance report costs on employees’ W-2 Forms beginning in the 2012 tax year.

For many medium-to-large employers, the best course of action will be to adjust wages and staffing. Many employers hovering at the 50-employee threshold can lower their workforce size to below 50 employees by replacing full-time positions with part-time employees. (Obamacare does not penalize employers for uninsured employees working less than 30 hours per week.) Employers can also use independent contractors to stay under the 50-employee threshold. Alternatively, employers can increase salaries or provide alternative benefits to prevent employees from receiving a government subsidy, rather than provide insurance, or reduce wages to recoup any penalties paid. The National Federation of Independent Business provides a useful resource in analyzing the impact of the law.

Small Businesses. Employers with fewer than 50 full-time employees or their equivalent are exempt from penalties, and thus have less incentive to provide health insurance to employees in 2014 and after. To counter this dynamic, the law provides that businesses with 25 employees or less that do provide insurance can qualify for a tax credit if their employees’ average wages are below $50,000. Currently this tax credit is 35 percent (set to increase to 50 percent in 2014). In addition, small businesses with up to 100 employees will have access to government-based Small Business Health Options Program (SHOP) Exchanges to expand their purchasing power with insurance companies. Nevertheless, many small businesses will likely find it cheaper and easier to leave employees on their own to buy insurance through the government-run exchanges.

Increased Medicare Withholding. After December 31, 2012, employers will also be required to withhold additional Medicare tax from the wages of high-earning employees. The Medicare tax is set to increase from 1.45 percent to 2.35 percent for an employee who receives wages of more than $200,000. Businesses are only required to withhold this additional tax if the employee receives over $200,000 from that employer. (Businesses need not consider a spouse’s earnings or earnings from a second job.) This additional tax also applies to wages over $250,000 for joint filers, and wages over $125,000 for separate filers who are married.

To ease the impact of these changes, employers should seek legal guidance and discuss with a qualified employment lawyer the effect of Obamacare’s provisions on their businesses.

This is intended for educational purposes only, and is not intended to provide legal advice nor is it intended to create an attorney client relationship with the recipient of this email.

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The protocols and practices of dating, and the terms used to describe it, vary considerably from country to country. The most common sense is two people trying out a relationship and exploring whether they're compatible by going out together in public as a couple, and who may or may not yet be having sexual relations, and this period of courtship is sometimes seen as a precursor to engagement or marriage.