Friday, May 11, 2018

Helpful Tips for Working Parents

If you are reading this, it is likely that you have multiple to-do lists, paperwork stacked up to the ceiling sat on your desk, and a house full of hungry mouths to feed. Being a parent is a rewarding experience, but there are always tough days, and juggling raising children with your career can seem near impossible at times. If you are feeling overwhelmed at having to juggle a jam-packed schedule while trying to look after your kids to the best of your ability, here are a few helpful tips for working parents which you might find useful to help you through.

Share the workload

Juggling a thousand items on your to-do list might seem impossible when you’re doing it alone, but the more people who you have supporting you to share the burden, the easier it will become. Simply sharing the responsibilities equally between yourself and a partner can make life a little easier, but don’t be afraid to enlist the support of everyone you can in the home to help you get everything done. Depending on their ages, there are lots of chores which children can get involved in.

Many parents take the mindset that jobs will get done quicker if they do it themselves, but don’t forget that by getting your kids involved, you are also keeping them busy, meaning that you don’t have to divide your attention as much between them and all of the other things you are trying to get done. Young children can help out by tidying all of their toys into a box, and as kids get older, they can start doing more, such as stripping their own beds, putting their own clothes away and even helping out with the dusting. Simple incentives can turn what seems like a chore into a worthwhile activity for children, so consider creating some sort of reward chart to capture their interests.

Get organized

While having kids can mean that the house is often in a state of disarray, try and create stations or ‘zones’ around the home for certain objects, in order to keep the house a little more organized. This will create more efficiency when you are trying to find things on the go, and will also make it easier to keep the house tidy. For instance, if you have a set room, or area within a room, where children can play, then all of their toys will be kept in that zone. This will make it easier to tidy each zone around the home, as nothing will stray too far from its original place. A great method for organizing children’s items is to give each child a labeled or color-coded box or storage area, where they can keep all of the toys which belong to them. This not only reduces arguments or bickering when it comes to determining who owns what but will also mean that when it comes to tidying away, they each know where they are supposed to put their possessions.

It is worthwhile having your own box, or at least an easily accessible station, where you can keep all of the items which you frequently need, or which you need to have easily accessible when you are on the go. Keeping this storage facility near the door means that your wallet, briefcase, keys, and everything else which usually gets misplaced within the depths of the house, will then be easy to find when you are in a rush.

Create lists

It may seem like a simple concept, but keeping a regularly updated to-do list will really help you keep on track with all of the tasks which you need to get completed. When you have a really busy schedule, it is easy to forget to do the important tasks, no matter how many times you’ve reminded yourself throughout the day. It doesn’t take much to keep a note of all the tasks which you’ve got to do, and in the long run, you’ll be saving yourself time, as you won’t have to keep backtracking and trying to finish errands which you had forgotten about. Make sure to keep all of your notes in one book though, as a lot of people have a tendency to write notes on lots of separate bits of paper, which are easily misplaced.

Make sure to prioritize all of your jobs, using a number system or similar organizational code to sort them into the order of importance, so you know which task needs to be completed first. It can be incredibly useful to get the whole family to keep a record of all of their important events or commitments as well. A family planner or some sort of noticeboard can be a great tool for allowing everyone to add their upcoming events into, so that everyone knows what is happing on a set day, decreasing the chance of someone overbooking.

Practice multitasking

Not everyone is a great multitasker, but thinking of ways increase your efficacy when you have an endless workload could be the difference between a good night’s sleep and a restless one. Multitasking doesn’t mean you have to magically grow extra arms and complete the washing up while simultaneously checking your children’s homework. At its core, the art of multitasking simply means finding ways to get the most out of your activities.

For example, while you are in the bathroom waiting for the bath to run, you could spend a few minutes wiping down the sides in the bathroom or cleaning around the sink. If you have to get a train to work, then make yourself a breakfast which can be eaten on the go, saving yourself time in the morning before you leave the house. Altogether, adopting these simple tasks could save you a lot of time throughout the day, meaning you can take those extra ten minutes to relax in the evening after everything has been taken care of. If you really aren’t a multitasker, then try to make sure you go through all of your tasks in as time conserving an order as possible. For instance, rather than skipping from one area of the house to another when you’re tidying up, make your way around in order.

Find ways to save time

You may feel like you are doing everything as efficiently as you can, but sometimes it is easy to overlook areas where you might be able to save time. Consider spending a week or so keeping a note of your daily schedule, and recording accurate timings for your day. Include everything from how long it takes you get ready for work in the morning, to how long you spend doing the housework, and how much time is left over for yourself at the end of the day before you go to sleep. This makes a great starting point for figuring out ways to improve upon your current schedule and will pinpoint specific areas you may wish to work on: you might just be surprised at how much time you spend doing certain tasks.

For example, you might discover that while doing the food shopping only takes forty minutes, getting the kids in the car and completing the drive to the store and back again could take an additional forty minutes out of your day. Therefore, in this situation, you could benefit from changing how you shop, such as by changing to a different store or shopping online. While you might think this may limit your shopping freedom, there are a lot of different shopping sites online to choose from. You can even get your medication delivered to you through the Canada mail order pharmacy, making it easier to stock your medicine cabinet. Plus, utilizing price comparison sites means that you can find the cheapest places to buy your groceries, allowing you to save money on your shops as you go.

Don’t put off tasks

It is easy as a parent to respond to most requests with “In a minute” or “I’ll do it later,” because when there is no time in the day, sometimes you need to push things back in order to finish the task you are currently focusing on. However, the longer you put tasks off, the easier it becomes to forget and to then be in a rush to get them done when you remember them later on. If you are faced with a task which, while inconvenient, will only take a few moments to complete, then more often than not, it is easier to just get it done straight away. A good example of this would be having to fill in some paperwork, or sign a permission slip for your child’s school trip. Get these tasks done straight away, and they won’t become a problem later on.

It is also useful to make sure you store items away correctly as soon as they have been completed so that they don’t get lost in the abyss of the house. Paperwork especially can be extremely easy to misplace, so create an easy to navigate filing system for yourself, and place everything away as soon as you can in order to avoid later distress.

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Types of Latin Dances

Benna Crawford
Tango pose

Latin dances hail from several different countries in South and Central America and the Caribbean, and most have influences that range far beyond this region. Some dances are easier to learn than others, but all Latin dances have a flair that hooks both spectators and dancers.

Popular Latin Dance Styles

Sample the Latin dances most often learned and performed. Whether watching a dance show on television or attending a social dance workshop, you're bound to run into some of these Latin styles.

The Bachata is a dance from the Dominican Republic, named after Bachata guitar music. Dancers move side to side in a four-beat pattern: three steps to the side followed by a pause, which forms the essence of the Bachata as dancers incorporate pronounced hip movements. Overall, the dance is much more about moving the body with style than about the simple back and forth steps. Because this dance is about polished style in addition to simple steps, intermediate to advanced dancers will have the most success making the Bachata look good.

Cha Cha Cha

The Cha Cha Cha, also called the Cha Cha, is a Cuban-born dance, similar to the Mambo in style. However, after the basic movement of stepping forward or backward and shifting weight between feet, the Cha Cha Cha adds a quick set of three steps. This gives the dance its name since many dancers count out these steps as "cha cha cha."

The Mambo also originated in Cuba. Its signature move is a three-beat step moving forward and then backward while shifting weight from one foot to the other. One member of a dancing pair performs the backward motion while the other moves forward.

What really gives the Mambo its style, though, is the hip-swaying action the weight shift creates. Although the Mambo is a couple's dance, the basic step has appeared in everything from line dancing to aerobics videos, where individual dancers perform the three-beat step either alone or as part of a group.

Merengue is a Dominican dance; it's the official dance of the Dominican Republic. It is generally considered easy to learn, making it a great choice for those looking to ease their way in to Latin dancing.

The following basic movement goes to the front, back, and side when a couple dances the Merengue together: step onto the inside edge of the foot, roll the foot to transfer weight, then drag the other foot to meet the first foot. Learn the basic technique from an instructor or observe other dancers doing it, such as in this instructional Merengue video, where the basic step is demonstrated to the side.

Paso Doble

Paso Doble means "double step" in Spanish, and a version of the Paso Doble originated in Spain. The French turned the moves into a couples dance, which the Spanish embraced. French-invented corrida choreography is complex, challenging, and awe-inspiring. The dance is the dance of conquest between the matador and the enticing cape, as well as the provoked bull. The man is the matador in a bullfight, the woman functions as both his cape and his adversary/prey. It is tense and intense; you dance Paso Doble with ferocity and passion. The moves borrow from Flamenco and are performed in 2/4 time. The costumes, the exaggerated style, and the fierceness of the dancers is highly theatrical. Expect them to clear the dance floor for you; so get your act together to deliver a performance. Paso Doble is always an emotional experience.

The Rumba has its roots in the Cuban son. The Rumba consists of two quick steps and then a third slower step that takes two beats to execute. Dancers use a box-like pattern to guide their movements.

Though dancers originally danced the Rumba with quick steps, ballroom Rumba dancing (Latin dancing most often seen in competitions) has emphasized slow, romantic steps with a focus on hip movements.

The Salsa originated in the Caribbean, although it also has a strong African influence. Couples typically perform this dance together, and it centers on a four-beat combination of two quick steps and a slow step with a pause or tap.

Partners then add turns and other flourishes to the basic footwork in order to create a fun dancing experience, as well as an impressive performance.

Samba is Brazilian in origin and danced to music of the same name. Many different forms of Samba dancing developed in Brazil, some for couples, and others for individuals -- solo dancing.

Different musical styles are paired with different Samba dances. The speed of the dance varies according to the music. Samba is one of the most well known Latin dances, especially for its role in Carnival events, where individual dancers perform.

The Tango is a dance of seduction, born in the Buenos Aires dockside brothels on the cusp of the 20th century. Yes, done well it can take your breath away. And yes, it will take you some serious practice to get that good. From its earliest provocative dance floor couplings to the embrace of the racy choreography -- subdued but not sanitized -- by upper class Argentine society, the Tango proved irresistible. The dance mirrored its times. Through waves of immigrants, military coups, decades of relative prosperity, and eras of social upheaval, the Tango expressed grief, passion, nationalistic pride, pessimism, and celebration. But it always relied on the stylized sensual moves, staccato foot steps, flexed knees, and the highly focused connection between partners that still typifies Tango today.

Conga, Macarena - Get in Line

Group dancing or line dancing is popular at parties, along parade routes and at informal gatherings where people get together just to have a casual good time. These Latin line dances are fun, easy, 100 percent social, and approachable for even the excessively left-footed or habitual toe-stompers.

Your kid brother can do the Macarena -- the one who's still rocking his half-days in preschool. Relax your knees, shake your hips and get the kid to teach you the funky hand and arm gestures and you're good. The 1995 song is just a beat, so very danceable, although, two decades beyond its heyday, a little past its prime.

Remember Gloria Estefan: C'mon, baby, shake your body. Do the Conga? Hard to sit that one out. Did the Conga enter the Americas from Africa through the port of Colon on the Atlantic coast of Panama? Or did it emerge from the carnival comparsas, the dancers in street festivals in Santiago de Cuba or San Pedro Town, Belize? No matter. Just put your hands on the waist of the one in front of you, shuffle step 1 - 2 - 3 and kick out just ahead of 4. It's a rhythmic hoot and anyone can do it. Anyone. Really.

Exploring Latin Dancing

While many dancers only do Salsa or Samba, or restrict themselves to one or two Latin dance styles, there is no reason to limit yourself to just a few genres of Latin dance. The International DanceSport Federation, hosts international dance competitions that are exhilarating to watch -- and if you get good enough at your favorite shake, shimmy, and seduce choreography, you might want to compete. Latin dance is addictive. You may find that, as soon as you master a style of Latin dancing, you can't stop at just one. So, put on your dancing shoes and discover some of the other tempting rhythms that the Latin dance world has to offer.

Types of Latin Dances


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Investigation: Are results of cancer studies reliable?

Genetic Literacy Project |
Why are so many studies not reproducible? The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology, an open-source replication project, aims to examine this ...


The Cryptic Slender-tailed Nightjar at the Rocky Cliffs of Lake Baringo!

Nightjars are largely nocturnal family. They look like owls, with large heads and eyes and a cryptic plumage. The family name caprimulgidae was given to them after some superstitious belief that because of their wide mouths, the birds suckled goats.

Photo@Joe Aengwo

In Kenya we have 13 different species of Nightjars, wide spread in different habitats across the country. The photo appearing above was taken at a rocky countryside of Lake Baringo. Most species are nocturnal or active at dusk, and are solitary and retiring . They concentrate their foraging bouts during twilight hours.

Photo@ Joe Aengwo

By day, they roots on exposed grounds or rocks, in leaf litter, or on branches. When roosting , they adopt a horizontal posture, in contrast to owls.

Photo@Joe Aengwo

Nightjars have very large eyes, adopted to low light condition. They eye have a tapetum, a reflective membrane that increases the amount of light entering the eyeball. Its presence causes reflective “eye-shine” when the eye are illuminated by artificial light.

Photo@Joe Aengwo

The Reticent Cinnamon Braken Warbler !

This warbler prefers undergrowth vegetation of montane habitat and mostly noticed by its loud call. Though easily heard than seen, but on a good day, you might even sneak a photo, although patience is advised for better photographic results.

Photo@ Agnes Coenen

The above photo was taken by my client from Belgium who had impressive passion for Psittaciformes family. She purposely travel to kenya to see four species of parrot ; Red-fronted (jardine’s ), Meyer’s , Orange-bellied and Brown-headed Parrot. She had similar intention for Tanzania, Uganda and Ethiopia.


Plan your trip from Podgorica to Split

Don't know which sights to choose?

sights you can visit along the way

Perched high above the Bjelopavlići plains, the monastery’s unique setting is matched only by its breathtaking views of the surrounding countryside.
Evidence of Bosnia and Herzegovina's history, dating back to ancient times, can be viewed at the large ancient cemetery with tomb monuments of Radimlja.
A village meaning 'between the hills', Medjugorje is known as a sacred and spiritual destination of religious tourism.
The stunning Kravice Falls are made up of over a dozen springs, spanning over 120m. This revered natural attraction is a popular swimming and picnicking destination and has been declared a natural phenomenon.
The ancient city of Salona was once the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia. The beautiful historic ruins are vastly undisturbed, allowing visitors to revel in peace.
You're booking a one way private car trip from Podgorica to Split with a local driver. Make it unforgettable with our
This trip takes 5 hours and 9 minutes and costs €249 in total for 2 passengers.


When Are You Done?

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A question you’d never ask

to a rising or setting sun;

Star, oh star, tell me-

When are you done?

Today, I woke up, took a deep breath, and was able to enjoy a sense of relief that has been a stranger to me for the last 28 days. Four weeks ago marked the beginning of my comprehensive exam, which is the point that has the power to transition you from a student to a candidate in the quest for a PhD. Embracing the reality that the power is ultimately within me, and not within the exam itself, has led me to take on this challenge as I take on everything else— with strength in my gut, and a smile on my face.

A major factor I had to consider in my decision to pursue such a degree online was sacrificing being surrounded by a community of fellow learners, all going through the same stressful crap, at the same stressful time. One of my favorite parts about the program that I selected is that it requires you to attend 3 on ground residencies, in varying cities, in order to interact with the faculty and your peers as you build your dissertation research plan.. or DRP for short. At these residencies, I was able to connect with fellow learners and form a bond outside of our digital discussion boards. The beauty of maintaining such connections is the ability to keep your community of fellow learners in your pocket, as you go back home and continue the journey of PhD-dum.

Another learner I have grown quite close to; a fellow lady boss who has embodied the spirit of “I can do anything I set my heart and mind to”, completed her comprehensive exam a quarter before mine began. Naturally, she was the first person I went to for advice. What she told me was quite simple… don’t procrastinate! Now, completing a degree online means you’ve got to dedicate your time wisely, however, I call myself “Last Minute Lauren,” and often find myself experiencing the phenomenon of— due today… do today!

This was not the case for comps, though. Instead, I found myself experiencing the feeling of— due in four weeks… freak out every day about it until it is done! But giving into the negative side of a stressful situation doesn’t get you very far. In fact, it blinds you from the very tools that you need to keep moving forward. So, once I was able to convince myself that “I’ve got this”, and truly believe it, I was able to start writing with a fierceness ready to take the scientific world by storm.

So what exactly were my comps like?

A student can’t sit for comps until they have received a passing grade on their DRP, which has been developed throughout those 3 on ground residencies. The DRP is a detailed outline, rooted in psychological theory, advanced statistical methodology, and over 75+ scientific, peer reviewed articles that explains what exactly you plan on conducting a dissertation on.

When I say the word “dissertation”, people cringe. It’s a word that is associated with being long, difficult, boring, and most often related to Ross from Friends. But when I think about dissertation, I think about the love of a particular subject that it represents. If you’re willing to dedicate so much of your time and mental energy to learning so much about one thing, this must be what you were born to do.

On my very first day of grad school, my professor referred to us, those pursuing our Master’s in Psychology, as agents of social change. Everything I learned throughout this program, I learned through this lens, where I focused on how the tool of social media can be used in a positive way. On the first day of class at my online university, I was taughtthat a PhD is not something you get, but rather something that you become. It does not just mean being a learner to the highest degree, but instead, a creator of new knowledge. To me, my dissertation is the culmination of these two definitions, putting forth such effort and ideas into the world that are rooted in the promise of promoting positivity.

While there are hundreds of topics worthy of dissertation research, my particular interest falls within the category of Applied Psychology. Any time I tell someone I study psychology they say… “oh, so you’re analyzing me right now.” Psychology is so often associated with therapy that those outside of this psych world don’t know much about the other facets that exist. Put simply, there are two paths that you can take in studying psychology. If your goal is to become a therapist, your degree include clinical hours and supervised internships, training you to help others sort through their web of thoughts. Or, you can take the other path— a path that I never, ever ever ever thought that I would love as much as I do… the path of research.

As an undergrad, research classes were the most boring lectures I’ve ever had to endure. Statistics. Factors. Variables. Boring. Boring. Boring. The classes on the abnormal mind, on personality, on interactions, THOSE are the ones that really got me going. I learned and I learned and I learned some more, but when it came time to digest, that’s when I realized— hey, wait a second, none of these other classes would exist if it weren’t for research.

Researchers are the ones who dig deep, and ask the questions, based upon questions of theories that those before them have pondered. The next fork in the road comes when selecting what type of research you’d like to conduct. One road is numerical in nature, quantifying constructs into statistical puzzles. The other road, qualitative research, analyzes data in a descriptive way, painting a meaningful picture of a complex situation through methods such as interviews or case studies. I chose to trek along the numerical road of quantitative research, for math has always been a subject that my hyper-analytical mind has found soothing. In my comps, I wrote that “numbers are meaningless unless we can find the patters that lie beneath them”, and that’s something that a nerd like myself finds fascinating.

I always quote my favorite professor in defining science as a way to solve a problem. With the endless problems that exist in the world, science is pretty damn important. My dissertation will begin with the explanation of a problem. But, in science, you can’t just say that something is a problem… you’ve got to back it up. You back it up with the research that’s been created and peer reviewed by other researchers, that is based upon the research that someone else has researched. There a scientific world of interconnected truths that exists outside the realm of what we’re being fed by the media, but, I digress.

I have not digressed too far, though, because the problem that I am explaining in my dissertation is that of a distracted, digitally connected society. It has been said that because of the integration of digital technology into our everyday lives, we are becoming too distracted to consider our own thoughts. That is a terrifying reality. Living life in a thoughtless way makes us so easily controllable, but is something that I think can be remedied if we all choose to practice a little something called mindfulness. Being mindful is a concept that’s based upon Eastern thought, and represents the act of being present. If we are mindful, and choose to use digital technology in a mindful way, we are regaining our power over our own minds.

A dissertation must not be confused with a plan of action to save the world. Such a mindset in tackling such a lengthy endeavor will drive you crazy. While science is a way to solve a problem, the world is not black and white. Each study that is conducted are the building blocks used that when considered together, become a force towards positive change.

So, I’ll ask again, what exactly were my comps like?

I received 3 separate questions, requiring a response of up to 17 pages per question, with 20+ research articles referenced within each response. Each question will be graded by 3 separate professors, double blind, meaning they don’t know who submitted it, and I won’t know who graded it.

Question 1 asked me to explain the theory my study is based upon, and why this theory is best suited for my topic, by also explaining other theories that I won’t be using. Classic learning… examining what you DO know, by comparing it to what you DON’T know! My study is rooted in Carl Jung’s theory of personality. This is the theory where that four letter typology comes from— like, for example, I’m an ENFJ— meaning I prefer extraversion to introversion, intuition to sensing, feeling to thinking, and judging to perceiving. Without going into 17 more pages of detail, spark notes version is here to explain that I’m interesting in knowing if these aspects of personality are associated with how mindful an individual is.

Question 2 asks about the current literature in the field. The board that approves or denies the right to research (which is my next step in this journey.. *gulp*), will throw your study out so fast if it’s been done before. A study can only have scientific merit if it explains why and how it is filling a gap that exists within the particular field of interest. Such a gap keeps widening within the world of social media psychology, because media itself is changing daily. What I’m doing, that other researchers have not done before, is considering the relationship between one’s personality type and mindfulness, along with how integrated social media use has become within their life.

Finally, Question 3 was where I explained my research methods, starting with my reasoning behind choosing quantitative research over qualitative, in a more words than just, “Math is cool. 😎” Each concept I explain, from personality, to mindfulness, to social media use integration has to be defined through valid and reliable assessments that exist. Then, once I get all of this data, what am I going to do with it?! I’m going to statistically analyze the hell out of it, that’s what I’m gonna do.

What comes next?

In one week, I’ll find out if I pass my comps, or have to make any revisions before resubmitting. Then, I get assigned to a mentor, and have to explain my study to the big, bad, Institutional Review Board, that can make me or break me. After jumping through that hoop, the dissertation games begin! I will write more, and more, and more about the theory and literature my study is based upon. Until finally, it comes time to actually collect the data. After reaching my magic number of about 100 participants, I’ll crunch the numbers and see what statistics has to say about the relationship between personality, social media use integration, and mindfulness. Yada yada yada.. there’s my dissertation!

But when are you done?

Short answer, never. While graduation commences after the dissertation is complete, you are never really done with your PhD. Again, this degree is not something you get, it’s something you become. I am slowly but surely realizing what people mean when they talk about their life’s work. The topic of social media use integration was quantified by researchers that I have been fan girling over since 2012. As a PhD you keep building upon the knowledge that you create, expanding this web of information to inspire others in your field to run with it, adding their own twists and perspectives.

I can say, with a smile on my face that the knowledge I am seeking to create is in fact my life’s work. Because here I am, on my first day that I don’t have to be writing about my dissertation topic… writing about my dissertation topic.

So when you see the rising sun,

And say; oh star, when are you done?

It will simply continue rising;

Her duties only just begun.

Rising. Setting. That consistent sun.

Oh star. Oh star. But when are you done?

Life and learning are but a process;

And such a journey is quite fun.

Hot Mess Express

Some people say that social media has made us all narcissists. Others argue that we’ve been narcissists all along, and social media is just a mere tool that we use to flaunt our narcissism. In either argument, the point has been made that there is a link between social media and superficiality.

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Social media makes us want to highlight the best parts of ourselves. Why would we want to share our flaws and imperfections with the world? We post the photos that we look nice in, and the moments of our day that we are proud of. We’ll post our most delicious meals, because no one really wants to see the meal that you burned because you left it in the oven too long.

But, it is those meals that we’ve destroyed that make us human. It is the pimples that we cover with snapchat filters that give us something in common. No one is perfect. Everyone has flaws.

This morning, a friend of mine (& fellow blogger) tagged me in a post with the tag #gloriousmess, where she talked about the parts of herself that she has embraced as her glorious mess-ness. This is related to a global campaign of individuals sharing their flaws, promoting self love for every aspect of who they are. Campaigns like this one force us out of our comfort zone, bringing us face to face with the aspects of who we are that we would rather brush under the rug than scream from the rooftop.

With that being said, here are mine…

My mind is always filled with a million thoughts. I’ll talk so fast that I’ll stumble on my words, because my brain is moving a mile a minute… and that’s without coffee. I’ve got an overabundance of energy, and while that may sound wonderful, it can also cause me to come crashing down. I consciously have to manage where I exert my energy, which usually causes me to feel like I’m letting some aspect of my life falter. I am a Type-A perfectionist who is her own biggest critic. I can be wound so tight that I wear my shoulders up to my earlobes, and have to take zzzquil to get out of my head and off into dreamland (non-habit forming… yeah right). My addictive personality begs to differ.

Mindfulness and awareness are my tools in embracing what makes me a glorious mess. It’s one thing to acknowledge our flaws, but we must take one step further in becoming the best version of ourselves. For me, something that has helped me immensely has been practicing yoga once a week. It allows me to set aside time for myself to give my brain a break from the consistent flow of thoughts swimming though it. It’s teaching me new tools to carry around throughout the week to help clean up my messy mind… starting with the simple reminder to just breathe.

What makes you a glorious mess? Dig deep into your soul until you have reached a point of uncomfortable. Take those parts of yourself that you have tucked under your bed, and display them on your shelf. Embrace who you are— every damn aspect of you.

I’m Not Done Yet. From Finstas to Finding Yourself

“Protopia is a state of becoming, rather than a destination.” – Kevin Kelly, The Inevitable.

As I flip through my copy of “The Inevitable”, my mind wanders to the corners of its own protopia. Kevin Kelly describes it as a state that is better today than yesterday, although it may just be by a little bit. A Protopia is the realistic future we should be striving towards. It’s the unavoidable tomorrow that will arrive come sunrise…

As a working member of this technological society, I know first hand that we are morphing. We’re growing, expanding, and changing, every. damn. day.

You may be reading this and thinking, “duh.” We’re not static beings, but instead are multi-faceted humans with the capability to learn and morph with our environment… This is universally understood. However, how often do you stop and think about how our technological presence plays a part in all of this?

Maybe you’re one of those naysayers who believes that social media is the devil. Maybe you’re a child of the 00′s, who doesn’t know life without an online identity. Wherever you fall on this spectrum, we can all agree on one thing: the internet isn’t going anywhere. So, let’s come together & brainstorm ways to use these intertwined virtual networks to create a very real protopia.

Unless you live under a rock, it is likely that you are a member of at least one social network. Whether its Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram, or a blog platform like Tumblr- you have created a virtual portrayal of real life you. I had an interesting conversation with my 17 year old sister yesterday about this topic. She was talking about how important “aesthetic” has become, and the great lengths her peers will go through to completely scrap an old look to become something new. “Finstas” are being created, and for all y’all who aren’t in high school, these are fake instagram accounts used to post photos that you only want your close friends seeing. It’s not even a matter of these posts being nasty or offensive, these are typically just photos that don’t go with the users “real” insta aesthetic.

The question then becomes, what is real?

If you scroll all the way down to my very first Instagram post, I’m still the same ol’ Lauren I am today. Just younger, and strapped with an iPhone 4. The core of a social media identity is to represent who you are, but in a virtual world. This is sort of a crazy concept to wrap your head around, so it does not come as a surprise to me that we’re running rapid with finstas and gym posts, when we haven’t once lifted a weight IRL.

On or offline, there is a (not so) simple solution to this: self awareness.

How do you define yourself? How would you describe yourself to others?

When I was in 6th grade, I shopped at Hot Topic and listened to Good Charlotte. In 7th grade, I had a change of heart and style, and started shopping at PacSun. The middle school years are when you’re searching for your identity. Trying on different masks, seeing which one fits. If I had an Instagram back then, do you know how many punk rock princess posts I’d have to delete before setting foot in PacSun…

It is concerning to me that kids have to go through this process of finding and creating themselves with a smartphone permanently attached to their hip. Social media has become a window to the world, and rather than developing their own identities, we’re clinging to the identities of others. Everyone wants contoured skin, a million followers, and an A1 aesthetic… but are losing touch with their own reality in the process.

Don’t get me wrong, if anyone is a social media advocate – it’s me. But, I am not blind to its dangers, In fact, I’ve made it my life work to create an anecdote.

We’re always learning, whether we realize it or not. While scrolling though Instagram, you’re learning about the world. About what people ate for lunch. About protopias. Literally– anything and everything.

This classroom is an interesting one, though. With the exception of posts that are created with the intention of being educational, most users aren’t putting their content out there with the thought, “wow, someone is really going to learn something from this.” But we should. What if everyone on social media stopped and thought for a second, “what can people learn from this?” before hitting that – post – button? Unrealistic, I know. But this can be flipped. What if everyone on social media stopped and thought, “what can I learn from this?” as they are scrolling though online content. This type of open-mindedness and thirst for knowledge can lead to a more fully developed sense of self. Think about thinking. Don’t just get lost in the mindless clatter that social media can be.

Perhaps content we see or post isn’t meant to teach a lesson, but instead has the power to spark someone’s imagination. At the core of the platform that I’ve created, Out There Social, my goal is to inspire others to leave their comfort zone. This is the fuel that ignites the fire of everything I capture, ponder, write, and share. This is why I do what I do. This is why I love social media. Because I can reach the masses with messages that are so near and dear to my heart. I left my comfort zone in the dust years ago, and have been virtually screaming from the rooftops for everyone else to do the same.

We must realize the power we have as social media beings. Anything you post online, is seen by someone. It may not be a crowd of millions, but an audience is an audience. You have the conscious choice to decide how you will use this virtual stage. You have the free will to portray yourself to this audience anyway you choose. Your best bet, be yourself. Easier said than done, when most of us have a hard time grasping who we are.

Think of yourself as an online source of inspiration. Use your voice to challenge others to think for themselves. Allow people to walk in your shoes, but give them the freedom to tie their own laces. Close your eyes an imagine your own protopia. Then, get out there and make it happen.

I am here to debunk several patterns of close-minded thinking. What comes to mind when most people think social media: selfies, hashtags and narcissism. They think, this generation doesn’t stand a chance, because they are so self absorbed in the world wide web, they lost the ability to communicate face to face.

While yes, I’ll have to agree, the number of duck faced selfies is disheartening, I am going to have to take a stand against the pessimism surrounding a world that is so near and dear to my heart.

The social media boom happened within my lifetime. I remember my mom taking me to the library as a kid, playing computer games, teaching me to become more savvy than I was able to realize. Next came my family’s first desktop computer being installed in the den (…it was a Dell, and I’m not talking pop singer). Soon after came “AOL”, when I created my first screen name: Cimba12000 (Cimba was my dog, don’t ask where the 12000 came from). What spiraled after that was a world-wind of AIM profiles, away messages, buddy chats, homepages, and icons, until one day, a brand new world was created: MySpace.

I was the girl people would give their myspace passwords to, so they could “pimp them out.” I became proficient in HTML by the 7th grade, and would help create “sick layouts”, to make my profile stand out amongst the pack. When I started high school, a friendship began when a girl came up to me and said, “Hey! I recognize you from Myspace…”

I followed the ebbs and flows of this world of social interaction, and kissed Tom from Myspace goodbye when Facebook entered the room. At first, it was strictly for college kids. Soon enough it became open to the general public, and naturally, I was one of the first to make the switch. This gave me the learning curve I needed to hit the ground running, maintaining my throne as a social media queen.

Fast forward to today, we’re switching app to app from Instagram, Pinterest, Tumblr, Youtube, and Google+, just to name a few. Social media as become an entity that most people can’t remember life without. Being so engaged in the timeline (Facebook reference intended) of this crazy world from the start is what gives me such passion for it, and has led me to my current career: Social Media Publicist.

It drives me crazy when people say, “Oh, so you just Facebook for work?” Another line that drives me nuts, “You studied psychology, when are you going to get a REAL job in the field…?” Ouch. The science that goes behind social media is an intricate one. If you think about it in simplest form, social media is people’s thoughts, conversations, and actions being recorded; allowing us to study it in both a qualitative and quantitive way…. that is a psychology major’s dream.

In grad school, we were inspired to become not psychologists, but agents of social change. As we went up, one by one, presenting our capstone research, many people applied their studies to the world of mental health counseling: hospital settings, rehabs, schools, and even businesses. Then, I went up there, and presented my research on using social media to change the stigma of mental health. After I concluded, my professor, and director of the Master’s Program stood up and said, “This is what Community Psychology is all about. Using the lessons and techniques we have learned, and applying them in a setting where people would least expect it.”

Taking what I have learned in the classroom, on the internet, and in this crazy reality called “life,” I bought a web domain and named it “Out There Social.” I wasn’t sure what to do with it, but I knew I needed it.

Here I am, on my 3 year anniversary of working as a Social Media Publicist, virtually screaming from the rooftops: Social Media is what we make it. It’s something that’s created by us… so if we don’t like what we’re seeing, let’s change it.

Out There Social became my platform for promoting resiliency, confidence, and positive mental health in the most fun, exciting, and aesthetically pleasing way I possibly could. I truly believe the power is in our hands (quite literally, our fingertips), to change the world. Next week, I will begin my journey on the road to a PhD, studying the use of Social Media in the world of psychology.

On my first day of grad school, I was assigned a question, “What does it mean to be an agent of social change?” So here it is, my response, (written in Sept. 2012), which perfectly sums up everything I believe about social media, why I work in the field, why I will continue to study it, and why I am so head over heels in love with it:

“In psychology, the tools we need to change, help, or make a difference are already within us. The job of a psychologist is to communicate to the world how we access these tools, and what to do with them. We are surrounded by psychology whether we recognize it or not…. A psychologist, or an agent of social change, has the important job of making the components of the field recognizable by everyone.

The important role of psychologists is to learn from this, and inform the population on the skills they need to properly handle the problems life will throw at you. As time progresses, problems become more complex. Technology has changed drastically since the time of Miller’s addresses, which introduced a new version of old problems– such as cyber-bullying. Face-to-face communication was also greatly impacted by the changing times, meaning some people relate better to a computer screen than a human.

On the bright side, technology makes psychological research and information instantly available. Miller states, “the practice of valid psychology by non-psychologists will inevitably change people’s conception of themselves and what they can do” (Miller, 1969). Due to the fact that technology connects both psychologists and non-psychologists, if used correctly, this may be the tool we are looking for to implement a mass social change.” – Lauren DiTo

Social Media CEO to Essena O’Neill: You Were the Lie, Not Social Media

Here’s how we feel about Essena O’Neill…

As an entity that thrives on social media, we find this whole Essena O’Neill situation fascinating. Is anyone REALLY surprised to learn that it takes more than one shot to get that perfect Instagram photo?…

Learn to decipher social media through a filtered eye, because that is exactly the type of eye that is posting. If you can present your message in a way that is aesthetically pleasing, then more power to you! The more appealing your post is, the more publicity you will get, and the more people your message will reach.

Social media in its simplest form is a means of communication. Strip away the filters and the likes and what you’re left with is a message. If your message is rooted from a lack of confidence, then your problem lies within. But, if your intent is to motivate, engage, teach, inspire, or any combination of the aforementioned, don’t be ashamed of the percentage of Valencia in your photo! A positive message in a pretty package is still a positive message… so keep on sharing your wisdom, filtered or unfiltered!

“Blocked.” Does Avoidance Solve the Problem?

Being a millennial in the technological world of 2015 is a blessing and a curse.

We’re connected in a way like never before, where we can express our thoughts and feelings instantaneously. The anxiety of picking up the phone, dialing someone’s number and hoping they pick up is long behind us…

So, we got rid of that anxiety, and replaced it with a new one. Today, we are scoping out Instagram maps and tagged photos. We’re watching who ‘likes’ what, and freak out when Snapchat no longer tells us who’s best friends. Is technology the problem, or are we?

Considering social media is something that is being created by us, I’m going to say that we are the problem. But, on the bright side, there is a solution. One solution many people turn to: “block this user.” From a psychological standpoint, avoidance is basically coping by not having to cope. You’re pretending the problem disappeared *poof* into thin air. The feelings of discomfort are gone, and you are free to sink back into your comfort zone.

Of course, there are some situations where blocking a person is necessary. Perhaps they are someone you genuinely do not want to find you, due to possible violent or traumatic outcomes.

Some people “block” out of maturity, because they do not agree with the thoughts a person has, and would rather ignore them than give into the temptation of engaging in a fight.

Then there are others, who “block” because they are being told to. They’re faced with an ultimatum from a significant other, where they have to prove themselves by “blocking” someone else from their life.

To the one that wants the blockage:

You remember on Friends when Ross was marrying Emily and she told him he couldn’t be friends with Rachel anymore? You’re Emily.

First of all, before getting into a relationship with someone else, you have to be 100% secure with yourself. Know what you’re worth and be proud. Be confident in yourself, so you can be confident in your relationship. A major tenant of any relationship is trust. By telling the person you supposedly love that they can’t talk to someone— what you’re actually saying, loud and clear, is “I don’t trust you.”

Maybe you have a reason not to trust this person. Maybe this person can’t have a platonic relationship with the person you want blocked. In that case, maybe you shouldn’t be in a relationship with them. It sounds like your future is a lifetime of mistrust, checked phones, and trying to dig for a deeper connection that doesn’t actually exist.

Or maybe these reasons are all in your head. Maybe you’re creating situations that cause you to be skeptical due to experiences you’ve had in the past. Maybe you’re not giving your significant other the benefit of the doubt.

In either case, have some more respect for yourself. Don’t think that simply “blocking” someone is going to erase your problem— because your problem lies within: security with yourself, and with your relationship.

To the block-er:

Toughen up you weakling! A lot of people choose appeasement over dealing with their problems, because it seems like the easier option. Instead, all it does is dig yourself into a hole of deeper problems. You’re creating a standard with your significant other that they’re allowed to tell you what to do. A relationship requires sacrifice— it’s a give and take. It’s not a dictatorship.

Maybe your bae hit the nail on the head. “Block this person, you still have feelings for them.” Maybe they’re right, and maybe you’re too afraid to confront those feelings. Maybe if you didn’t block that person, you would suffer other repercussions, like having to sleep on the couch, or getting your iPad smashed.

Maybe they are completely wrong! Maybe you are putting a genuine friendship at risk, just to ease someone’s nonsensical, worrying mind. Sometimes its easier just to say yes, rather than put effort into explaining that they have nothing to worry about.

In either case scenario, you’re doing two things:

  1. Respecting the person that doesn’t trust you.
  2. Disrespecting the person on the sidelines.

To the block-ee:

Knowing you are blocked by an old friend, former love interest, or even just some random Joe Shmo is a blow to the ego. I’m currently in this situation, on two very different sides of the spectrum (if you couldn’t already tell from the course of this post)…

The first one stemmed from a mutual attempt for a mature post-hook up-friendship (those could get messy, especially when feelings are involved). The second was from a long time friend, who feels more like a family member to me. In both instances, the “blocked” notifications hurt.

One of my favorite pearls of wisdom from the book “The Four Agreements” is: Don’t Take Anything Personally.

Even when a situation seems so personal, even if others insult you directly, it has nothing to do with you. What they say, what they do, and the opinions they give are according to the agreements they have in their own minds…” -Don Miguel Ruiz, The Four Agreements

To everyone reading:

Maybe I’ve been watching too much “Are You The One” lately, or maybe its situations I’m currently being faced with, but I truly believe that when you are with your “Perfect Match”, you will be able to trust them.

Take a step back and look at your relationship for what it is. If you truly appreciate the person you’re with, and feel in your heart that they are doing the right thing for you; then let them follow whoever the hell they want on Instagram. If you feel that just one simple glance at a tweet is going to jeopardize your relationship, then maybe you’re better off single.

If you’re being told what to do this early in your relationship and would rather appease than succumb to threats, then do some research on abusive relationships. If you are giving into appeasement because you genuinely care for someone, have a mature, civilized discussion with them about the person they are feeling threatened by, and tell them they have nothing to worry about. But only if you mean it.

Stay true to yourself, realize what you are worth, and don’t be afraid to stand up for yourself. Sometimes this means having hard conversations, sometimes it’s walking away from something that no longer suits you, and sometimes it’s writing a blog post to call attention to the issue. You’re given one life… live it out of compassion and trust, not out of jealously and fear.


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National Concrete Masonry Association

an information series from the national authority on concrete masonry technology

Keywords: cold weather construction, construction techniques, grout, hot weather construction, mortar, rain, snow, storage of materials, wet weather construction, windy weather construction INTRODUCTION Masonry construction can continue during hot, cold, and wet weather conditions. The ability to continue masonry construction in adverse weather conditions requires consideration of how environmental conditions may affect the quality of the finished masonry. In some cases, environmental conditions may warrant the use of special construction procedures to ensure that the masonry work is not adversely affected. One of the prerequisites of successful all-weather construction is advance knowledge of local conditions. Work stoppage may be justified if a short period of very cold or very hot weather is anticipated. The best source for this type of information is the U.S. Weather Bureau, Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce which can be accessed at their web site http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov. In the following discussion, ambient temperature refers to the surrounding jobsite temperature when the preparation activities and construction are in progress. Similarly the mean daily temperature is the average of the hourly temperatures forecast by the local weather bureau over a 24 hour period following the onset of construction. Minimum daily temperature is the lowest temperature expected during the period. Temperatures between 40 and 90oF (4.4 and 32.2oC) are considered normal temperatures for masonry construction and therefore do not require special procedures or protection protocols. COLD WEATHER CONSTRUCTION When ambient temperatures fall below 40oF (4.4oC), the Specification for Masonry Structures (ref. 3) requires consideration of special construction procedures to help ensure the final construction is not adversely affected. Similarly when the minimum daily temperature for grouted masonry or the mean temperature for ungrouted masonry falls below 40oF (4.4oC) during the first 48 or 24 hours after construction respectively, special protection considerations are required.
TEK 3-1C 2002 National Concrete Masonry Association (replaces TEK 3-1B)

TEK 3-1C
Construction (2002)

Mortar and Grout Performance Hydration and strength development in mortar and grout generally occurs at temperatures above 40oF (4.4oC) and only when sufficient water is available. However, masonry construction may proceed when temperatures are below 40oF (4.4oC) provided cold weather construction and protection requirements of reference 3 are followed. Mortars and grouts mixed at low temperatures have longer setting and hardening times, and lower early strength than those mixed at normal temperatures. However, mortars and grouts produced with heated materials exhibit performance characteristics identical to those produced during warm weather. Effects of Freezing The initial water content of mortar can be a significant contributing factor to the resulting properties and performance of mortar, affecting workability, bond, compressive strength, and susceptibility to freezing. Research has shown a resulting disruptive expansion effect on the cement-aggregate matrix when fresh mortars with water contents in excess of 8 %mortar are frozen (ref. 2). This disruptive effect increases as the water content increases. Therefore, mortar should not be allowed to freeze until the mortar water content is reduced from the initial 11% to 16% range to a value below 6%. Dry concrete masonry units have a demonstrated capacity to achieve this moisture reduction in a relatively short time. It is for this reason that the specification requires protection from freezing of mortar for only the first 24 hours (ref. 3). Grout is a close relative of mortar in composition and performance characteristics. During cold weather, however, more attention must be directed toward the protection of grout because of the higher water content and resulting disruptive expansion that can occur from freezing of that water. Therefore, grouted masonry needs to be protected for longer periods to allow the water content to be dissipated. Cement During cold weather masonry construction, Type III, highearly strength portland cement should be considered in lieu of Type I portland cement in mortar or grout to accelerate setting. The acceleration not only reduces the curing time but generates more heat which is beneficial in cold weather.

Admixtures The purpose of an accelerating type of admixture is to hasten the hydration of the portland cement in mortar or grout. However, admixtures containing chlorides in excess of 0.2% chloride ions are not permitted to be used in mortar (ref. 3) due to corrosion of embedded metals and contribution to efflorescence. While specifically not addressed by the Specification, the use of chloride admixtures in grout is generally discouraged. Noncloride accelerators are available but they must be used in addition to cold weather procedures and not as a replacement for them. Antifreezes are not recommended for use in mortars and are prohibited for use in grouts. Material Storage Construction materials should be protected from water by covering. Bagged materials and masonry units should be protected

from precipitation and ground water by storage on pallets or other acceptable means. Coverings for materials include tarpaulins, reinforced paper, polyethylene, or other water repellent sheet materials. If the weather and size of the project warrant, a shelter may be provided for the material storage and mortar mixing areas. Material Heating When the ambient temperature falls below 40F (4.4C) during construction, or mean daily temperature is predicted to fall below 40F (4.4C) during the first 24 hours following construction of ungrouted masonry, or the minimum daily temperature is predicted to fall below 40F (4.4C) during the first 48 hours for grouted masonry, Specification for Masonry Structures (ref. 3) requires specific construction and protection procedures to be implemented as summarized in Tables 1a and 1b. As indicated in

Table 1aCold Weather Masonry Construction Requirements (ref. 3) Ambient temperature 32 to 40 F (0 to 4.4oC)

Construction requirements Do not lay masonry units having a temperature below 20oF (-6.7oC). Remove visible snow and ice on masonry units before the unit is laid in the masonry. Remove snow and ice from foundation. Heat existing foundation and masonry surfaces to receive new masonry above freezing. Heat mixing water or sand to produce mortar temperatures between 40 and 120oF (4.4 and 48.9oC). Grout materials to be 32oF (0oC) minimum. Do not heat water or aggregates above 140oF (60oC). Same as above for mortar. Maintain mortar temperature above freezing until used in masonry. Heat grout aggregates and mixing water to produce grout temperatures between 70 and 120oF (21.1 and 48.9oC). Maintain grout temperature above 70oF (21.1oC) at time of grout placement. Same as above, plus use heat masonry surfaces under construction to 40oF (4.4oC) and install wind breaks or enclosures when wind velocity exceeds 15 mph (24 km/hr). Heat masonry to a minimum of 40oF (4.4oC) prior to grouting. Same as above, plus provide an enclosure for the masonry under construction and use heat sources to maintain temperatures above 32oF (0oC) within the enclosure.

25 to 32oF (-3.9 to 0oC)

20 to 25oF (-6.7 to -3.9oC)

20oF (-6.7oC) and below

Table 1bCold Weather Masonry Protection Requirements (ref. 3) Mean daily temperature for ungrouted masonry Minimum daily temperature for grouted masonry Protection requirements 25 to 40oF (-3.9 to 4.4oC) 20 to 25oF (-6.7 to -3.9oC) Protect completed masonry from rain or snow by covering with a weather-resistive membrane for 24 hours after construction. Completely cover the completed masonry with a weather-resistive insulating blanket or equal for 24 hours after construction (48 hr for grouted masonry unless only Type III portland cement used in grout). Maintain masonry temperature above 32oF (0oC) for 24 hours after construction by enclosure with supplementary heat, by electric heating blankets, by infrared heat lamps, or by other acceptable methods. Extend time to 48 hours for grouted masonry unless the only cement in the grout is Type III portland cement.

20oF (-6.7oC) and below

Table 1a, the temperature of dry masonry units may be as low as 20oF (-6.7oC) at the time of placement. However, wet frozen masonry units should be thawed before placement in the masonry. Also, even when the temperature of dry units approaches the 20oF (-6.7oC) threshold, it may be advantageous to heat the units for greater mason productivity. Masonry should never be placed on a snow or ice-covered surface. Movement occurring when the base thaws will cause cracks in the masonry. Furthermore, the bond between the mortar and the supporting surface will be compromised. Glass Unit Masonry For glass unit masonry, both the ambient temperature and the unit temperature must be above 40oF (4.4oC) and maintained above that temperature for the first 48 hours (ref. 3). HOT WEATHER CONSTRUCTION

Additional Recommendations Store masonry materials in a shaded area. Use a water barrel as water hoses exposed to direct sunlight can result in water with highly elevated temperatures. The barrel may be filled with water from a hose, but the hot water resulting from hose inactivity should be flushed and discarded first. Additionally, mortar mixing times should be no longer than 3 to 5 minutes and smaller batches will help minimize drying time on the mortar boards. To minimize mortar surface drying, past requirements contained within Specification for Masonry Structures (ref. 3) were to not spread mortar bed joints more than 4 feet (1.2 m) ahead of masonry and to set masonry units within one minute of spreading mortar. This is no longer a requirement in the current document but the concept still merits consideration. If surface drying does occur, the mortar can often be revitalized by wetting the wall but care should be taken to avoid washout of fresh mortar joints. WET WEATHER CONSTRUCTION

High temperatures, solar radiation, and ambient relative humidity influence the absorption characteristics of the masonry units and the setting time and drying rate for mortar. When mortar gets too hot, it may lose water so rapidly that the cement does not fully hydrate. Early surface drying of the mortar results in decreased bond strength and less durable mortar. Hot weather construction procedures involve keeping masonry materials as cool as possible and preventing excessive water loss from the mortar. Specific hot weather requirements of the Specification for Masonry Structures (ref. 3) are shown in Tables 2a and 2b.

Even when ambient temperatures are between 40 and 90F (4.4 and 32.2C), the presence of rain, or the likelihood of rain, should receive special consideration during masonry construction. Unless protected, masonry construction should not continue during heavy rains, as partially set or plastic mortar is susceptible to washout, which could result in reduced strength or staining of the wall. However, after approximately 8 to 24 hours of curing (depending upon environmental conditions), mortar washout is no

Table 2aHot Weather Masonry Preparation and Construction Requirements (ref. 3) Ambient temperature Above 100oF (37.8oC) or above 90oF (32.2oC) with a wind speed greater than 8 mph (12.9 km/hr)

Preparation and construction requirements Maintain sand piles in a damp, loose condition. Maintain temperature of mortar and grout below 120oF (48.9oC). Flush mixer, mortar transport container, and mortar boards with cool water before they come into contact with mortar ingredients or mortar. Maintain mortar consistency by retempering with cool water. Use mortar within 2 hours of initial mixing. Same as above, plus materials and mixing equipment are to be shaded from direct sunlight. Use cool mixing water for mortar and grout. Ice is permitted in the mixing water as long as it is melted when added to the other mortar or grout materials.

Above 115oF (46.1oC) or above 105oF (40.6oC) with a wind speed greater than 8 mph (12.9 km/hr)

Table 2bHot Weather Masonry Protection Requirements (ref. 3) Mean daily temperature Above 100oF (37.8oC) or above 90oF (32.2oC) with a wind speed greater than 8 mph (12.9 km/hr)

Protection requirements Fog spray all newly constructed masonry until damp, at least three times a day until the masonry is three days old.

longer of concern. Further, the wetting of masonry by rainwater provides beneficial curing conditions for the mortar (ref. 2). When rain is likely, all construction materials should be covered. Newly constructed masonry should be protected from rain by draping a weather-resistant covering over the assemblage. The cover should extend over all mortar that is susceptible to washout. Recommended Maximum Unit Moisture Content When the moisture content of a concrete masonry unit is elevated to excessive levels due to wetting by rain or other sources, several deleterious consequences can result including increased shrinkage potential and possible cracking, decreased mason productivity, and decreased mortar/unit bond strength. While reinforced masonry construction does not rely on mortar/unit bond for structural capacity, this is a design consideration with unreinforced masonry. As such, the concerns associated with structural bond in reinforced masonry construction are diminished. As a means of determining if a unit has acceptable moisture content at the time of installation, the following industry recommended guidance should be used. This simple field procedure can quickly ascertain whether a concrete masonry unit has acceptable moisture content at the time of installation.

A concrete masonry unit for which 50% or more of the surface area is observed to be wet is considered to have unacceptable moisture content for placement. If less than 50% of the surface area is wet, the unit is acceptable for placement. Damp surfaces are not considered wet surfaces. For this application, a surface would be considered damp if some moisture is observed, but the surface darkens when additional free water is applied. Conversely, a surface would be considered wet if moisture is observed and the surface does not darken when free water is applied. It should be noted that these limitations on maximum permissible moisture content are not intended to apply to intermittent masonry units that are wet cut as needed for special fit. WINDY WEATHER CONSTRUCTION In addition to the effects of wind on hot and cold weather construction, the danger of excessive wind resulting in structural failure of newly constructed masonry prior to the development of strength or before the installation of supports must be considered. TEK 3-4B Bracing Concrete Masonry Walls During Construction (ref. 1) provides guidance in this regard.

REFERENCES 1. Bracing Concrete Masonry Walls During Construction, TEK 3-4B. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2000 2. Hot & Cold Weather Masonry Construction. Masonry Industry Council, 1999. 3. Specification for Masonry Structures, ACI 530.1-02/ASCE 6-02/TMS 602-02. Reported by the Masonry Standards Joint Committee, 2002.

NCMA and the companies disseminating this technical information disclaim any and all responsibility and liability for the accuracy and the application of the information contained in this publication.

NATIONAL CONCRETE MASONRY ASSOCIATION 13750 Sunrise Valley Drive, Herndon, Virginia 20171-3499 www.ncma.org

To order a complete TEK Manual or TEK Index, contact NCMA Publications (703) 713-1900

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KARACHI - Members of National Assembly visited PSO House on Wednesday for a briefing on the national energy giant’s performance over the past year and employment opportunities the company offers to people hailing from different areas of the country.

During the course of the meeting, PSO CEO&MD Naeem Yahya Mir thanked NA members for visiting PSO as it was under their guidance and direction that company was striving to serve the energy needs of the country.

Speaking further, MD apprised parliamentarians that PSO was dedicated to serve all segments of country in a fair and equitable manner. Elaborating on this, MD explained that company had initiated multiple development projects in different areas across the country including Balochistan. This included the upcoming establishment of a new deep sea mooring point and storage facility at Hub. This new facility would provide employment opportunities for the local people and serve to enhance the national oil storage capacity by 10-14 days while reducing congestion at the Fotco and Keamari jetties.

He also spoke on the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed with the provincial government for establishment of a 5,000 acre bio-diesel plantation located at Uthal, Balochistan. This plantation would serve as an agricultural and technological hub for the development of bio-fuels in Pakistan and act as a pilot project for commercial investors nationwide.

The MD also pledged that PSO would provide further employment opportunities to the youth of Balochistan and ensure a 7-8pc employment quota for the inhabitants of the province. In the future the company would also entertain the resumes of engineering and technical graduates at its depots in order to provide greater convenience to the inhabitants of these areas. Additionally, as part of the company’s commitment to provide uninterrupted fuel supplies to all corners of the country, he promised to re-open the Khuzdar depot in order to get rid of any product dry-out situations at PSO retail outlets in Quetta and its surrounding areas. The Assembly members commended the MD for his proactive strategies and assured him of their support for his future plans.

PSO in its role of being both a public sector as well as the largest energy company in Pakistan today is committed to meeting the fuel needs of the country in a timely and responsible manner.


The Future of Medicine Lies in Valuable Patient Data

Patient Data

The Decision is in the Data: The future of medicine lies in valuable patient data
By: Ashley Keenan

Data is invaluable in helping industry professionals become more efficient and productive, the medical cannabis industry is no exception. According to Stanford University, focusing on data in healthcare could lead to more preventive, predictive and personalized care, which in turn would reduce healthcare costs and contribute to better patient outcomes. As this sector of data is such a sensitive subject, the industry must balance data-sharing with patient privacy and trust. Through monitoring and analysis, data can then be disseminated to key stakeholders in the medical industry, and fundamentally transform the future of healthcare.

The Value of Data in Medicine

Healthcare, at its core, is driven by data. From medical research to the patient experience, there are multiple ways to utilize data in healthcare to improve ongoing care, prediction and prevention. Publicly-accessible data allows researchers to pose new questions, uncover new findings, and discover improved treatment options. According to the report by Stanford University, data will become even more essential for medical breakthroughs, creating a future of ongoing data collection from multiple sources.

Patient data is an essential component of the healthcare ecosystem, driving research, innovation and decision-making. It can inform research and innovation, prevention and treatment strategies, health promotion efforts, self-care, health systems planning and wider public health activities, behaviours and decisions. As access to this essential data grows, economic and social benefits are ready to be reaped by key stakeholders like academic researchers, industry, healthcare professionals and providers, patients and the public, payers and policymakers, regulators, charities and the third sector.

In addition to being beneficial to the key industry stakeholders, patient driven data allows patients to take control of their health outside the doctors office. With 212 million unique monthly visitors to WebMD alone, it is evident that patients are invested in accessing patient data as well. In addition to internet sources, increased use of wearable devices, at-home genetics testing, and ‘smart’ gadgets calculating everything from BMI to rest cycles have created a plethora of accessible data to empower patients in their healthcare decisions.

Data and the Healthcare Ecosystem

Data is permeating every component of the healthcare ecosystem:

Medical research: Access to new, diverse data and open datasets are fueling drug discovery and making clinical trials and research more efficient.

Daily life: Wearable devices, online diagnostic tools and genetic sequencing services hold the promise of better informed and engaged patients.

The patient experience: Health systems are investing heavily in technology, including machine learning, which is proving as effective as or more effective than human diagnosticians.

Ongoing care: Telemedicine and health apps make it possible for physicians to see patients virtually, outside of traditional facilities for increased access and tailored care.

Prediction and prevention: Health data is allowing doctors to build better patient profiles and predictive models to more effectively

Patient data is not always gathered through medical clinical trials. In fact, experts are using these new sources of data to structure clinical trials in a more economical way by using these data points to reduce the cost and length of time needed to conduct medical research. In addition to being more cost effective, recruitment for clinical trials is optimized as researchers can use data points to identify the ideal patients.

Technology companies are trying to optimize the increase in data accessibility by developing artificial intelligence systems that can analyze, diagnose, and treat health issues. These AI systems would take in the information a doctor would, such as symptoms, severity of illness, family history, and lifestyle habits. In a 2018 study by the MIT Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, they concluded that there was a component of doctor’s care that extended beyond a list of symptoms. Factors like experience, and their years of training and practice, and a general ‘gut feeling’ allowed them to more comprehensively know what tests to order for a patient.

While data technology companies won’t be replacing doctors any time soon, they provide access to invaluable information that add to the existing expertise of medical professionals. In addition to working on AI systems for diagnosis, tools like Strainprint Analytics are changing how doctors utilize the vital world of patient data. Strainprint Analytics provides industry professionals access to databases of patient outcomes,creating a holistic picture that helps stakeholders make the best decisions available for patient healthcare.


Business Model Canvas

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Business Model Canvas

What is it for?

Tip: Use this as a strategic tool to help you develop new or existing business models.

When to use it:

Use the business model canvas to visualize all the building blocks needed to start or expand a new business venture. Use this tool to explore areas of growth and innovation within a business, and to analyze competitors’ models.

Who can use it:

Strategy and innovation teams, product teams, entrepreneurs, Business Designers, and Design Thinking experts, who want to launch a new offering or improve an existing one.

How to Use

Print the Business model canvas.

Name the purpose of the venture. Why does the business exist?

Next, start filling in the building blocks, begin with the customer segment or value proposition blocks, work your way unto the rest of the blocks from there.

In the Value Proposition block, write down what your customers will benefit from your solution. What is the value of your offering to them? e.g. “safe and convenient trips.”

Then move to the customer segments. Here you state who you are creating your offering for, e.g. students, retirees, etc.

Then fill the Channels block, this relates to how you will get your offering to your customers, e.g. via an app, delivery service, billboard ads etc.

For the Customer Relationship block, you want to think of how you will retain your customers, will your offering require technology or someone from your team to talk to your customers?

Then in Key Resources, list out the things that are needed for you to bring your offering to market. Resources could be people, machines, patents, etc.

For Key Activities, ask, what are those processes and tasks that must be completed for your offering to be delivered to your customers. For instance, food preparation could be an activity for a fast food place, purchasing raw materials for a factory and so on.

For Key Partners, write down those people or organizations that are vital in delivering your offering (e.g. raw materials suppliers, delivery company, etc)

In the Revenue Stream block, list the ways you will get money for your offering (e.g. commissions, Ads, payments etc)

Then the Cost structure block is where you list the major things that you will need to pay for, to ensure business runs smoothly, these could be salaries, rent, raw materials etc.

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Guideline for Carbon Nanotube Measurements -- COMPAMED Trade Fair

Guideline for Carbon Nanotube Measurements

The nanotubes are essentially cylinders of carbon atoms with a wall only one atom thick and a diameter of a couple of nanometers—but lengths up to several million times their diameter.

Because of their unique electronic, thermal, optical and mechanical properties they are being studied for a wide—and expanding—range of applications, including ultrastrong fibers for nanocomposite materials, circuit elements in molecular electronics, hydrogen storage components for fuel cells and light sources for compact, efficient flat-panel displays.

Beginning in 2003, NIST and NASA researchers started addressing the problem by sponsoring a series of workshops devoted to nanotube measurements. The techniques discussed include thermogravimetric analysis; near-infrared spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy and optical, electron and scanned probe microscopy.; Source: National Institute of Standards and Technology


The Road to Promare: TRIGGER Staff Discuss the Anime Studio's History

Find out how it all began and how each work inspired the next!

This piece was originally published on and is republished with permission from KADOKAWA.

The anime studio TRIGGER is behind such works as Gurren Lagann, Kill la Kill as well as their newest creation Promare. But how was this studio founded, and how was it able to create such masterpieces? We asked two prominent members of the studio about its history.

TRIGGER was established back in August 2011 by three former members of the anime production company Gainax: Masahiko Otsuka, Hiroyuki Imaishi, and Kazuya Masumoto. We asked Hiromi Wakabayashi and Kazuya Masumoto, who were deeply involved in TRIGGER’s creation, how their studio was established, how they were able to create such masterpieces, about their history and the details of their work starting from before their studio’s creation with Gurren Lagann to Kill la Kill among their other titles. This article will be a good read for both those who have already seen Promare, which made its theatrical debut on May 24, 2019 in Japan, as well as those who may be interested in seeing it.

Kazuya Masumoto

TRIGGER Company Director & Producer. At Gainax he was in charge of the Production Committee.

Hiromi Wakabayashi

Handles project planning, scripts, and production at TRIGGER. At Gainax he was an Establishment Manager.

From Gurren Lagann to Kill la Kill

Please start off by telling us how TRIGGER was established.

Masumoto: When Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt (hereafter referred to as Panty & Stocking), which Imaishi directed at Gainax, wrapped up its broadcast in December of 2010, talks started moving forward with our company’s current representative, Otsuka, and Director Imaishi as to what anime we were going to do next. That’s when we started to say, “This time we want to challenge ourselves by taking personal responsibility for the anime creation process,” and talks started developing toward wanting to go independent and create our own company. At the time the two of them requested that I take over company management, and I got the feeling it would be an interesting experience. But while Otsuka and Imaishi were looking to create their own company, I didn’t feel it was necessary for us to create a new company just for anime production. I gave it some thought, then gave the answer: “If you’ll make a company that can create its own original 2-hour movie with Imaishi-san as the director, then I want to be a part of it.”

I see, so that’s how things unfolded. Speaking of TRIGGER and Director Imaishi’s work, I’d like to go back in time to when you were at Gainax. Could you tell us about how Gurren Lagann was created?

Wakabayashi: Back then at Gainax plans were moving along for the first original TV series about robots since Neon Genesis Evangelion, which aired 10 years prior. In the beginning we were working with a completely different series, moving forward with plans to create a TV series and movie at the same time. After that, a lot happened and the plans and staff both changed, and we had to start over from scratch. For this new series, we wanted to ask Kazuki Nakashima to be in charge of the script, and that’s when Imaishi-san said, “Well, if you’re getting Nakashima-san on board,” and offered himself up as director. At that time what we’d decided was that an armored robot suit with a Japanese-style design would make an appearance, there would be a bond between an older brother figure and younger brother figure, and that we’d create a traveling tale, but at the beginning we didn’t even have the “drill” component that symbolized Gurren Lagann.

So the drill was added in later! It was at that time that Masumoto-san was put in charge as a Production Assistant, correct?

Masumoto: It was very difficult at the time. Back then planning for Gunbuster 2 was moving forward at the same time, so we only had young people on staff for Gurren Lagann. Gunbuster 2 was the first OVA that Gainax ever made on its own. Gurren Lagann was also their first ever Gainax-only TV series. So, as unbelievable as it sounds, Gainax had two solo productions moving forward at the same time (laughs).

That must mean you guys were faced with a lot of crunch time then?

Masumoto: It was common for us to keep working every week right up to the deadline…

Wakabayashi: But everyone was very young, so we were able to do it. Even Imaishi-san at the time was 35 years-old, but that made him one of the oldest there age-wise. Over half of the staff at the time were in their 20s.

And so TRIGGER was established and that’s what led to your first title Kill la Kill.

Wakabayashi: Fortunately, thanks to all of the fan’s support, Gurren Lagann became a hit, which in turn put this amazing pressure on us to surpass it. That’s why a lot of time went into its design and composition. Nakashima-san put so much effort into it that he was largely responsible for the entire script.

Masumoto: The story and script for Gurren Lagann was made by Nakashima-san, to a certain degree, with the viewers in mind. But Kill la Kill on the other hand was, I think, Nakashima-san’s way of challenging himself to see if he could take these self-centered characters, create the story the way he wanted, and still have viewer acceptance.

Wakabayashi: As a result, it became a work beloved by a new type of viewership, with a huge response that I think was felt by both Imaishi-san and Nakashima-san.

Gurren Lagann

Gurren Lagann

What do you think was the primary factor that allowed you to overcome the hurdle that was your previous hit work?

Masumoto: We’re all more experienced now than we were back when we created Gurren Lagann, we’ve made a number of different works since then, and we’re even pickier now about the animation layout on screen as well as character creation.

Wakabayashi: We spent a lot more time on Kill la Kill completing one character’s design than we did in our previous work. Not just the characters, but the entire visuals of the work; the coloring, the background touches, and the way it was directed too, it was a result of all of the time sunk into all of these things that became one of the factors behind why everyone enjoyed Kill la Kill so much, I think.

People also talked about how it was made to be like a homage to 1970-1980s shounen manga.

Wakabayashi: Amemiya-kun (Akira Amemiya), who worked as the vice director, and I weren’t a part of that generation, so we didn’t understand most of the references (laughs). That’s exactly why we filtered the references that Imaishi-san and Nakashima-san—people from that generation—wanted to use through people from my generation and centered our ideas on things that viewers from that generation and younger would be able to enjoy.

Masumoto: At first it was just a simple school battle type of anime with girls in sailor outfits fighting each other.

Wakabayashi: In the original version there was no “Life Fiber Synchronize,” or in other words, no transformation component, but as the design team we wanted something similar to the robot that was in Gurren Lagann. That’s when we came up with the idea of characters going into battle in a super flashy way, thereby making the protagonists transform to fight. Although they were powering up by wearing clothes, the designs actually showed a lot of skin (laughs). That conflicting component was something Nakashima-san came up with an explanation for as he put the story together.

Kill la Kill

Kill la Kill

And Now, to Promare

Speaking of TRIGGER’s early stages, Inferno Cop was quite the controversial work, wasn’t it? (laughs)

Masumoto: We were constantly creating works with big time investments, so we actually needed to practice creating an anime in a short amount of time. That was how Inferno Cop was created, and we limited ourselves to one hour a week.

Wakabayashi: The sense at the time was that the regulations on TV anime had become strict, but we thought we could do whatever we wanted if it was broadcasting online (laughs). So as long as viewers could laugh the art didn’t need to move, and we didn’t need a coherent storyline either, that’s what we thought when we made it. After that, I attended an anime event as a guest overseas and was shocked. Overseas anime fans, largely from North America, appreciated Inferno Cop as an abnormal comedy (laughs). I was very happy about that.

Inferno Cop

Inferno Cop

NINJA SLAYER FROM ANIMATION also gained attention as a Flash anime that didn’t “move,” didn’t it?

Masumoto: We received an offer to turn it into an anime, took it to Amemiya, and he took into consideration the details surrounding the original’s conception and the context of the work, and it became a story, like the expression goes about how it can be done if it’s an anime adaptation, and that’s how it was realized. It was also one of Director Amemiya’s requests that Imaishi-san be in charge of the character design.

Wakabayashi: At first, we were surprised because we never thought we’d get the OK to make it that way.

Aiyeeee…. That’s very impressive (laughs). So, you made another similarly short anime called SPACE PATROL LULUCO, what was the creation time on it like?

Wakabayashi: At the time, TRIGGER was mainly focused on KIZNAIVER, so we were forced to create SPACE PATROL LULUCO with a severely limited staff of ten people. We started off our mission to see how interesting of a project we could make with limited staff, budget, and time, decided the rules and stuck to them hard as we entered production. As a result, we came out with a short but dense work, and Director Imaishi along with the rest of the staff were really attached to it. LULUCO is one of the titles we’d eventually like to make a sequel for.

And so that’s what brings TRIGGER and Director Imaishi to Promare. Is there a work among those that you’d like viewers to see first before you think they can appreciate Promare?

Wakabayashi: Our newest work Promare is made for people who have never touched any of Imaishi’s other works before, so it can be enjoyed enough by itself without seeing any of his past titles, though on the other hand, it’s also something of a compilation of all of Director Imaishi’s works up until now. So if you watch Gurren Lagann, Panty and Stocking, Kill la Kill, and SPACE PATROL LULUCO then you might have a deeper appreciation for the story and visuals.

See the original article at

©TRIGGER,Kazuki Nakashima/Kill la Kill Partnership

©[email protected] Entertainment/[email protected] Conspiracy

©TRIGGER, Hiroyuki Imaishi/SPACE PATROL LULUCO Production Committee

©TRIGGER, Kazuki Nakashima/XFLAG

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Spanish follows a common syllabus framework for the teaching and examining of modern languages in the Leaving Certificate. The syllabus aims to develop learners’ communicative skills in the Spanish, to develop their strategies for effective language learning and raise their awareness of cultural, social and political diversity.

Junior Cycle


The field of community and social services isn’t one that you typically associate with high-level mathematics. As a prospective social work major, you might wonder if you will have to take math classes in college. Although you probably won’t need to complete advanced math classes, students interested in social work will still need to take minimal math courses needed to fulfill their college’s general education requirements as well as certain math-related coursework that helps to develop their quantitative and analytical skills. Social workers do use math in their work to some degree, although their jobs don’t require them to know advanced calculus or abstract mathematical theory.

General Education Math Requirements

Social workers in the United States need at least a bachelor’s degree, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). As with other bachelor’s degrees, earning the Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) degree requires students to meet different types of course requirements. One of the most basic types of requirements needed for an undergraduate degree is the general education coursework. Most colleges require students of all programs of study to take courses in a breadth of subjects, regardless of their declared major, to help them develop a foundation of college-level knowledge and become well-rounded individuals. Mathematics is an integral part of most general education requirements.

Although general education requirements vary from one school to another, most colleges require only a small amount of mathematics coursework, such as one or two classes. Often, students can fulfill this requirement with non-advanced college-level courses, such as College Math, Mathematical Modeling or College Algebra Concepts. Some colleges combine mathematics and natural or life sciences into one general education area of focus, so you may be able to split your credits between math and laboratory science courses.

Other general education areas of focus may include the humanities, the social sciences and communication coursework in composition and public speaking.

Coursework in Statistics and Quantitative Analysis

Once you knock out your general education math requirements, you may still have some mathematics coursework left to go. Part of a social worker’s education involves learning the methods used to understand data and conduct research.

Social work majors often take one or more courses in social work research. Though not strictly speaking math courses, these classes cover material such as the scientific method of research, quantitative and qualitative research methods, research design and the application of research and evidence-based social work programs and interventions.

It’s not unusual for a BSW program to also include mandatory coursework in statistics. One reason this requirement has become popular is because classes in statistics help social workers understand and interpret numerical data in the real world, according to The Houston Chronicle. Some schools offer specialized statistics classes, like statistics for social science, while aist other schools, students fulfill this requirement by taking an introductory statistics and probability course or an elementary applied statistics course.

Social work research courses also cover topics such as ethical standards in social work research and practice as well as research into social welfare, diverse populations, social policy and advocacy.

Is There Any Math Required for a Degree in Social Work

Using Math in Real-Life Social Work Roles

How much math to social workers use in real life? It depends in large part on their specialty, work environment and job duties. A social worker who focuses on research will likely use statistical analysis techniques more commonly than one who works directly with families or individuals. Likewise, someone who works in macros social work, or the field of social work that involves indirect service through developing services and programs, might need to use their mathematical and quantitative analysis skills frequently to the efficacy of social services, policies and programs.

Even if you don’t plan on working in research or macro social work, you still need to be able to understand published social research so that you can incorporate new principles and findings into your own practice of social work. Additionally, you may need to use basic math skills in the paperwork you must file and the records you must maintain. If you develop care or treatment plans, you must be cognizant of the numerical costs of services and the resources that are available.

In the specialty of financial social work, the social worker will need basic math skills to teach clients to create budgets and manage their finances to improve their financial situation.

Related Resources

What Can I Do With a Social Work Degree?

Is There Any Math Required for a Degree in Counseling?

Is There Any Math Required for a Degree in Psychology?


Table 1: The active pepsin isoenzymes in man.

Pepsin isoenzymeProportion of total pepsinSubstrate: pH optimum rangeMolecular
weight (Da)

1<5%Haemoglobin: 1.9
Collagen: 3.0
Mucin: 2.0
43810The proportion of pepsin 1 rises to 23% in DU
Mucolytic pepsin
Complexed with carbohydrate

2<1%Haemoglobin: 2.139950

380%Haemoglobin: 2.4–3.137150Pepsin 3 is a complex of isoenzymes. The assay measures their combined effects.
Haemoglobin: 3.23A is structurally similar to 3B but is phosphorylated

5 (Gastricsin)6-7%Haemoglobin: 2.0–3.6 (maximum at 3.2) Mucin: 3.5–531620Stable up to pH 7.3

“Pepsin 4” is a complex of pepsin and an inhibiting peptide, hence, it does not appear in the list of active pepsin isoenzymes.
“Pepsin 6” is the remnant of a zymogen, in all probability pepsinogen, hence it too does not feature in the isoenzyme list.
“Zone 7” was found to be a cathepsin.
References [2125].


Challenger Elementary
1 (256) 428-7060   |
1 (256) 428-7064   |
13555 Chaney Thompson Rd. SE
Blue Ribbon School

Challenger Shuttle Mission 10: STS-51-L

10th Challenger mission

25th space shuttle mission

Start of Mission: January 28, 1986 at 11:38 am , Kennedy Space Center, Florida

End of Mission: January 28, 1986, 11:39 am, 73 seconds after liftoff (in the air at Kennedy)

Mission duration: 1 minutes, 13 seconds

Distance traveled: 18 miles

Orbits of Earth: 0

Crew Size: 7

Commander: Francis R. Scobee
Pilot: Michael J. Smith
Mission Specialist 1: Ellison S. Onizuka
Mission Specialist 2: Judith A. Resnik
Mission Specialist 3: Ronald E. McNair
Payload Specialist 1: S. Christa McAuliffe
Payload Specialist 2: Gregory B. Jarvis

Astronaut Bios:

Mission Facts:

·         First time a non-government civilian, schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe, had flown aboard the space shuttle

·         The Rogers Commission, an investigation team, determined that the cause of the destruction was due to the failure of an O-ring seal on one of the solid rocket booster (SRB).

·         This was the first American orbital mission to involve fatalities

·         After this failure, the space shuttle program was on hiatus for 32 months

·         The mission was delayed for several days due to various issues

·         The State of the Union address by President Reagan was supposed to take place that evening, but he cancelled the address and spoke to the nation about the tragedy instead.

Pre-launch and launch footage:

President Reagan’s Speech (1/28/86):

Challenger Accident Investigation Report: