Consent, Policing, and School Safety

A recent controversy at an Arizona Starbucks spurred anger across social media:

Starbucks on Sunday apologized after an employee at one of its stores in Tempe, Arizona, asked six police officers to leave or move out of a customer’s line of sight, triggering social media backlash.

Conservative pro-police voices called for a boycott of Starbucks, and eventually, the company issued an apology.

The outrage toward customers in Starbucks finding the presence of police officers intimidating is a uniquely American response, but not one common to all Americans.

Several months ago, I was having a late dinner at a nearby Mexican restaurant after I finished teaching an evening course at my university. Just as I was eating chips with salsa and drinking the XX I ordered, in walked four officers with the county K-9 unit.

These men were typically outfitted like militia—several visible weapons and fatigues. They were dressed for war—not to serve and protect.

Image result for greenville county K-9 units

I was deeply uncomfortable when they sat beside me; in fact, I always find armed police officers intimidating because they have guns.

For many years now, U.S. police forces have become more and more militarized, through training and acquiring equipment from the military.

The uncomfortable Starbuck’s customers are, in fact, embodiments of what research shows about heavily armed and antagonistic police forces—especially when compared to London policing, which is grounded in policing by consent from 1829:

Research on “deterrence models,” “based on the idea that offenders and would be offenders are responsive primarily to the risk of punishment,” where “agents of criminal justice need to send out signals of strength, force, detection and justice” and “legitimacy” models where “authority has the right to exercise power [because] it commands consent (a sense of obligation to obey) that is grounded in legality and moral alignment” support the problems with the former and the value in the latter.

That research concludes: “Policing by consent is based upon the idea that the police gain voluntary approval and cooperation from the public not through aggressive control of the population, but through fostering a close social connection between the police and public.”

And thus, citizens in London have a distinctly different experience with police:

This is no accident.

The Metropolitan Police, which covers most of London, was founded in 1829 on the principle of “policing by consent” rather than by force.

…In the year up to March 2016, police in England and Wales only fired seven bullets….

The contrast with the U.S. is stunning:

And for people living in Arizona, “on average, it happens every five days: An Arizona police officer aims a weapon and shoots at someone.”

That armed police officers enter a coffee shop and cause discomfort is not reason to boycott a lucrative chain but a clear signal about the harm being done to democracy and safety in the US. As Jonathan Mummolo’s research details:

The public and political misguided belief in militarized police units is eerily similar to the public and political calls for turning public schools into prisons through armed guards (and teachers), surveillance cameras, metal detectors, and active shooter drills.

Just as militarized police forces do not deter crime or protect officers, commonly embraced safety features being implemented in schools do not make schools more secure and can often increase unsafe behavior by students.

To protect a democracy and the public schools that in theory feed that democracy, and to foster a society that is both free and safe, the concept of policing by consent is both more effective and better matched to the ideals often claimed for the U.S.

The root problem in the U.S. continues to be guns and seemingly unbridled tendencies toward authoritarianism.

The Starbucks customers had rational reactions not only to the presence of the police officers but to the reality those officers represent—that in the U.S. militarized police forces do not make us safer but often create violence and even death.

Dare the School Build a New Social Order?: A Reckoning 86 Years Later

The candidacy seemed at the time nothing more than sideshow, perverse reality TV, and then Donald Trump secured the Republican nomination for president, prompting many pundits to note that as a death knoll for the Republican Party.

Yet, Trump was elected president.

During the primaries and throughout his run against Hillary Clinton, Trump proved to be relentlessly dishonest, a liar. However, mainstream media avoided calling a lie “a lie,” including major media outlets directly arguing against such language. President Trump hasn’t budged from overstatement, misleading statements, and outright lies.

Notably, major media publish Trump’s lies as if they are credible, despite fact-checking exposing lie upon lie upon lie.

Early on, many opposing Trump called for media simply to call out the lies. Here is the truly bad news, however.

During my Tuesday role as caregiver for my 2-year-old grandson, I flipped through my cable channels during his nap for a brief reprieve from NickJr. I paused on CNN, even though I loath all of the 24-hour news shows.

What caught my ear was that the newscaster was repeatedly calling Trump our for lies, using the word “lie”—over and over. This, I felt, was a real new normal I had called for, but never expected.

Next, the newscaster replayed a segment from the day before focusing on a fact checker of Trump’s many, many lies. The fact checker noted a truly disturbing fact: Trump’s supporters, he explained, recognize that Trump lies, but doesn’t mind the lies; in fact, Trump’s supporters revel in those lies because, as the fact checker emphasized, this drives liberals crazy.

It is here that I must stress two points: (1) It appears those of us believing that exposing Trump as a liar would somehow derail his presidency were sorely mistaken, and (2) we are now entering a phase of U.S. history in which the long-standing slur of “liberal” is code for taking evidence-based stances, especially if those evidence-based stances swim against the current of American ideology and mythology.

Let me offer a couple example.

In my own public and scholarly work, contexts that prompt responses that discount me as a “liberal” (with false implications that I am a partisan Democrat), I have made repeated and compelling cases against corporal punishment and school-only safety measures.

Neither of these issues is both-sides debates since the research base is overwhelmingly one-sided.

Corporal punishment is not an effective discipline technique, and it creates violent youth and adults. A powerful body research prompted by the school shooting at Columbine and including studies by the Secret Service reject school-only safety measure such as security guards, surveillance cameras, active-shooter drills, and metal detectors, all of which are not deterrents and may even create violence.

Therefore, to embrace evidence-based positions on corporal punishment and school safety is the liberal or progressive (seeking change) stance, while the traditional or conservative (maintaining established practices) positions (ignoring the evidence) cling to corporal punishment and fortifying schools while refusing to address the wider influences of communities and our national mania for guns.

Let’s consider that last point more fully next.

There is an unpopular and upsetting fact driving why school-only safety measures are futile: K-12 and higher education are essentially conservative.

Despite political and popular scapegoating of all formal education as liberal, the evidence of nearly a century reveals that all forms of school more often than not reflect the communities and society they serve. In no real ways, then, do schools meet the former Secretary of Education Arne Duncan’s hollow mantra that education is the great equalizer, some sort of silver bullet for change.

Evidence shows that at different levels of educational attainment, significant gaps persist among racial categories and those gaps are even more pronounced once race and gender are included (see p. 34).

In the 1930s, a golden era for idealism about communism and socialism in the U.S. after the stock market crash, major educational thinkers such as John Dewey (a socialist) and George Counts championed the potential for progressive education (Dewey) to shape U.S. democracy, and then for social reconstruction (Counts) to reshape the nation, as Counts detailed in his Dare the School Build a New Social Order? (1932).

As an early critical voice, Counts spoke to the educational goals that appealed to me as I eventually found critical pedagogy in my doctoral program and doubled down on my early commitment to be the sort of educator who fostered change with and through my students.

Yet, here I sit in 2018, 86 years after Counts’s manifesto. And the U.S. is being led by a pathological liar supported by more and more people who directly say they don’t care about lies or evidence because it makes liberal mad.

This is the pettiness our country has wrought, despite more people today being formally educated than at any time in U.S. history.

My 35 years and counting as an educator, part as a high school teacher and now in higher education, have been a disappointing lesson that answers Counts’s titular question with a resounding “no.”

I shared with my foundations education class the proofs of a chapter I have prepared for a volume now in-press, Contending with Gun Violence in the English Language Classroom. I then briefly reviewed the evidence against in-school safety measures, prompting a student to ask what, then, should we do in schools.

Address our larger gun culture and violent communities, I explained, reminding the class that I have stressed again and again that they need to understand at least one essential lesson from our course: Schools mostly reflect communities and society, but they simply do very little to change anything.

I don’t like this message, but it is evidence-based, and I suppose, a liberal claim.

For many years, I have quickly refuted those who assume I am a partisan Democrat (I am not, never have been). I also have rejected labels of “liberal” and “progressive” for “critical” and “radical.”

But I feel the time is ripe for re-appropriating “liberal” when it is hurled as a slur.

In Trumplandia, to be fact-free is to be conservative, traditional, and to acknowledge evidence is to be liberal, progressive.

This is what the evidence reveals to those of us willing to see. Everything else is a lie.

There’s both sides for those who want it.

College campuses are far from radical

A New School Year But the Same Concerns about Safety

School Safety and Security: Research and Evidence

Update: Enhancing School Safety Using a Threat Assessment Model, United States Secret Service (2018)

If You Want to Know How to Stop School Shootings, Ask the Secret Service, Jeff Daniels, Professor of Counseling, West Virginia University

The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative, United States Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education (2002)

Overview of Safe School Initiative Findings

The findings of the Safe School Initiative suggest that there are productive actions that educators, law enforcement officials and others can pursue in response to the problem of targeted school violence. Specifically, Initiative findings suggest that these officials may wish to consider focusing their efforts to formulate strategies for preventing these attacks in two principal areas:

Support for these suggestions is found in 10 key findings of the Safe School Initiative study. These findings are as follows:

  • Incidents of targeted violence at school rarely were sudden, impulsive acts.

Why security measures won’t stop school shootings, Bryan Warnick, Benjamin A. Johnson, and Sam Rocha

Preventing School Shootings: The Effectiveness of Safety MeasuresCheryl Lero Jonson

The tragedies at Columbine High School, Virginia Tech, and Sandy Hook Elementary School catapulted concern about school shootings into the national spotlight. Calls for something to be done to protect our students, faculty, and staff became a salient concern for school administrators, with many schools hiring armed security officers, restricting access to campus buildings, installing metal detectors, and training individuals how to respond when a shooter enters school grounds. However, many of these security measures were implemented with little to no consultation of the empirical literature. This failure to enact evidence-based responses has had fiscal and latent consequences that are only now being discovered. This essay seeks to fill that void by examining the empirical evidence surrounding common security measures enacted in response to well-publicized school shootings and calling for the use of an evidence-based approach to school safety.

School Security Measures and Their Impact on Students, National Association of School Psychologists

Impact of Security Measures on Violence

  • There is no clear evidence that the use of metal detectors, security cameras, or guards in schools is effective in preventing school violence, 8,9,10,11 and little is known about the potential for unintended consequences that may accompany their adoption.12
  • There has not been sufficient research to determine if the presence of metal detectors in schools reduces the risk of violent behavior among students. 13
  • Some researchers have expressed concern about the widespread use of guards, cameras, and other security technologies, given that so little is known about their effectiveness. 14,15
  • Research has found security strategies, such as the use of security guards and metal detectors, to be consistently ineffective in protecting students16 and to be associated with more incidents of school crime and disruption17 and higher levels of disorder in schools. 18
  • Evidence from a school–police partnership implemented in New York City reveals that students in these schools continue to experience higher than average problems linked directly to future criminality, compared to students in other New York City schools not involved in the partnership. 19
  • Surveillance cameras in schools may have the effect of simply moving misbehavior to places in schools or outside of schools that lack surveillance. Even more troubling, it’s possible that cameras may function as enticement to large-scale violence, such as in the case of the Virginia Tech shooter who mailed video images of himself to news outlets.20
  • Research suggests that the presence of security guards and metal detectors in schools may actually increase levels of violence in schools by strengthening the influence of youth “street” culture with its emphasis on self-protection.21

More Guns Do Not Stop More Crimes, Evidence Shows, Melinda Wenner Moyer (Scientific American)

More than 30 peer-reviewed studies, focusing on individuals as well as populations, have been published that confirm what Kellermann’s studies suggested: that guns are associated with an increased risk for violence and homicide. “There is really uniform data to support the statement that access to firearms is associated with an increased risk of firearm-related death and injury,” Wintemute concludes. Gun advocates argue the causes are reversed: surges in violent crime lead people to buy guns, and weapons do not create the surge. But if that were true, gun purchases would increase in tandem with all kinds of violence. In reality, they do not.

Student Surveillance, Racial Inequalities, and Implicit Racial Bias, Jason P. Nance

In the wake of high-profile incidents of school violence, school officials have increased their reliance on a host of surveillance measures to maintain order and control in their schools. Paradoxically, such practices can foster hostile environments that may lead to even more disorder and dysfunction. These practices may also contribute to the so-called “school-to-prison pipeline” by pushing more students out of school and into the juvenile justice system. However, not all students experience the same level of surveillance. This Article presents data on school surveillance practices, including an original empirical analysis of restricted data recently released by the U.S. Department of Education after the shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School. Paralleling other disturbing trends of inequality in our public school system, these results and other empirical analyses reveal that schools serving primarily students of color are more likely to rely on more intense surveillance measures than other schools. Further, the empirical evidence suggests that these racial disparities may not be justified by legitimate safety concerns. This Article then turns to a discussion of the role that implicit racial bias may have in school officials’ decisions to rely on intense surveillance methods. Finally, it proposes legislation and strategies that federal lawmakers, state lawmakers, and school officials should adopt to counteract the effect of implicit racial bias on school officials’ decisions to implement strict security measures (and other decisions school officials make). Implementing these recommendations will help create better learning environments that benefit students of all races.

Latino/a Student Threat and School Disciplinary Policies and PracticesKelly Welch and Allison Ann Payne

Using a nationally representative sample of approximately 3,500 public schools, this study builds on and extends our knowledge of how ‘‘minority threat’’ manifests within schools. We test whether various disciplinary policies and practices are mobilized in accordance with Latino/a student composition, presumably the result of a group response to perceptions that white racial dominance is jeopardized. We gauge how schools’ Latino/a student populations are associated with the availability and use of several specific types of discipline. We further explore possible moderating influences of school crime and economic disadvantage on punishment. We find that schools with larger percentages of Latino/a students are more likely to favor certain punitive responses and less likely to favor certain mild responses, as predicted by minority threat. The percentage of Latino/a students is also related to greater use of certain disciplinary responses in schools with less crime.

Mental Illness Didn’t Make Him Do It, Jonathan Foiles (Psychology Today)

The supposed link between mental illness and violence is so ingrained in our culture that stories like the above need only suggest that the perpetrator was depressed to satisfy a need for an explanation. Research reveals a far different story, however. People with mental illnesses are actually far more likely to be victims rather than perpetrators of violence (Appleby et. al., 2001). Those with severe mental illnesses (schizophreniabipolar disorderpsychosis) are actually 2.5 times more likely to be victims of a violent crime than the general population (Hiday, 2006). A 2011 study found that to prevent one violent homicide by a person with schizophrenia, 35,000 patients deemed to be at a high risk of violence would need to be detained (Large et. al., 2011). And yet the link persists. A 2013 survey conducted after the Newtown shooting found that 46 percent of Americans believe that persons with a serious mental illness are “far more dangerous than the general population” (Barry et. al., 2013).

The MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study Revisited: Two Views Ten Years After Its Initial PublicationE. Fuller Torrey , M.D., Jonathan Stanley , J.D., John Monahan , Ph.D., and Henry J. Steadman , Ph.D.

The lessons to be learned from the MacArthur Study are those that we have identified in our various publications. Among the more salient findings, violence risk attributed to people with mental disorders vastly exceeds the actual risk presented. Indeed, for people who do not abuse alcohol and drugs, there is no reason to anticipate that they present greater risk than their neighbors. The predictors of violence by people with mental disorders are more similar to than different from the predictors for the population as a whole, including alcohol and drug abuse. Violence in this population only rarely results in serious injury or death and generally does not involve the use of weapons. People with mental disorders are less likely than people without such disorders to assault strangers and to commit assaults in public places. Although there is suggestive evidence that remaining in treatment may reduce rates of violence among some persons with mental disorders, better data are needed; it is unlikely that treatment alone will eliminate violence risk.

Most Mass Shooters Are Not Mentally Ill, Carmela Epright

Sociologists explain why American men turn to gun violence, Tristan Bridges and Tara Leigh Tober

A great deal of commentary attempts to tie mass shootings to a single issue. Often, that seems like the easiest way to make sense of atrocities. That’s why we get sound bites that lean on mental health (when shooters are white), terrorist ties and affiliations (when shooters are brown), gang violence and “urban decay” (when shooters are black), bullying (when it happens in a school), and overwork (when it happens in a workplace).

The truth cannot be boiled down to any single issue. As sociologists, we can look to the bigger picture, point out patterns, and identify common denominators. Our research suggests that gun control is, indeed, an important piece of the problem. But in order to understand the factors behind America’s mass shootings, it is also critical to consider the relationship between masculinity and violence.

Scholars who study masculinity and mass shootings have consistently drawn attention to the fact that mass shootings are not only a uniquely American social problem; they are a problem with American men. We’ve argued before that there are two questions that require explanation related to gender and mass shootings. First, why is it that men commit virtually all mass shootings? And second, why do American men commit mass shootings more than men anywhere else in the world?

The psychological effects of ‘active-shooter drills’ on kids could do more harm than good, James Hamblin

Studies of whether active-shooter drills actually prevent harm are all but impossible. Case studies are difficult to parse. In Parkland, for example, the site of the recent shooting, Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, had an active-shooter drill just last month. The shooter had been through such drills. Purposely countering them may have been a reason that, as he was beginning his rampage, the shooter pulled a fire alarm.

In any case, preparedness drills always change the baseline level of risk that people perceive. This heightening can manifest as stress and anxiety, not to mention changing the way kids understand how people treat one another—to even consider violence an option, not in some abstract way.

Colleen Derkatch, an associate professor at Ryerson University in Toronto, studies how we assess risk when it comes to our health. “The more prepared we are, the more heightened our sense of risk,” she told me. “And one potential effect we haven’t considered is how these kinds of preparedness activities affect kids psychologically, and could increase a sense of feeling at risk. They really expand the ways in which we feel increasingly under siege.”

The National LGBTQ Task Force is a progressive social justice organization that works toward a society that values and respects the diversity of human expression and identity, and achieves equity for all. As the progressive voice of the LGBTQ movement, the Task Force approaches gun violence prevention from an intersectional framework conscious of issues such as racial justice, disability justice, and reproductive justice. These policy recommendations are meant to provide a guide for policy makers and advocates alike on advocacy for gun violence prevention from a progressive, intersectional perspective. In this policy brief, we have identified 10 recommendations for addressing our nation’s gun violence epidemic.


although which could slightly vary from each other,

although we’ve had leaders and leadership during the human history, people haven’t continually been as attentive on inspecting the differences in management. The real increase in leadership theories commenced inside the 20th century, whilst extra focus started pouring in to solving the fantastic mysteries of effective and accurate theories are frequently categorized based on what the principle believes to be the defining trait or characteristic of the chief or the framework he or she makes use of. even as there are some of theories, the purpose of this essay is to take a look at the main additives of the Transactional management, Transformational management and authentic management method. Then become aware of three strengths and 3 weaknesses of every of the method for information leadership behaviour.every of these categories has various leadership patterns, which could slightly vary from each other, but though, belong to the core institution. let’s examine the theories and the assumptions they make approximately leadership.Transactional theory focus at the strength and have an impact on of management and the distinctive ways leaders can leverage these to reap goals. the basis for the principle is the examination of the transactions among the leader and the followers, that specialize in information how to construct a fine and effective courting. therefore, the concept is interested by know-how the reward and punishment systems and their use in aligning the wishes of the company with the desires of the subordinate.The transactional style has been popular, and it can be green in growing significant relationships between the chief and the subordinates, it is also attracted complaint. The maximum not unusual objection to the fashion is its assumption that human beings function best to maximize delight or praise. it may once in a while push aside different motivational factors altogether and simply assume financial gain is all subordinates searching the meantime Transformational management idea as a extra humane militaristic management than transactional idea. It believes in inspiring personnel to paintings via the examples and a frontrunner of amazing pressure of character. The principle that human beings high growth thru tremendous motivation than terrible motivation. the management theory has a tendency to strike a stability among brief- and long-time period objectives. some other massive advantage to the style comes from the way it creates different leaders with transformational characteristics. because people are the usage of self-motivation and self-actualization as part of their work, they are able to use these capabilities to become transformational leaders the same time as the true management is in its infancy, this means that the concept nevertheless lacks certain regularly occurring solutions or theories to precise questions. As we are able to have a look at about the benefits and downsides of the technique, the lack of proper theory or version is occasionally criticized as the biggest flaw of the concept.authentic leadership as a management fashion that is steady with a leaders’ character and middle values, and that is sincere, moral and realistic. authentic leadership refers back to the type of chief who absolutely holds the ideals she espouses. The chief’s authenticity presents itself in his actions. His behaviour displays the ethics and values he promotes, along with transparency and fairness.nevertheless, true leadership offers one idealistic view on what leadership can offer at its excellent. Its recognition on constructing authentic courting and creating an surroundings based on agree with is useful for maximum companies.while there are nonetheless many questions left unanswered approximately leadership theories, and lots of feasible truths to be drawn from their ideas, i have aimed on this essay to establish that at the least 3 matters are actual: Transformational management is constructed across the concept of main via example. it’s far about empowering human beings to obtain their full capacity and paintings in the direction of the concept of self-actualization. From Burns to Bass, the principle has been constructed around the idea of difficult and changing the fame quo and thriving in the direction of greatness.while The transactional theories pay near attention to the motivations behind the actions. The transactional fashion has been popular, and it may be green in developing significant relationships among the chief and the subordinates. moreover, if you want your employees to be loyal to you, be an actual leader. Behave ethically, speak openly and promote their interests, as well as your personal, displaying your followers which you view your enterprise as a crew.

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Jour de la révolution

Do note, by the way, that today is the French Republican Calendrical equivalent of 29 February — it’s the leap-day that comes round in order to complete the quadrennial cycle, hence its magnificently appropriate name.

I’ve long thought that the EU got things the wrong way around when it mandated use of the (French Revolutionary) metric system and stuck to the old Gregorian Calendar. My offer to Mr Brown’s Government is that if they legislate to implement the French Republican Calendar in this country, I shall drop my opposition to the creation of British Values Day — especially if it gets held on the Jour de la révolution, which would mean not only that it’ll only come around every four years, but also that it’ll tacitly, or not-so-tacitly, identify British Values with French Republican Values, which would be a significant improvement on what’s otherwise likely to be on offer.

Year CCXVII kicks off tomorrow…

Rival French Revolutionary Calendars!

I’m delighted to see that I’m not the only blogger to have installed a French Revolutionary Calendar: the folks at Republikeinse have one, too (on the left-hand menubar, scroll down a bit), along with a Roman republican calendar, too. (More details on this kind of thing here.)

Careful readers will notice that their calendar and mine are a day out of sync with one another, which probably calls for explanation. The Virtual Stoa’s calendar is based on the mathematical version of the French Repbulican Calendar, which was approved but (alas) never implemented. Republikeinse probably have a script to generate dates according to the astronomical version of the calendar, which was the one actually in force in France in the 1790s, etc.

It’s good to clear that one up.

Calendrical Calculations

A correspondent writes to the Virtual Stoa:


Program: #14-27, Air Date: 06/30/14

Three recent releases of dances and instrumental music from the cusp of the Baroque.

NOTE: This is the second of two programs looking at recent releases centering on the musical scene in Italy at the cusp of the Baroque.

I. Verso Venezia: Castello/Merula/Legrenzi Sonate & Canzoni (Pallade Muisca). Atma CD ACD2 2697.

Verso Venezia

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ATMA presents the first CD by Pallade Musica, the 2012 Grand Prize winners at the Early Music America Baroque Performance Competition in New York. Pallade Musica brings together four of Montreal’s most promising Early Music performers: Tanya LaPerrière, Baroque violin; Elinor Frey, Baroque cello; Esteban La Rotta, theorbo, and Mylène Bélanger, harpsichord. The ensemble focuses on repertoire for violin, cello and continuo.

Two genres are offered in this program: the canzona and the sonata from 17th century in Venice. Although they use the same instruments, belong to the same style, and sound quite similar, these two genres have very different origins and aesthetic purposes. Verso Venezia includes music written by Dario Castello, Giovanni Legrenzi and Tarquinio Merula — Venetian composers who were at the forefront of the transformation of the canzona into the sonata form.

Dario Castello (1590-1658)
Sonate concertate in stil moderno
1. Libro I (Venice, 1621) *Sonata Sesta per soprano, trombone ovvero violetta e b.c.
2. Libro II (Venice, 1629) *Sonata prima per soprano e b.c.
3. *Sonata secunda per soprano e b.c.
4. *Sonata settima a 2. Sopran e fagotto overo viola
5. *Sonata ottava a 2. Sopran e fagotto overo viola

Tarquinio Merula (1607-1665)
from Il quarto libro delle canzoni da suonare, a 2–3 (Venice, 1651)
6. Canzon decima quarta “La Cappellina”
7. Canzon decima quinta “La Tinta”
8. La Monteverde
9. Miradoro
10. Scarinza

Giovanni Legrenzi (1626-1690)
11. op. 2 (Venice, 1655), *Sonata no. 4 “La Foscari”
12. *Sonata no. 5 “La Donata”
13. op. 8, * Sonata no. 5 “La Galini”
14. op. 10 “La Cetra” (Venice, 1673), *Sonata no. 4
15. *Sonata no. 5

II. Giovanni Battista Fontana: Sonate a violino ad altri strumenti (Stradivaria/Daniel Cuiller). Mirare CD MIR 214.

Fontana: Sonatas Nos.1-8 by Daniel Cuiller, Stradivaria (2014-04-08)

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Born in Brescia around 1571, Giovanni Battista Fontana lived in Venice, Rome and Padua, where he died during the plague of 1630. His music surprises by the mastery of counterpoint, the simplicity and the expression of its slow movements, the complexity of its ornamentation and the elegant vivacity of its short dance sections. Nicknamed 'dal Violino' and described as "one of the most singular virtuosos the age has seen". Fontana has left us an outstanding example of early Baroque instrumental music. On this release, Daniel Cuiller leads the ensemble Stradivaria in a selection of sonatas.

1. Sonata undecima a due violini col basso
2. Sonata 4 a violino solo e basso
3. Sonata 1 a flauto solo col basso
4. Sonata 5 a violin sol e basso
5. Sonata ottava a due violini col basso
6. Sonata 2 a violin solo e basso
7. Sonata 3 a flauto solo col basso
8. Sonata 6 a violin solo e basso
9. Sonata settima a due violini col basso

III. Ciaramella—Dances On Movable Ground (Ciaramella/Adam Knight Gilbert & Rotem Gilbert). Yarlung CD 96819.

Ciaramella Dances: On Movable Ground

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Ciaramella Ensemble ventures "toward modern times" with intoxicating dance melodies from musicians who lived from the 1500s into the Baroque era, and includes new compositions by Adam Gilbert as well. Ground bass patterns underlie all of this music; sometimes one can hear it clearly and sometimes the ground bass line is veiled within the polyphony. Ciaramella artistic directors Adam and Rotem Gilbert lead the ensemble, which includes music on theorbo, Baroque guitar, viola da gamba, drums and percussion, harpsichord, wind instruments (including recorders, Renaissance brass, shawms), and hurdy gurdy.
"...Ciaramella plays this music with conviction and expressiveness and makes it accessible for contemporary audiences. One certainly can’t ask for more.

"...Ciaramella makes it fun. They bring a sense of history to the works they play, but their concerts aren’t dry academic exercises. They bring the music of the renaissance to life. A concert by Ciaramella is a delightful and entertaining excursion to a bygone era.

"And the... members of the group obviously enjoy what they’re doing. For them this music is as much alive today as it was in Richard III’s time – and that attitude and approach are what set them apart from many other early music ensembles."
Edward Reichel

“From the nobility of Europe, to the petit bourgeoisie reading Thonoit’s Arbeau’s Orchesographie, to the already pregnant bride in Brueghel’s The Peasant Wedding, everybody danced their way through the rituals of life…. Their music, like their dance, reflected a delicate balance between the restraints of culture and convention, and ingenious flourishes of improvisation….”
Adam Gilbert

1 Jácaras - Gaspar Sanz (2:40)
2 L'eroica a tre y ciacona for 2 violins, bass & continuo - Andrea Falconieri t (3:59)
3 Battaglia de Barabosa yerno de Satanas - Andrea Falconieri (3:46)
4 Canario (Montecatini Terme, Fondo Venturi B8, p.44) - Anonymous, Italian(2:46)
5 Passacalle (from Il primo libro de canzoni) - Andrea Falconieri (5:25)
6 Aria Decima Quarta (14) sopra La mia Pedrina, for 2 violins & continuo (from Op. 4) - Marco Uccellini (3:59)
7 Recercada No 8 - Diego Ortiz (2:25)
8 Greensleeves to a Ground - Anonymous, English (3:11)
9 Jácaras - Gaspar Sanz (3:10)

Composer Info

Gaspar Sanz, Diego Ortiz, Marco Uccellini, Andrea Falconieri, Gaspar Sanz, Adam Gilbert, Giovanni Battista Fontana (1571-1630), Dario Castello (1590-1658), Giovanni Legrenzi (1626-1690), Tarquinio Merula (1607-1665),

CD Info

Atma CD A,CD2 2697, Yarlung CD 96819, Mirare CD MIR 214,


Making a nutritious and delicious breakfast smoothie is easier than ever. With SmoothieBox, all you need to do is add the pouch of frozen ingredients of your favorite flavor with the included collagen packet to a blender, pour in your favorite mixture, and mix.

While the three-step process is a cinch, on occasion, there may be some issues that cause a smoothie not to be mixed together as perfectly as you’d like. There are also a few tricks to making sure you get a smoothie at the perfect consistency, every time.

And so, we’d like to share some of our favorite learnings and smoothie tips from making smoothies pretty much every day for the last year or so.

Blender lacking “oomph”: You blender doesn’t have the horsepower of a jet engine, so you are finding that your blender whirs and does nothing to blend up that smoothie. You are left with what looks more like “Dippin Dots” than a healthy breakfast. You have to add so much liquid that you end up with 40 ounces of flavorless smoothie.

Solution #1: Allow your smoothie ingredients to soften for a few minutes prior to blending. Take your smoothie out of the freezer, dump it into your blender, and leave it. Or, just take on the package and leave it next to the blender for a few minutes. Go make coffee, get in a quick meditation session, or do a few morning dishes — this is my favorite time to deal with dishes from the night before — come back, add in the collagen, liquid, and blend.

Solution #2: Microwave a cup of filtered water or quickly boil some water, and then pour just an ounce or two of hot water into the blender in which you’ve already added the frozen ingredients and collagen. This will soften the frozen smoothie and make it easier to blend. Add in your liquid of choice and blend away.

Collagen clumping: You’ve added all your ingredients and your smoothie-making liquid of choice and after blending you look like you have a perfect, quick breakfast drink. However, once you start drinking you notice large clumps of something in your smoothie that are a bit surprising and do not taste good. You’ve got collagen clumps.

Solution #3: Collagen is a great protein source, but if not mixed into a liquid well enough, on occasion, it will slightly gel. To avoid this, make your smoothie in this order:

  1. Add frozen ingredients to blender.
  2. Pour in collagen (spreading the collagen evenly around the frozen ingredients).
  3. Pour in liquid (pouring all around so that it starts to dissolve collagen and soften frozen ingredients).

Solution #4: If you follow the steps above and it doesn’t work, your blender might not have enough mixing power. Another workaround is to first blend frozen ingredients and liquid, then add the collagen into the smoothie, and blend for a few seconds.

Soggy smoothie: You like your smoothies thick, like a good chocolate milkshake. However, no matter what you do, the blender can’t seem to mix a smoothie without adding a lot of liquid.

Solution #5: Stir your smoothie mid-blend and add a little bit of water. Use a tamper, a useful attachment for Vitamix machines and other blenders, which allows you to blend and stir at the same time! (Additionally, Solution #1 above, works to solve this issue.)

Smoothie is not smooth and has a little “chew”: Some folks like this texture, but others not so much. With real seeds in the smoothies it may not be as smooth as you might like.

Solution #6: Blend your smoothie for a full 60 seconds. (I count 1 Mississippi, 2 Mississippi). You may think your smoothie is done blending, but in reality you only blended for 30 seconds. The full 60 will get you the smooth consistency you are looking for.

Time is not on your side: Even though our Super Smoothies are ready in minutes, your mornings so hectic that even taking a few moments to prepare a smoothie gives you anxiety.

Solution #7: Prepare your smoothie the night before! If you blend your smoothie and store it in a double-walled, insulated container — we love the ones made by Healthy Human — and put it in the refrigerator it will have the same consistency and great taste as if you blended it that morning!


SHASTA STEVIC - IntraLiminal

After leaving behind her career as a lawyer, local artist Shasta Stevic spent the last few years experimenting with different artistic mediums and disciplines. She is particularly interested in using unconventional methods of storytelling and installation to explore themes including the environment and sustainability, (un)civilisation, progress, so-called technological and scientific advancement, human centrality and the worrying divide between humans and nature.

SATURDAY 28th July 1:30

Shasta is the co-founder, co-curator and creative director of IntraLiminal, an ongoing project that showcases the work of talented young artists from the Bass Coast region of Australia through exhibitions and social media exposure.

She is also the Arts Correspondent for ABC Gippsland Radio, with a regular segment talking about arts exhibitions and events in the Gippsland region of Victoria.

Shasta will discuss her work here with IntraLiminal and her work in Iceland as an Art Curator.


Conversion Is Our Business

Text recognition

OCR is an abbreviation for Optical Character Recognition.

OCR is the software for recognizing text / characters and converting them to, for example, a Microsoft Word document or PDF file.

We use the application ABBYY FineReader to recognize texts. We have good experiences with this, but no OCR program will guarantee a 100% correct recognition.

However, the program is able to correct reading errors or adjust erroneously recognized characters, performing a kind of spell check. In this way a better accuracy of the recognition will be archived.


Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy In Adults Radiology – dagorcraft what is anoxic encephalopathy

1 from the department of neuroradiology, national neuroscience institute, singapore (A.N.H., C.C.T.L.); department of diagnostic radiology, singapore general hospital.

International brain injury association – ibiahypoxic- ischemic brain injury is a diagnostic term that encompasses a complex constellation of pathophysiological and molecular injuries to the brain induced by hypoxia, ischemia, cytotoxicity, or combinations of these conditions (busl and greer 2. The typical causes of hypoxic- ischemic brain injury – cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, near- drowning, near- hanging, and other forms of incomplete suffocation, carbon monoxide and other poisonous gas exposures, and perinatal asphyxia – expose the entire brain to potentially injurious reductions of oxygen (i.What is anoxic encephalopathy although the concept of hypoxic- ischemic brain injury is generally well accepted in clinical medicine, there remains a lack of consistency with respect to the terms used to denote this type of injury, particularly in the neurorehabilitation literature (arciniegas 2. Anoxic brain injury,’ ‘anoxic brain damage,’ and ‘anoxic encephalopathy’ are the most commonly used clinical and research descriptors of this condition, and generally are used as synonyms for hypoxic- ischemic brain injury. However, these terms overstate the severity of one pathophysiologic contributor to injury – decreased delivery of oxygen to the brain, most accurately described as hypoxia rather than as anoxia – and ignore entirely the often concurrent and more injurious decrease in perfusion of the brain (i.What is anoxic encephalopathy with respect to the use of ‘anoxia’ in these diagnostic terms, true anoxia (frank absence of oxygen in the blood) is a rare and debatably survivable event: although complete cessation of respiratory function eliminates introduction of new oxygen into the circulatory system, oxygen remains available, albeit in rapidly diminishing quantities, in the blood for extraction and use by brain tissue for at least several minutes thereafter. With respect to the omission of ‘ischemic’ from these diagnostic terms, purely hypoxic injuries (i.

Greer 2. 00. 6; busl and greer 2. The term ‘anoxic encephalopathy’ is problematic for these reasons as well as the fact that it describes a consequence of injury, i.What is anoxic encephalopathy

Radiology cases and radiology case reports. Anonymous said. What i do not understood is in fact how you are not really much more neatly-liked than you may. Learn about encephalopathy, a term that means brain disease, damage, or malfunction. Learn about encephalopathy symptoms, treatment, and types. OBJECTIVE. Wernicke’s encephalopathy is an acute neurological syndrome resulting from thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. Early recognition is important because timely. B. Adults and children after fontanelle closure either transcranial spectral doppler sonography, power M-mode doppler sonography, or transcranial color-coded duplex. · perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an important cause of brain injury in the newborn and can result in long-term devastating consequences.What is anoxic encephalopathy

For these reasons, hypoxic- ischemic brain injury (HI- BI) more accurately and completely describes the pathophysiology of this subcategory of acquired brain injuries. HI- BI therefore is recommended for use over ‘anoxic brain injury’ or other variants of it as the term with which to deescribe such injuries in clinical and research contexts.

Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury most often results from insults such as cardiac arrest, vascular catastrophe, poisoning (such as carbon monoxide intoxication or drug.

Pathophysiology of hypoxic- ischemic brain injury. Diminutions in circulating oxygen levels may result from a failure of gas exchange in the lungs, decreases in blood- oxygen saturation from pulmonary dysfunction or interference by other gases (e.What is anoxic encephalopathy decreased perfusion of the brain occurs when blood flow to it is partially or completely restricted (e. These conditions deprive the brain not only of oxygen but also glucose and all other nutrients as well as the nutrient/waste exchange process required to support brain metabolism, resulting in the development of a hypoxic- ischemic state.

This state is characterized by cellular energy failure, membrane depolarization, brain edema, excess neurotransmitter release (particularly the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters) and uptake inhibition, increases in intracellular calcium, production of oxygen- free radicals, lipid peroxidation, and disturbances in autoregulation of cerebral blood flow at the micro- and macroscopic levels (calvert and zhang 2.What is anoxic encephalopathy busl and greer 2. Hypoxic and hypoxic- ischemic states at least transiently disrupt brain function and, if sufficiently severe and/or prolonged, may lead to neuronal death and irreversible brain injury. It is important to acknowledge that the pathophysiologic processes occurring in HI- BI also are characteristic of the non- hemorrhagic forms of stroke. However, the term ‘stroke’ is generally used to denote injury resulting from focal or multifocal ischemia (i.

HI- BI denotes global (i. Having said that, not all areas of the brain are equally vulnerable to the injurious effects of hypoxia and hypoxia- ischemia: injury from these processes tends to be most pronounced in the superior brainstem, cerebellum, white matter and subcortical structures supplied by the distal branches of deep and superficial penetrating blood vessels, cerebral white matter at the zones between the major cerebral artery territories (so called ‘border zones’ or ‘watershed areas’), CA1 region of the hippocampus, and neocortical layers 3, 5, and 6 (injury to which produces ‘laminar cortical necrosis,’ referring to the death of cells in these layers, or lamina, in the cortex) (arbelaez, castillo et al.What is anoxic encephalopathy chalela, wolf et al. Busl and greer 2. Neurological and neurobehavioral consequences of hypoxic- ischemic brain injury.

ADA2. Adenosine deaminase 2. AHA 2008. American heart association guidelines 2008. AIS. Arterial ischemic stroke. CBP 2010. Canadian best practice guidelines 2010. Neurology articles covering symptoms, diagnosis, staging, treatment, prognosis, and follow-up. Peer reviewed and up-to-date recommendations written by leading experts.

The consequences of HI- BI commonly include seizures (event- related and recurrent), disturbances of sensorimotor function, and a broad array of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances (anderson and arciniegas 2. Lu- emerson and khot 2. Seizures and myoclonus.What is anoxic encephalopathy

As many as one- third of individuals sustaining an HI- BI develop seizures in the immediate post- injury period, typically beginning within 2. The development of such seizures most likely reflects the effects of injury- induced excitotoxic processes on cortical neurons. Most post- hypoxic seizures usually are partial complex or myoclonic in character and occur intermittently.

The occurrence of early seizures does not necessarily portend the development of post- hypoxic epilepsy or persistent post- hypoxic myoclonus nor does it invariably predict poor neurological or functional outcome. However, the post- hypoxic status epilepticus (SE) or myoclonic SE is associated, almost invariably, with a fatal outcome from the HI- BI (rossetti, logroscino et al.What is anoxic encephalopathy it is likely that mortality associated with SE is a reflection of the severity of underlying injury rather than the development of SE per se, although the possibility of SE aggravating the underlying neurological injury has not been definitively excluded. The frequency of late seizures after HI- BI is not well established, although common clinical experience suggests that a nontrivial minority of individuals experience this problem.

Treatment of post- hypoxic epilepsy and/or myoclonus follows that of other secondary epilepsies and myoclonus, and generally is similarly effective. Movement disorders. Post- hypoxic parkinsonism, dystonia, chorea, athetosis, and tremor are rare but potentially disabling consequences of HI- BI.What is anoxic encephalopathy among these problems, post- hypoxic parkinsonism and dystonia are most common. Post- hypoxic parkinsonism is generally symmetric and predominantly akinetic- rigid (i.

The development of this condition most likely reflects the vulnerability of the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra – pars reticularis to the adverse effects of hypoxia and/or ischemia. Post- hypoxic dystonia, which tends to reflect injury to the putamen, is often asymmetric initially but over time may progress to a more symmetric and generalized form. Although these conditions may develop in the early post- injury period, they often are delayed sequelae of HI- BI, developing months or years after injury. Unfortunately, these conditions appear less responsive to pharmacologic treatment than primary parkinsonism (i.What is anoxic encephalopathy parkinson’s disease) and idiopathic dystonia, perhaps reflecting hypoxic- ischemic- induced damage and/or destruction of the neurons in these structures that ordinarily are the targets of these pharmacotherapies. Disorders of elementary sensorimotor function. Injury to descending corticospinal tracts, whether in the deep white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, in the crus cerebri at the level of the midbrain, or in the spinal cord, may produce impairments of elementary motor function.

Involvement of the corticospinal tracts at the level of the cerebral hemispheres or upper brainstem may produce variable patterns and severities of motor weakness, up to and including quadriplegia. An uncommon but remarkable post- hypoxic motor syndrome is the ‘man in a barrel’ syndrome, or bibrachial paresis; this condition is characterized by bilateral proximal upper extremity paresis with preservation of lower extremity function, and reflects hypoxic- ischemic injury to the ‘watershed’ zone of white matter between the anterior and middle cerebral artery territories.What is anoxic encephalopathy similarly, paraparesis and quadriparesis are potential consequences of hypoxic- ischemic watershed infarctions in the upper and lower thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. Rehabilitative interventions for these problems, and complications of them such as spasticity, contractures, gait and mobility impairments, follow those applied for similar motor impairments due to other causes. The effectiveness of these motor- specific rehabilitative interventions in this population is not well established, but common clinical experience and several rehabilitation outcome studies (shah, al- adawi et al. Burke, shah et al. Shah, carayannopoulos et al.

HI- BI survivors with such problems. Watershed infarctions occurring the posterior portions of the cerebral hemispheres may produce disturbances in sensory function, and particularly impairments of visual processing.What is anoxic encephalopathy cortical blindness and the balint syndrome (comprised by ocular apraxia, optic ataxia, and simultanagnosia) are specific examples of disorders of sensory function that may be associated with HI- BI. Optimal rehabilitative strategies for these problems are not well developed presently. Cognitive impairment the most extensively studied neurobehavioral sequelae of HI- BI are cognitive impairments. Most common among these are the disorders of consciousness (e.

Balint’s syndrome (as noted above), anton’s syndrome (anosagnosia for visual impairment), personality changes, behavioral disturbances, and disorders of mood and affect regulation have been reported as well.

Neuroradiology cases: herpes encephalitis MRI.What is anoxic encephalopathy A 2. 9 yo married female brought unconscious to casualty with history of mild fever and headache since 3days. CT brain on admission was normal. Csf showed pleocytosis and elevated proteins.

Infarct ruled out as there is no intra cranial major vessel stenosis or occlusion on MR angio particularly the MCA. Herpes encephalitis. Syn : herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV- l).

Location wise typically involves limbic system in that commonly involves temporal lobes, insula, subfrontal area and cingulate gyri. May involve cerebral convexity and posterior occipital cortex. Often bilateral disease but asymmetric. Basal ganglia usually spared. Atypical patterns seen in infants and children where involvement of cerebral hemispheres noted primarily.What is anoxic encephalopathy rarely, may affect mid brain and pons.

Neuroimaging. CT often normal early. May see ill defined areas of low attenuation, mild mass effect in medial temporal lobes, insula. Hemorrhage is a late feature. Patchy or gyriform enhancement of temporal lobes on post contrast is a late feature. On MRI , areas of T2 hyper intensity with restricted diffusion on dw images. Mild, patchy enhancement on post contrast T1 early in disease. Gyriform enhancement is feature of late disease.

May see focal abnormal lepto meningeal enhancement. MR is most sensitive for diagnosis. FLAIR and DWI are the most sensitive sequences sufficient for diagnosis when patient is non co operative. Imaging is often key to diagnosis.What is anoxic encephalopathy

DDs. Limbic encephalitis. A rare paraneoplastic syndrome associated with a primary tumor, often lung.

Predilection for limbic system, often bilateral.- hemorrhage is not present. – imaging may be indistinguishable. Clinically sub acute course.

Symptom onset usually weeks to months (vs acute course, ‘short term’ history in HSE)ischemia : – typical vascular distribution (MCA, ACA, PCA)- acute onset. – restricted diffusion on dw images is more intense compared to herpes. Status epileptius: – active seizures may disrupt BBB, cause signal abnormalities and enhancement. – temporal lobe epilepsy hyperperfusion may mimic herpes encephalitis. Herpes viruses include HSV- l, HSV- 2, epstein- barr, cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella- zoster virus (VZV), B virus, HSV- 6, HSV- 7. HSV- l infection is common in adults and children, typically related to viral reactivation where as HSV- 2 more common in neonates.What is anoxic encephalopathy initial HSV- l infection usually occurs in oronasopharynx through contact with infected secretions. HSV- l invades along cranial nerves (via lingual nerve, a division of the trigeminal nerve) to ganglia. HSV- l remains dormant in the trigeminal ganglion. HSV- l reactivation may occur spontaneously or be precipitated by various factors like local trauma, immunosuppression, hormonal fluctuations, emotional stress. HSV- l causes acute hemorrhagic, necrotizing encephalitis (primarily involving limbic system)HSV- l causes 9.

Herpes is most common nonepidemic cause of viral meningoencephalitis. Clinical presentation. Age : occurs at any age. Highest incidence in adolescents and young adults. Approximately 3.What is anoxic encephalopathy

Gender: no gender predominance. Most common signs/symptoms : fever, headache, seizures, +/- viral prodrome, other signs/symptoms : altered mental status, focal or diffuse neurologic deficit in less than 3. Children often present with nonspecific symptoms like behavioral changes, fever, headaches, seizures, even coma and death. Patients are typically immunocompetent. HSV- 1 is uncommon in AIDSCSF studies show a lymphocytic pleocytosis and elevated protein. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of CSF, most useful for diagnosis with sensitivity/specificity of 9.

EEG shows temporal lobe activity. Natural history prognosis: early diagnosis and treatment with antiviral agents can decrease mortality, may improve outcome.What is anoxic encephalopathy

Mortality ranges from 5. Despite acyclovir therapy, ~ 5. Treatment: antiviral therapy with intravenous acyclovir.


Customization of the Resiliency Education and Skills Training
Borrowing from the research findings and theoretical constructs of Narrative Medicine, Relational Therapy, Interpersonal Communication Theory and Trauma Recovery Intervention, REST brings together the most effective elements of each domain. Interventions are founded in the proven studies of similar programs that may have addressed one of the aspects of REST. They are creative and dynamic in nature and take shape from participants and the process that inspires between them.

* Engaged Listening and the Beholding process
: Communication theory brings to light the value of effective listening, non-verbal communication and language use to convey a message at best. With REST, participants learn the art of "engaged listening", characterized by empathic and focused listening, which allows the speaker to experience what we call "the beholding process". In this experience, both the speaker and the listener will find comfort and clarity in their connection.

* Reflective Readings:
This Narrative Medicine based intervention connects interdisciplinary professionals through shared experience as they evaluate and reflect upon a narrative. Through the reflective process, participants will be able to gain insight, rejuvenate healthy emotional responses to critical incidents and find resilience in the group.

* Creative Writings
: With few "rules" other than this being a timed exercise, writing prompts taken from both Narrative Medicine and Trauma Recovery work are used to provide a structured freeing of experience and emotion associated with critical incidents of medical practice. Emotional recognition and expression in relation to critical
incident in a creative and mindful way can result in stress-reduction. It gives way for the health care providers to trust that they can share the emotional response appropriately with co-workers and even patients without risk of violating boundaries or seeming ineffective.

* Interdisciplinary Interviewing:
Relational Therapy practice engages clients through gaining perspective on how they function in relation to family, friends and co-workers. REST incorporates this valuable understanding of "self in relation to other" through interdisciplinary interviewing that sheds light on the physician-nurse relationship. In turn, this interviewing intervention teaches how to elicit narrative (personal story). Participants develop their abilities to provide integral medicine by using this interview technique with patients in order to draw out their illness narrative for broader understanding beyond just the symptoms.
   "The beholding process"
 Benefits of Resiliency Education and Skills Training:

   1.Teaches engaged listening and the art of dialogue.

   2. Increases the capacity for empathy.

   3. Ability to elicit patient information without sounding like a walking chart,               therefore rehumanizing the intake process.

  4. Effective interpersonal communication from provider to provider and provider              to patient/family members.

  5. Relief from stress of critical incidents experienced in caring for patients.

  6. Creates opportunities for caregivers to give and receive support.

  7. Enhances self-esteem and confidence

8. Contributes to realistic goal setting.

  9. Models healthy behavior for patients and colleagues.
10. Improves the "Culture of Safety" in the Medical Environment.

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题名: Natural cures for type 1 diabetes A review of phytochemicals, Biological actions, and clinical potential.
作者: Chang CL
Chen YC
Chen HM
Yang NS
Yang WC
贡献者: 國立臺灣海洋大學:水產養殖學系
关键词: Autoimmune diseases
Combination therapy
pancreatic β-cells
replacement therapy
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune diabetes
日期: 2013
上传时间: 2018-03-19T06:18:57Z
出版者: Current Medicinal Chemistry
摘要: Abstract: Autoimmune diseases are the third largest category of illness in the industrialized world, following cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Among them, type 1 diabetes, also named autoimmune diabetes, afflicts 10 million people worldwide. This disease is caused by autoimmunity-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, leading to insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia and complications. Currently, there is no cure for type 1 diabetes. Insulin injection is the only medication; however, it accompanies serious medical complications. Current strategies to cure type 1 diabetes include immunotherapy, replacement therapy, and combination therapy. Despite recent advances in anti-diabetic strategies, no strategy is clinically successful. How to cure type 1 diabetes without undesirable side effects still remains a formidable challenge in drug research and development. Plants provide an extraordinary source of natural medicines for different diseases. Moreover, secondary metabolites of plant origin serve as an invaluable chemical library for drug discovery and current medicinal chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry. Over the past 25 years, 50% of prescription drugs have been developed from natural products and their derivatives. In this article, we review more than 20 plant compounds and extracts reported in the literature to prevent and treat type-1 diabetes. Emphasis is placed on their chemistry and biology in terms of regulation of immune cells and pancreatic β-cells. We summarize recent progress in understanding the biological actions, mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the compounds and extracts of plant origin in type 1 diabetes. New views on phytocompound-based strategies for prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes are also discussed.
關聯: 20(7)
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Proshyan Wines

Design: Dochery
Location: Russia
Project Type: Produced
Client: Proshyan Brandy Factory
Product Launch Location: Armenia
Packaging Contents: Wine
Packaging Substrate / Materials: Glass, paper
Printing Process: Flexography

Proshyan wine line has a very distinct character. Due to unique climate conditions, Armenia is able to produce a number of very exotic fruit wines. For the Proshyan Brandy Factory pomegranate wines’ bright and unusual taste made it the star of the line. Proshyan Brandy Factory produces one of the most popular pomegranate wines, keeping its traditional essence and carefully controls the quality of the product, strictly following the technology. While making the new label for the wines we were seeking to reflect the care for the regions` traditions in the process of winemaking, demonstrated by the company. We took the traditional Armenian ceramics visuals which often feature animalistic and floral motives as a base for the visual concept but made it about wine. We were able to create bright and colourful label that reflects where the product came from and what it has to offer.

What's Unique?
Traditionally Armenian origins in the wine label design are represented by the natural and architectural images. Instead of those, we decided to learn more about the Armenian culture and showcase it in our design. We believe that it captures the unique essence of bright fruit wine flavors and reflects the origins of the product in the way it usually does not.


Press Release
September 28, 2012

Speech of Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago,
28 September 2012, Bacolod City

The role of policymakers in government is to make sure that strong growth and development takes place. But equally important, it is their responsibility to make sure that growth is inclusive and sustained. This means growth has to benefit the great majority of its people.

After a slow growth last year, the economy has shown some promise. It grew by a respectable 6.1% during the first half of the year. Yet, as of July 2012, a lot of Filipinos remain unemployed (about 2.8 million) and underemployed (about 8.5 million). About 1 of 3 Filipinos don't have jobs or are working part-time or unhappy with their present jobs.

And a lot of Filipinos --more than 1 of 4 households -- continue to live below the poverty threshold. A recent (August 24-27) Social Weather Stations survey found overall hunger rose by 3 points to 21 percent or 4.3 million families.

The growth of the Philippine economy is to a large extent driven by the economic health of the world economy.

Let there be no illusion that the Philippine economy can grow robustly without strong remittances from abroad and robust expansion of the BPO business at home. Saying so would be pure bravado.

Imagine if half of the total overseas remittances were lost. That would amount to P420 billion, more than one-fifth of the national budget. The direct effect would be disastrous. But what about the multiplier effect?

The world economy remains uncertain. Europe is expected to continue to struggle in the years ahead. This year and next, a recession in the euro area cannot be ruled out. The United States economy is expected to suffer from sluggish growth and high joblessness. China's economy is slowing while Japan's economy continues to teeter on the brink of recession.

With a weak world economy, growth of Philippine exports will continue to be lackluster. Overseas remittances will continue to struggle. And direct foreign investments will continue to trickle in.

This year the peso value of remittances has turned negative. From January to date, remittances grew 5.4%, but the peso appreciated by 5.8%. Hence while the dollar remittances has inched up, their value in pesos has gone down. This has negative impact on consumption and investment.

I'm sure this turn of events is affecting banking operations. Personal and commercial loans are slowing while delinquency rates are rising.

In brief, I have discussed with you some of the many problems we're facing.

What's the solution?

The Bangko Sentral should continue to limit the seemingly uncontrollable entry of "hot money" into the country. Because of the gloomy world economic outlook, and the rock-bottom or near zero interest rates in the developed world, investible short-term funds are in search of the best place or places where they can park their funds.

The Philippines happen to be an attractive place for such short-term funds. With its relatively high interest rates and the strong likelihood that the peso will continue to appreciate in value, it makes sense to park one's investible funds in the Philippines.

But while it's good for short-term foreign investors, it wreaks havoc on the domestic economy. Imagine how the strong peso has adversely affected the lives of many overseas Filipino workers and workers in exports businesses.

For OFW workers, the value of their remittances has gone down so they have to send more dollars to their families who live on peso budget. Either they draw on their savings from abroad or they borrow. Either way, the response is not sustainable. At some point, its going to reduce their lifetime income.

Given the threat of further appreciation of the peso, BSP may have to cut interest rates further. Their policy moves to date, including banning foreigners from accessing the special deposit account (SDA) have been ineffective. 'Hot money' continues to be attracted to the Philippines.

On the part of the national government, it has to show some restraint in borrowing from abroad. Borrowed funds from abroad increase the supply of dollars in the Philippine system and hence make the peso stronger.

The national government should commit to borrow from domestic sources to finance its deficit and service its debt. The BSP has offered to accommodate the national government's foreign exchange needs. It sits on an $80 billion gross international reserves which is equivalent to one year's import requirements. The national government is advised to take on BSP's offer. It's a win-win situation for both.

Borrowing from local sources will also help Filipino savers; on the other hand, borrowing from abroad will only help foreigners.

On the regional front, the people of Western Visayas should be happy where the region is right now. After correcting for inflation, the region ranked fifth in terms of its contribution to the country's gross domestic product (GDP).

It ranked fourth in terms of GDP growth rate -- after CARAGA, Central Visayas, and Central Luzon.

It's record in terms of unemployment is neither good nor bad. It ranked 6th or 7th (tied with Davao region) out of 17 administrative regions. It's unemployment rate of 6.4% (as of July 2012) is much lower than the national average of 7.0%.

In terms of underemployment (those who work part-time, underpaid and unhappy with their present jobs), Western Visayas ranked 8th out of 17 administrative regions.

For those from Western Visayas, their economic position relative to the rest of the Philippines does not provide reasons for despair nor rejoice. Things could be better but things could be worse too.

That's the role of the banks and financial institutions in the region. Growth can be improved, and more people will benefit from such growth, if only agriculture can be made more robust and productive.

The people of Western Visayas depends more on agriculture than on any other economic sectors. Agriculture and its related industries such as food processing and agro-industrial manufacturing should be the focus of lending in the region.

The risk of lending to overseas Filipino workers has increased -- first, because the peso value of remittances has declined, and second, the uncertainty in the jobs market has increased owing to the recent world recession and the political crises in the Middle East. Banks are advised to lend to this sector with heightened caution.

In closing, there are risks and but there are opportunities too. Our national leaders are faced with the problems of a weak world economy and the continuing strengthening of the peso.

Western Visayas, relative to other regions in the country, is neither booming nor backward. But it could improve its relative position, and make a difference in the lives of a lot of its people, by focusing on agriculture, food processing, and agro-industrial development.

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International Artists’ Residency

in collaboration with Annemarie Schimmel Haus

with A.Malik Channa, Adnan Madani, Anthony Schrag, Arefeh Riahi, Ayesha Jatoi, Barat al Badoor, Daniel Seiple, Ehsan ul Haq, Haider Ali Jan, Harry Sachs, Hurmat ul Ain, Iqra Tanveer, Kyla Pasha, Markus Lohman, Matthias Einhoff, Mehreen Murtaza, Meng Huang, Naveid Iqbal, Philip Horst, Sajana Joshi, Unum Babar, Vishuawa Ghosh & Zahid H Soomro

In collaboration with Annemarie Schimmel Haus, Vasl Lahore initiated a two week project, facilitated by Huma Mulji, which brought together twenty three artists under one umbrella. The alternate format of the residency and the collaborative spirit of the large number of artists working together created one of the most memorable residency experience.

The outcome of the residency was a site-specific exhibition in which viewers could navigate the walled city of Lahore and other locations where the artists had installed work. The show continued at Alhamra Art Gallery, Lahore, where some of the non-site specific work, documentation of performances, events and art works were exhibited.


Using exacting anatomical science and distinctive manual processes, LDT enables practitioners to detect the specific rhythm, direction, depth and quality of the lymph flow anywhere in the body. From there they can use their hands to perform Manual Lymphatic Mapping (MLM) of the vessels to assess overall circulation and determine the best alternate pathways for draining body-fluid stagnations. Therapists work with flat hands, using all the fingers to simulate gentle, specific wave-like movements. These subtle manual maneuvers activate lymph and interstitial fluid circulation as well as stimulate the functioning of the immune and parasympathetic nervous systems. It is shown that when these actions are accomplished, the results can be:
Reduction in edemas from lymphedemas of various origins Detoxification of the body Regeneration of tissue, including burns, wounds and wrinkles. Anti-aging effects
     Relief of numerous chronic and subacute inflammations including sinusitis, bronchitis and otitis
Relief of chronic pain
Reduction in the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia Antispastic actions to relieve conditions such as muscle hypertonus and some forms of constipation Deep relaxation to aid insomnia, stress, loss of vitality and loss of memory
Alleviation of adiposis and cellulite tissue
Advanced techniques for fascia, viscera and joints


Workflow Engine for Sequential Business Processes

Project Technical Description

The Workflow Engine described here is a generic and re-usable component that includes a set of business objects allowing to run a business process according to the workflow model.

The implementation of the workflow model is made with the main goal of automating total or partial execution of a business process previously defined. The automation of the process is defined within the process itself that identifies the tasks to be performed, who should perform, the conditions to be met, and the sequential execution line.

Its usage is directed to applications on which the user have a set of pre-defined processes for performing specific services in the context of the application scope (Refer to the EEM.Net application described here)

Process Definition

A business process is implemented primarily as a set of procedures that are somehow interconnected in order to achieve an objective (business) . A process always has a type and a group of specific information items or properties that characterize the process .

The definition of each process obligates to the definition of each of the procedures and their relationships (execution line) which determine the logical ordering of process execution.

A procedure will be implemented as a task or activity in turn sub-divided into items of work, which in turn are associated with an entity role – the responsable - in charge of its execution (after the definition phase of the process) . A process can also be interpreted as a task being in turn called sub- process.

work item represents the smallest unit of work in the context of a process task to which it belongs . The work items are displayed every charge in the form of a task list  that holds details of each item of work assigned to it.

The definition of a task and related items work involves specifying conditions as logical expressions that decide the start or completion of a new task or work item .

The component is defined, created and managed by a system able to interpret the process definition, in order to be able to create instances of the same process, interacting with each participant in the workflow updating their worklist, creating instances of tasks / activities according with its definition.

The worklist includes a list of items of work (i.e. jobs) to be executed sequentially or by priority.

During the execution of a work item, the responsable can associate a document – Attachment- implemented as a simple description, reference to a location in the database, URI, etc and can be used to carry items to the next working item.

The property items defined are populated by the user and reponsibles during the execution line of the process. The set of initial properties is copied from the process definition, and new properties can be associated by the user or task reponsibles to the process instance during execution (named as relevant data)

The control system is also in charge of administrative and other tasks such as the ability to serialize itself for the purpose, for example, audit or temporary storage.

The information contained in this article is made available for reading with authorization of Expedita Ltd


Dr. T.F. Larsen, D.V.M., started I.G.L.V. Labs, Inc. in Spencer, IA, in 1981.  Throughout his practice he has worked with many species of animals, however in 2001 he took an interest in cats.  As a cat owner and lover, Dr. Larsen had concerns about his cat’s litter box and the bacteria and fungi that were undoubtedly being transferred throughout his home, which is why he created LitterTopper.  LitterTopper includes a line of products, the most popular being Anxiety Relief, which is intended to reduce cat anxiety related to environmental changes.

Littertopper is a granule-based product that, when sprinkled over cat litter, significantly reduces bacteria and fungi from being transferred around the household by cats.    All Littertopper products have antibacterial and antifungal properties, and the line includes; Antibacterial & Antifungal, Anxiety Relief, Coughs & Colds, Pain Relief, Kitty Support, Senior Cats, and Breed Specific products.

Our mission is to improve the health of cats and their owners by naturally preventing disease/illness caused by E. coli, ringworm, staph, and strep.  During the 9 years we tested and developed Littertopper, Dr. Larsen cultured countertops of cat owners and found large amounts of harmful bacteria and fungi.  However, test results indicated that after approximately 2 weeks of using Littertopper, these were greatly reduced, and E. coli was nearly eradicated.  Daily use of Littertopper can not only reduce veterinary bills, but also reduce euthanasia of many cats suffering from behavioral problems.


A self-portrait of personal events is the dominant theme of my confessional art. Originating from my childhood, Author of My Current Condition is a retrospective of trauma, betrayal, truth in memory, and identity. An installation of past personal experiences is interpreted with evidence of conflicting memories to be read and decoded. Employing archetypal symbols charged with sexuality and narrative, the relationship and language between my objects and colors reconstruct the past. White books on the floor shaped as cairns, together with everyday objects and applied text, speak as cyphers for memories and emotions.

The conceptual framework of my installation is symbolic, depicting a conflation of time; everyday objects such as rope, beans, a tricycle, suitcase, jars, photographs and hues of red and white, indicate sin, judgment, pain, purity, and strong sensations. Mounds of white books connote lost purity juxtaposed with everyday objects that depict personal traumatic events. Resembling cairns, the books mark a path and express the passing of time. Books as a source of learning have the ability to transport the mind and act as a vessel of freedom but are withheld as most of the books are closed to deny this liberty. Illustrations of automatic writing throughout the books’ spines, covers, and pages convey my silenced voice. United with the books, the individual artifacts stand in as metaphors, for specific traumatic events and memories. For instance, jars on shelves are filled with items including hair, flour, and lollipops to suggest a suspension of time, recalling distressing events stored and viewed at a safe distance to evoke multiple readings.

“Author of My Current Condition” installation By Brenda LaBier | Time-Lapse Production by Jackie Shumaker Photography


Depends on Component "VendorReceipts"
For now, this isn't used for much: it's a record of the recent refundable purchases that the user has made. In the future, it could be used for providing refunds/buyback via the API. Wouldn't that be fun?
Type: object
Object Properties
The receipts for refundable purchases made at a vendor.
Type: array


Finding Southern Hemisphere Climate Rhythm

The American Geophysical Union recently shined a research spotlight on AOES affiliate scientist Rocio Caballero Gill. Caballero-Gill and AOES faculty member Linda Hinnov analyze ancient sediments for clues about the evolution of climate in the past. In her paper with colleagues from Brown University and the US Geological Survey, Caballero-Gill found evidence of a 100,000 year cycle during the Pliocene Epoch, the period of geological history that lasted from about 5.3 to 2.6 million years ago. The cycle they document may be an important component in the pacing between ice ages and interglacials during the Pliocene.


Horace, 2K years ago, claimed in his Satires:
Who, then, is free? A man that has full command of himself,
Whom poverty, death, or chains cannot terrify,
Who is strong enough to defy his passions and scorn
Prestige, who is wholly contained in himself, well rounded,
Smooth as a sphere on which nothing external can fasten...

Who, then, is into AI? A person that has full command of Python,
Whom embeddings, bias, or variance cannot terrify,
Whose hold of deep learning APIs defies his passions and scorn
Cloud services, who is wholly contained in TensorFlow, as Keras,
Smooth as automatic differentiation on which activations rejoice...

I am a Professor of Computer Science at Ontario Tech University. I have a PhD (Computer Science) from Carleton University, a Master's degree (Electrical Engineering) from CINVESTAV del IPN, and a Bachelor of Science (Computer Science) from UAA. I am a licenced Professional Engineer in the Province of Ontario and CEO of PHractal.ca. My research focuses mainly on computer authentication paradigms and the use of phenomena of the human mind via physiological feedback (e.g., brain-computer interfaces) as well as proven techniques from the psychology field. In the process, I touch upon multi-objective optimization and evolutionary computation. Most significantly, the use and reliance on machine learning over the past decades have shaped me into a data scientist and a user of AI who applies the scientific method in combination with machine learning algorithms and feature engineering techniques supported by Python along with TensorFlow and Keras, to make sense of large data sets from the real-world, and tune up data models in response to data changes over time to make the right decisions. Dormant areas which lost traction for a number of reasons include network steganography in the form of Wi-Fi hidden-channels, adaptive online learning systems, and combating internet child exploitation.

I'm a runner and cyclist, an Ironman, and multiple intramural soccer and squash champion. In my sidetrack acting pursuit, I've performed scripted roles in the movie "Saving Dinah", short film "Finding Jack", and voice over in the musical "Am I pretty now?". I love playing music, reading, and taking MOOC courses. My best spent time though, by far, is with family: wife and kids.


Astronauts returned from the ISS to Earth

Astronauts returned from the ISS to Earth

Rescuers pulled crew members out of capsule

Three cosmonaut ISS landed on December 20 after a hectic stay on the International Space Station. It is worth recalling that their expedition was marred by air leakage and the failure of a rocket launcher with an emergency landing.

Roskosmos reported that the Soyuz spacecraft, on board of which were Alexander Gerst, Serina Aunon-Chancellor and Sergey Prokopiev, landed safely in Kazakhstan. It was not possible to demonstrate the direct broadcasting of the landing due to thick fog over the snowy Kazakh steppe.

The rescuers took the crew members out of the capsule. Prokopiev and Anunon-Chancellor looked pale and weakened due to a long stay in weightlessness, but Gerst smiled and managed to give an interview to representatives of German television. When they started in June, they were considered one of the least experienced teams on the ISS. Only Gerst flew into space in 2014.

Astronauts returned from the ISS to Earth

Astronauts Serina Aunon-Chancellor, Sergey Prokopiev and Alexander Gerst set off for the orbital station in June

In total, Alexander Gerst from Germany spent at the station 363 days, which was a record for the European Space Agency. After all the procedures, he went to Cologne.

Air leak

The first serious incident in the crew’s mission occurred in August when crew members noticed an air leak in the Soyuz spacecraft attached to the station. They quickly found a small hole and sealed it. But representatives of Russia launched an investigation, and Dmitry Rogozin even suggested the possibility of sabotage in space, since they excluded the option of a defect in the manufacture of a spacecraft.

Astronauts returned from the ISS to Earth

The spacecraft landed safely in Kazakhstan

Last week, Prokopiev and Oleg Kononenko performed a spacewalk, spending 8 hours to receive samples from the site of damage. The hole is in the section, which should burn in the atmosphere during their descent, so they decided to conduct an investigation in orbit. Kononenko said that he had noticed a strange fluffy and yellow deposit around the hole, but no one has yet made any official conclusions.

Prokopyev delivered the samples to Earth and provided them for laboratory analysis. Initially, landing on Earth was planned for December 13, but the schedule was postponed after the October crash of the Russian rocket.

Astronauts returned from the ISS to Earth

Gerst spent on the ISS 363 days, which is considered a record for the European Space Agency

Russian cosmonaut Alexei Ovchinin and NASA astronaut Tyler Haig launched on the ISS on October 11, but the Soyuz rocket failed, which made it necessary to perform an emergency landing. No one was hurt then.

The first successful launch of the crew of the ISS after the failure was performed on December 3. On board were Kononenko, McClain Ann Charlotte and David Saint-Jacques.

Astronauts returned from the ISS to Earth

Last week, Prokopiev and Kononenko performed a spacewalk to explore a hole in the Soyuz spacecraft

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Quick Six - December

Changes to New Zealand’s Forest Biosecurity Surveillance System

The NZ forest industry has been surveying its collective forest estate under the Forest Health Surveillance System since the 1950s, to detect any new forestry pests and pathogens as well as monitor forest health. A team from Bayesian Intelligence and Scion has reviewed the risk of incursion across the seven import pathways (sea vessels, used vehicles, used machinery, sea containers, wood packaging, wooden furniture, live plants) as well as the movement of people. They have developed a model that estimate the relative probability of specific threats at the main entry points. The new model recommends that 90% of the surveillance should be focused on urban and semi-urban areas, and not in the forest as has been traditionally done. The updated model didn’t cover all pathways, so some forest surveillance is still required. Following these recommendations, the team has carried out a feasibility trial and completed a five-year plan for rolling out surveys on a fully operational nationwide scale.

NZ trucking firm undertaking hydrogen trials

NZ trucking group TIL Logistics and Hiringa Energy have agreed to jointly investigate hydrogen fuel options. The three-phase project could involve vehicle trials of hydrogen fuel cells by 2020. Further roll-out of the technology in the fleet would depend on the development of refuelling infrastructure that Hiringa is scoping and developing with a range of partners, TIL said.  TIL Chief executive Alan Pearson said the company, a member of the Climate Leaders Coalition, is determined to reduce its carbon emissions and lighten its environmental footprint. “Hydrogen technology offers a zero-emission fuel solution,” he said.  “While there are a range of production, deployment and infrastructure options to be worked through, the use of hydrogen fuel has the potential to power our national fleet from a renewable source.”  Some of New Zealand’s biggest fleet operators and heavy industry are backing research into hydrogen as a potential alternative to diesel for long-distance trucking and potentially for some industrial heat applications.

Swamp kauri export loophole now closed

New Zealand's highest court has ruled that exporting slabs of swamp kauri as "tabletops" or swamp kauri logs as "totem or temple poles" is illegal under the Forests Act. The decision marks an important victory for the Northland Environmental Protection Society, which has challenged the Ministry of Primary Industries, Customs Department and Ministry of Culture and Heritage through the courts to close down the export trade in unimproved slabs and logs of the rare and lucrative resource. "A slab of swamp kauri labelled a table top would not fit" the definition of manufactured product in the Act, the judges concluded. "The use as a table could not be discerned from the product itself. Further, a table top is not a product in its own right and thus is not ready to be installed in a larger structure." While the five judges of the Supreme Court did not agree that pieces of swamp kauri were covered by the Protected Objects Act, the ruling means that unless a swamp kauri exporter turns such a slab into a real piece of furniture, the loophole under which such timber has been exported to date is now closed.

Watch a stunning wood skyscraper rise in Norway

The link below shows progress on the construction of the tallest all-wood building in the world. The 18-story project is being built in Brumunddal, about 90min drive north of Oslo.

Engineers develop ultrathin, ultralight cardboard

When choosing materials to make something, trade-offs need to be made between a host of properties, such as thickness, stiffness and weight. Depending on the application in question, finding just the right balance is the difference between success and failure.  Now, a team of Penn Engineers has demonstrated a new material they call “nanocardboard,” an ultrathin equivalent of corrugated paper cardboard. A square centimetre of nanocardboard weighs less than a thousandth of a gram and can spring back into shape after being bent in half.  Nanocardboard is made out of an aluminum oxide film with a thickness of tens of nanometers, forming a hollow plate with a height of tens of microns. Its sandwich structure, similar to that of corrugated cardboard, makes it more than ten thousand times as stiff as a solid plate of the same mass.  Nanocardboard’s stiffness-to-weight ratio makes it ideal for aerospace and microrobotic applications, where every gram counts. In addition to unprecedented mechanical properties, nanocardboard is a supreme thermal insulator, as it mostly consists of empty space.  The results of their research can be found in the journal Nature Communications

Global warming increases frost damage risk on trees in Central Europe

Late frost damages significantly impact agriculture and forestry. Due to climate change and warming temperatures Plants flower and leaf out earlier than they used to. As a result, the incidence of frost damages will increase

A study investigated the leafing out and flowering of 27 tree species across Europe over 30 years. The data was merged with climate data for the sites, and statistical models were used to understand patterns of potentially damaging frost events.

How trees adapt to these warmer temperatures is yet to be fully understood.

Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2018-12-global-frost-trees-central-europe.html#