Podcast: Lateral Movement: Combating High-Risk, Low-Noise Threats

June 11, 2019
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20 min read

Listen to this podcast on Apple Podcasts, SoundCloud or wherever you find your favorite audio content.

On this week’s SecurityIntelligence podcast, prolific security pontificators Pam Cobb and David Moulton are at it again — and this time, they’ve got the high-risk, low-noise threat vector known as lateral movement in their sights. Bolstering their collective security insight are IBM Incident Response and Intelligence Services’ (IRIS) incident response consultant Joey Victorino and IBM threat intelligent expert Charles DeBeck.

What Is Lateral Movement?

According to Victorino, lateral movement “consists of a series of techniques that enable an adversary to access and control remote systems in a network.” Instead of attacking key targets directly, lateral threats go after information on corporate devices, such as cached credentials from privileged users, allowing them to pivot across infrastructure and access critical data.

Phishing remains one of the most common starting points for lateral attacks. Cybercriminals target large departments such as human resources and finance with socially engineered emails to gain initial access. What they really want is kept elsewhere, behind more secure corporate lines, but once they’re past the perimeter, even peripheral systems become critical points of compromise.

Adding to the problem is the low noise produced by lateral attacks, since they often leverage common IT solutions and processes to blend in with typical behavior. This allows threat actors to quickly expand their impact. As DeBeck notes, “When you have one computer that’s infected, that’s annoying. When you have 1,000 computers infected, that’s a problem.”

The Four Second Rule: Why Lateral Attacks Are Built for Speed

Four seconds doesn’t seem like a long time, but it’s long enough for malicious actors to infect systems via email attacks and start pivoting across your network. While Victorino notes that advanced persistent threat (APT) groups looking to carry out reconnaissance or deploy more sophisticated attacks will take more time and “do this in a much less noisy manner,” lateral attacks are still built for speed.

Increasing this risk are toolkits capable of automating key processes. According to DeBeck, attacks “happen as quickly as the computer can process commands, rather than requiring the actual individual to type things out.”

Focus on Your Strategic, Tactical and Operational Defense

To limit the success of lateral movement attacks, Victorino and DeBeck recommend increasing focus on three key defense domains:

  • Strategic — For Victorino, strategy starts with network design: “Are you on a flat network? Do you have different locations on specific subnets?” Also critical is tool restriction; organizations need to watch for tools such as PsExec that are commonly used by threat actors.
  • Tactical — Tactically, visibility is key. Organizations need detective solutions in place capable of capturing unexpected logins, tool use and remote user access.
  • Operational — Here, the principal of least privilege informs lateral threat defense. This includes password management and multifactor authentication (MFA). According to DeBeck, “MFA is one of the easiest, cheapest, most effective ways for an organization to reduce lateral movement across the board.”

Lateral movement represents a low-noise, high-risk threat to organizations. Security teams can combat this quick-fire compromise with improved strategic, tactical and operational security.

Episode Transcript

Pam: I’m going to start by asking us to pause for exactly four seconds. Do you know what just happened in that four seconds, hypothetically speaking?

David: Well, if I’m going to take a guess if our guests aren’t listening, or maybe they’re driving, and they’re paying attention to something else, they think the podcast player they have stopped working. Or maybe you were giving lightning 400 tries to strike the earth.

Pam: I would say that lightning struck on this most recent podcast, David. Good times. So upcoming, we’ve got a discussion on lateral movement, which is not a fancy dance craze, it is actually an attack mechanism. So we are talking about the speed of lateral movement and what exactly happens in those four seconds when it comes to this type of attack.

David: So how would you describe lateral movement to somebody who’s just coming in and hearing about it for the first time?

Pam: I would think that it is akin to getting into the thing that you want. Let’s say you’re getting into a party, you really want to go to this party, you got invited to the lame-o foyer of the party. You haven’t made it into the cool back room and you’re figuring out how you’re going to sidle into that super awesome back room where all the action is happening.

David: But I’m going to guess attackers use it to do things that aren’t as harmless as getting into the cool party.

Pam: This is the “Security Intelligence Podcast” where we discuss cybersecurity industry analysis, tips, and success stories. I’m Pam Cobb.

David: And I’m David Moulton.

Pam: Two of my colleagues, Charles DeBeck and Joey Victorino, join me to discuss lateral movement. Now, you may notice that I really geek out over this kind of topic. This goes back to my origins at Internet Security Systems when my dream job was working with X-Force and helping tell their stories. So podcast was a nice way to close that nice 12-year journey that I’ve been on.

And so I was really excited to talk to them. So we ended up discussing why cybercriminals use lateral movement, some of the business risks, and what some things that businesses can do to protect themselves. And even a little bit of reassurance that the user isn’t always at fault. Here’s our conversation.

Pam: So I want to welcome Charles and Joey to the podcast. I’m hoping you all can give us a little introduction on your backgrounds, and what brings you here to talk to us today. So Joey, let’s start with you.

Joey: Hi, my name is Joey Victorino. I’m a member of the Incident Response and Intelligence Services team here at IBM Security also known as IRIS. The goal of our team is to assist clients respond to cybersecurity incidents that have negatively impact their business.

I’ve been working as an Incident Response Consultant for the past three years leading engagements from beginning to end as both a digital forensics investigator and incident handler. Some of the client engagements that I have managed include investigations related to cybercrime, malware, fraud and data exploitation.

Pam: Great. So Charles, tell us a little bit about your background.

Charles: Sure. Hi, my name is Charles DeBeck. My background is in threat intelligence, in both the public and private sectors. I worked for the Department of Defense, and then Deloitte, now for IBM as part of their Threat Intelligence Production team. And I’ve worked in a variety of different roles in the threat intelligence area for these entities. And thank you so much for having me.

Pam: Absolutely. So we wanted to talk a little bit today about lateral movement. And you know, maybe what that means beyond a weird line dancing phenomenon, how does that apply to cybersecurity.

Joey: So lateral movement consists of a series of techniques that enable an adversary to access and control remote systems in a network. And it could also but not necessarily mean execution of their tools on those remote systems. The lateral movement techniques could also allow an adversary to gather information from a system without needing any additional malware or tools to be able to achieve that goal.

So once an attacker is able to breach an organization, the objective they’re looking for might not be on the machine they actually compromise. So they gather information available on that machine to be able to pivot across the infrastructure to be able to get to the data that they’re looking for.

Pam: So if they’re able to get in through a misconfigured database, they’re able to take advantage of that and go to a different server in the network to maybe get the information they’re actually going for. Is that right?

Joey: That’s right, one of the most classic examples that we are currently seeing out in the field is a user being phished either in a department not related to the information that the threat actor is seeking, such as human resources or finance. And that machine will have cache credentials from an administrator or privileged user that has logged into that machine. And the attacker is able to dump those credentials and use them to pivot or connect remotely to the machine where the data that they’re seeking might reside.

Pam: So do you think in this example of phishing, are certain departments targeted more maybe because of a lack of cyber awareness or just maybe not as good adherence to the corporate mandates on their required cybersecurity training?

Joey: So the sample of HR and finance in my previous question, it doesn’t necessarily mean those users are more susceptible; it’s that they’re usually targeted more. And a persistent attacker is going to do quite a bit of digging into the background, and sometimes even engage via social media to be able to get a level of confidence from the user being targeted. Now we have seen users from all departments, even outside vendors be targeted in the past. So there’s not necessarily a department of users that will be more susceptible. I think that in order to mitigate that as a risk, an organization needs to take regularly, security awareness training.

Charles: More broadly, I think from a threat actor perspective, the issue run into is that it kind of depends on what you’re targeting, and what your end goal is. You know, if my goal is to get research and development information, I might be targeting that particular sector of an organization. If I’m just going after financial, I could go after any subsection of the organization.

But really, that’s all sort of ties into the initial infection vector. And that’s, I think, just one element that happens, in the overall attack chain. But I think what we’re really interested in is the next step, you know, after they get in, how they’re laterally moving within the organization to where they want to be.

Pam: And how fast can that happen? Is it a matter of seconds, minutes, hours, days?

Joey: It really depends on the attacker and the toolset being used. We have seen examples of network worms such as QakBot, or Emotet, that once the malware executes successfully on a compromised machine, they start pivoting across the network in as little as four seconds. So that’s from the moment the user clicks on the email to the malware pivoting across other machines. That time is four seconds.

Now, if APT group or more sophisticated attacker is targeting an organization, they’re likely going to do some reconnaissance on the machine first, and try to get a feel of the environment before moving across. And they’re going to do this in a much less noisy manner.

Charles: One element here that’s really changed historically to now is historically we’ve seen lateral movement being done sort of manually. We have threat actors getting into an environment, getting into an organization, and then have to actually manually go in, type some stuff in and actually balance between machines themselves.

We’ve seen a real shift over the last few years however, to this being done on a more automatic fashion — this is more automated from the threat actor perspective. This allows for lateral movement to happen much faster, because then simply happens as quickly as the computer can process the commands rather than requiring the actual individual to type things out. So this is a lot easier for threat actors.

Pam: So do you think that this transition to automated toolkits is due to the prevalence of malware as a service available out there on the dark web? Or do you think there’s other factors that contribute?

Charles: I think there’s a number of contributing factors as to why we’re seeing this shift. From a threat actor perspective, it’s certainly cheaper and easier to do it this way. It takes a lot less time. And for threat actors, it’s all about time, you know, how can I most quickly, most efficiently get money. And so an automated approach is a great way for them to be able to maximize efficiency.

Malware as a service as well, I think is a great point, and I think is definitely contributing to this shift. Because if I have those lateral movement capabilities already baked into the malware, then it means that I don’t have to figure out how to do it on my own, I don’t have to worry about it, it just sort of happens, as if by magic from a threat actor perspective. Which is great, because it makes my job a lot easier.

And the proliferation of these services has really made it easier for low sophistication threat actors, you know, just random Joe’s coming in off the streets trying to engage in this sort of activity, to be able to engage in very sophisticated lateral movement. Whereas, historically, one had to be very knowledgeable and skilled to be able to do this yourself.

Pam: So Joey talked about there being kind of low noise to this sort of activity. How hard is it to detect in a network?

Joey: That activity can be very difficult to detect at times. A sophisticated actor, by definition from a forensics point of view, is sophisticated because of the methodologies that they use. So we have seen a large spike in the usage of Windows tools that are already included, such as remote administration services, to include PowerShell remoting, PsExec, or Windows Management Instrumentation also known as WMI. These techniques blend in with the same activity that you would be expecting to see from a systems administrator.

So unless the organization has detection capabilities, and monitoring in place, and knows what normal looks like in their environment, it’s very likely that these techniques will fly under the radar until it’s too late, or the attacker has achieved his goal, and was able to remove forensic artifacts from the machine. In which case, you would have to rely on logs, which I’m sorry to say that many organizations are not keeping the proper amount of logs, both for the length of time or collecting from the appropriate amount of sources.

Charles: And I really want to hit on that, one of the points that Joey made, which is the need for a baseline for organizations. One of the biggest challenges to detecting lateral movement within an organization is you have to say, “Hey, am I seeing activity that’s anomalous, that’s unusual for my organization.” Based on a baseline, we’ve already established what normal activity looks like. Because if I don’t know what normal looks like, how can I possibly tell you what abnormal looks like?

And for a lot of organizations, they don’t have the resources, or the visibility, or the capability to be able to baseline the activity. So this activity can go undetected for a long period of time because they simply don’t know what to look for. And that’s especially challenging, I think, for small to medium-sized organizations who maybe don’t have the resources to invest in this sort of investigation baselining.

Pam: So when an organization is susceptible to this kind of lateral movement from attackers, what are the business risks on the flip side of it? We know, you know, you can wreak havoc on IT systems. But what are some of the business implications that we’ve seen?

Charles: What I like to tell people is that when you have one computer that’s infected, that’s annoying. When you have 1,000 computers that’s infected, that’s a problem. And ultimately, that’s the issue you run into with lateral movement. Lateral movement takes an initial infection, which may have been one computer or one system that was infected, and could potentially convert it into a significant issue and headache for the organization.

And what the actual business impact is going to be can really vary based on the end payload that’s being dropped down. You know, you have something like WannaCry, where you have large numbers of ransomware being dropped onto a lot of different machines, and suddenly critical business functions are impaired. Or you could have something like crypto miners being dropped on a lot of machines, and then you’re losing a lot of electricity and processing power and burning out boxes that you have to replace.

There’s a lot of different potential business impacts. But the big thing that lateral movement does is it amplifies that impact, it makes it so it’s not just a small impact, but it could be a huge impact for the organization. And that’s really I think where lateral movement causes the most harm to organizations.

Joey: To build upon what Charles has said, from an investigation perspective, it is very difficult to analyze a large number of machines. Just because sometimes when it’s automated, the spread could be really quick, but something that usually is not talked about when discussing enterprise-wide response is that the remediation effort is proportional as well, to the extent of the compromise. You know, such activities such as rebuilding the network, how do you gain trust in a network that’s had thousands of machines compromised handling potential legal risk, and you know, interruption to business operations. These are all substantial consequences to fix after an enterprise-wide compromise.

Pam: So we talked about financial data being targets, as well as maybe intellectual property. Are there other types of data that are typically at risk?

Charles: Threat actors can really target any variety of data. I think some other things that we’ve seen and observing recently include our internal business communications. And this really gets back to something we’ve seen a lot in recent days, which is business email compromise, where threat actors go in, they compromise internal communications, and then they use that to try and convince organizations to give them a lot of money that they shouldn’t otherwise be doing. So that’s been another potential target.

But otherwise, threat actors tend to be targeting sort of the bread and butter of the threat actor domains, which are financial information, credit card information, personally identifiable information that they can use in other fraudulent activities. Things that are easily monetizable tend to be the highest priority targets. But this can change based on the nature of the threat actor. A nation-state threat actor might go after something different than a cybercriminal, then they might go after something different from an activist. It really depends on the motivations of the actor.

Pam: Okay, so we’ve talked a lot about the threats and the repercussions, but what are some things that businesses can do to protect themselves from this type of attack?

Joey: So there’s really three different domains that apply to limiting the success of a threat actor in an environment. And it’s going to come down to strategic, operational and tactical defenses.

For strategic, this is going to come back to the architecture stage, right. How is your network segregated? Are you on a flat network? Do you have different locations on specific subnets? Are you restricting the tools that are included in Windows? For example, we talked about PsExec earlier. Now, this is a common tool that’s used by threat actors. But if this is not a tool that’s used by your system administration team, then the use of this tool anywhere in your environment should definitely send an alert to your security team or your administration team for at least review.

Now, from an operational perspective, we want to make sure that the principle of least privilege is being implemented. A user whose job does not involve logging into or accessing production databases should not have the ability to do that, as well as having stronger password management, and enforcing the use of multi-factor authentication, when it’s possible.

And lastly, from a tactical perspective, we want to make sure we know that we have detective controls in place for activity that’s unexpected. Be it logins, tools being used, remote users logging into the organization from locations where they don’t do so on a regular basis. These are some of the recommendations that we recommend our clients put in place, both as a preventive measure or when they’re dealing with the remediation stage from a large enterprise breach.

Charles: From an operational perspective, when you’re looking at password management, I know Joey mentioned using multi-factor authentication. And I think this is something that organizations really have to do across the board. It’s so critical to ensuring security, it makes so password leaks are not nearly as effective. It reduces the effectiveness of lateral movement for threat actors trying to move around with stolen credentials. Because they could take all your credentials, but if you have MFA, effectively implemented, it’s going to significantly hamper their ability to move around. So I think MFA is one of the easiest, cheapest, most effective ways for an organization to reduce lateral movement across the board.

The other thing I really want to draw attention to is on the strategic side, looking at PowerShell restrictions. I like to think of 2018 as the year of PowerShell. We saw PowerShell being leveraged by threat actors for initial infection, we saw it being leveraged for lateral movement. Pretty much everyone and their brother was using PowerShell for something or another.

And for organizations that don’t use PowerShell as part of their approved scheme for remote administration, as Joey said, the minute you see PowerShell in your organization, it should be firing off flares, saying, “Hey, we got a problem.” And if your organization doesn’t have the capability or the visibility, to be able to say we have PowerShell going on in the organization when we’re not supposed to, that’s an even bigger problem. Because it means that you can’t detect when this is happening. So for an organization, I think those are the two areas I would personally focus on because they’re both very cost efficient, and very effective at reducing lateral movement for a wide range of threat actors.

Pam: So for anyone that may not know what PowerShell specifically means, do you want to touch on that real quick?

Joey: PowerShell is a scripting language that’s been included in Windows by default for a couple of versions. It’s mostly Windows’ response to bash and an upgraded version of the command.exe that everybody has known for the last couple of decades from Windows. It’s very powerful it allows you to remotely administer a large number of machines, as long as you have the appropriate credentials. And you can do a lot of stuff with PowerShell that you weren’t able to do with the old command.xe.

Pam: Okay. Moving into the response to these types of attacks, how are the different roles in an organization best equipped to respond to this kind of activity? Obviously, the security department is involved. But can you talk a little bit about overall, the coordination to respond to this kind of activity?

Joey: Yeah, so a capable incident response team, as you mentioned, should not be only composed of individuals on the security team. Incident response, as a whole, is a team effort that needs to spread across multiple departments in an organization.

For example, from a management perspective, we want to make sure that management has enough buy-in to be able to support incident response activities. So that means having the proper equipment, having exercises where management is present so they know what their roles are in an incident, as well as putting in the substantial controls that need to be placed at a management level, to make sure that the organization has a plan to be able to respond to incidents effectively, as well as having visibility across the organization, to be able to know how to operate as a team.

If you’re able to detect an incident in its early stages, and you have the full attention of the individuals that need to be made aware, it’s much more powerful and easier to have an appropriate response than if this is not something that’s been taking place. So what we don’t want to see is that there is an alert that’s being fired off, and the security team raises it but there’s no attention to it for months or weeks, and you know, the organization’s name comes up on a new source. And this is something that was caught in the security team was doing their job, but because there was no plan in place on how that should be treated, the alert went unresponded to, and it became a huge issue.

Pam: So you both mentioned multi-factor authentication as one way to help stop the spread of lateral movement. Do you think that applies to helping protect users within the organization from the repercussions of this kind of attack?

Charles: So say that I as an individual member of your organization, go out and use my same password for my business account. And then I also register for a Pandora account. And then my Pandora password’s leaked, and then subsequently, they try to break into the organization.

They won’t be effective with multi-factor authentication, which reduces the burden on me as an individual user and replaces that burden with a strategic level policy for the organization. Any time you can take away responsibility from the individual and put it up to the strategic level, you’re going to see a better return on investment and a more effective type of security posture.

And so from a lateral movement perspective, if the exact same thing is true. If I can make it so that if one user is compromised, then they won’t be able to break out and get to other users as easily. Because I have this MFA policy in place that will reduce the overall impact on the organization. And it will be much more efficient, rather than just relying on you know, this one guy, Charles to do exactly what he’s supposed to all the time, and just hoping that it all works out.

Pam: So how else can organizations protect users from the consequences then?

Charles: For an organization, I think the first step I would do when you’re trying to figure out how we can best protect against lateral movement, any sort of process has to start with asking what are the things we want to protect? What assets are most important to us? So we can ensure that those are put in the right places and protected against lateral movement most effectively. Then we need to start asking how can we break down our network so that we minimize business impact, and minimize data loss if there was an attack and lateral movement was achieved.

Once we’ve done those sorts of activities, I think we’ve done a really good job of reducing the impact of lateral movement overall. One other potential way that organizations can figure out how to protect themselves against lateral movement is through effective penetration testing. And that’s something where doing effective pen testing can help you figure out where there might be gaps or holes in your network segmentation so that you can repair those holes before they become an issue with threat actors.

Pam: So when it comes to protecting against lateral movement, and attacks, how do you see organizations changing how they’re addressing this in the next six months to maybe a year?

Joey: I think that as more breaches come to light, and more research is being done in the area, and blogs are being posted. And companies are doing, you know, proactive exercise, such as pen testing, or conducting tabletop exercises. And, you know, at a management level, people were being made aware of some of the threats out there of how one machine being compromised could lead to thousands of machines being compromised. It’s going to change the response as a whole from organizations to be able to either invest more time or find solutions that will increase the visibility into their environments.

Charles: I think the other thing that we’re going to be seeing is increased use of threat intelligence, to determine how are threat actors attempting to move laterally? What techniques are they using? And what sort of services are being offered on underground forums, underground marketplaces, that threat actors might be leveraging, so we can protect ourselves against those proactively.

The idea here being, if I’m using my threat intelligence effectively, it should also be telling me what tactics, techniques, and procedures threat actors are using so that I can implement defenses accordingly. So I like to hope that we see in organizations using this threat intelligence more effectively in the future, to protect against lateral movement as well.

Pam: Great. So before we close, any final words of advice, or insights that you want to share with the listeners?

Joey: Know what’s running. I’ll say the biggest lesson that we hope to pass along from this podcast is take a look in your environment, know what’s going on. Log in to a random machine on your network that you have access to if you’re on the security team. If you’re not on the security team, and you’re in management, ask your security team, “Hey, or do we have any of these tools running in our environment? Should it be there? Are we reviewing access of those tools?”

Charles: I think my parting thought overall is that for a long time in cybersecurity industry, we blamed the user. We said, “We can’t believe, this guy clicked on that email. I can’t believe that this guy went to that website.” And we keep blaming the end user for the fault here.

But at the end of the day, the breaches that we’re seeing cost the most money, the instances that we’re seeing, causing the most havoc, and causing the most harm to organizations – the harm isn’t coming from the guy who clicked on one email, the harm is coming from the fact that the guy clicked on email, and then it spread to 1,000 more machines and caused critical damage.

And I think we have to stop blaming the user and stop blaming the victim at the end of the day and start saying how can we approach this from a strategic and organizational standpoint, to better protect ourselves. And the very first step here is by preventing lateral movement. If the organization can make it so that every infection is limited to just a few machines, then you’re never going to have a major issue, or you’re very rarely going have a major issue that it’s going cause critical business stoppage or critical harm to the organization.

Pam: I really like the sentiment that it may not necessarily be the user’s fault. We put a lot of emphasis on user education, and user education in cybersecurity. It is honestly the worst thing to try and get people to do. And it’s not just getting them to do it, but practically apply it and get it right 100 percent of the time. Because we’ve had heard people say many times, cyber security professionals have to get it right every time attackers only have to get it right once.

And you really see that when it comes to this whole idea that user training may not be the thing that solves everything certainly you don’t want to just not have it. But when you take a look at corporate structure and the IT network, and how that’s all connected together, and some of the points that they made about, well, how could you even segment your network and we draw that out. And so I really like that sentiment that yes, there is more work to be done by IT groups in order to set things up. So a user failure isn’t the worst thing that’s going to happen.

David: Right, I don’t think we can always count on humans to get it right 100 percent of the time. But we can engineer things and structure things in such a way that we’ve compartmentalized and made it very difficult to make mistakes, make it difficult to exploit things. And then build in those risk medications is layers, anticipating an error rate, anticipating that you’re going to have mistakes occur.

Pam: So David, do you have any good news for us this week?

David: Yeah, Pam, there’s a really interesting piece of news that came out. The GozNym gang, the criminal gang, was shut down. Law enforcement working across country — so different groups, international law enforcement — were able to arrest 10 different defendants in five different countries. You know, this is a group that was seeking to steal up to $100 million from folks. And you know, it’s great to see a payoff like this, something that’s public, something that’s really tangible, stops a group like that in their tracks.

And then I think the icing on the cake is that our X-Force team, you know, had a little hand in naming and seeing that gang’s pattern and passing that along to our counterparts in law enforcement. So sometimes it’s hard to describe what we do in our business. And it’s nice to be able to point to something like this, where it all works. You’ve got somebody that wants to take advantage of lots of different victims, and you’re able to put a stop to that.

Pam: And I think it’s really great to see the partnership between the business world and political, and you know, state organizations because that’s what’s needed when, as you said, it’s five different countries. So a lot of different coordination needed to happen to make that success in taking down the network. And I just love it when we see those success stories where business is able to partner with government and make things happen.

And that is it for this episode. So thanks to Charles DeBeck and Joey Victorino for joining us as guests.

David: Listen to this podcast on SoundCloud or wherever you get your podcasts. And for more security stories, visit SecurityIntelligence.com. A big thanks to our producers, Megan and Ted, and most of all, thanks for listening.

Douglas Bonderud
Freelance Writer

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Study Shows Your Election Reactions May Impoverish Your Investment Gains

Which party is in the White House has little to do with market returns.

An investor's political perspectives can negatively impact their investing decisions.

Having and following a sound investment philosophy requires overlooking personal emotions.

We’ve written several articles about how your own politics as well as the politics of your investment manager may impact the potential success of your personal financial planning. Now, there is a study that illustrates that effect.

An article by Bloomberg News entitled, “Republicans likely fared better than Dems in market boom” cites a paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research entitled “Belief Disagreement and Portfolio Choice.” The study concluded that Republicans likely increased the exposure of their investments to the US stock market after the election of Trump while Democrats likely increased their relative holdings of bonds and cash-like securities. The researchers suggested that the 2016 election offered a unique opportunity to measure such an effect:

The public signal of the 2016 election was almost unique in its unexpected and large impact on national economic policy which makes it easier to measure the effects of the election shock and the consequent changes in economic beliefs, and to separate these effects from other coincident factors affecting beliefs and portfolios. The presidential election outcome was an unlikely event and the policy differences between presidential candidates were large. These large magnitudes reduce any bias arising from the normal changes in the economy and politics that might also cause differences in portfolio behavior. To bolster this claim, we show that the portfolio share of equity moves similarly for Republicans and Democrats in the year prior to the election, presumably as other factors impact the economy.

The presumption that the political party we favor would be better for the stock market is a bias shared by both parties. When Obama was elected in 2008 many Republican investors moved out of stocks and into bonds. But the politics of that election were overshadowed by the stock market crash of 2008. As a result, any study would not have been able to eliminate factors beyond the election as a primary cause for movements in and out of stocks. But in perfect hindsight both movements out of the stock market caused portfolios to miss a large amount of capital gains.

Stock market returns have little to do with which party holds the White House, as we report in “Are Democrats Or Republicans Better For The Stock Market?” Politics matter less to our financial success than the ordinary decisions we face every day of living within our means and saving and investing in the markets. It is always a good time to hold a balanced portfolio.

Don’t let your political emotions impoverish your financial well-being.

Political news, even more so than financial news, is mentally and physically unhealthy.

Additional disclosure: Both the authors and the clients we manage often invest in the investments mentioned in these articles.


St. Louis, aerial view, 1969

Just about 50 years have passed since Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon on July 21, 1969. Since then, Missouri has struggled to attract and keep residents, and its economy has failed to keep pace with that of the nation as a whole. Had Missouri’s population growth rate simply kept pace with the national average since 1969, our state would now be home to about 1.2 million more people. In terms of income for its residents, keeping pace with the nation as a whole would have meant that Missouri’s average annual compensation would be $3,387 higher today than it currently is.

In this essay, Rik Hafer and William Rogers provide insight into what has happened to cause such slow statewide growth. The authors go beyond the standard measure of economic growth, gross domestic product, and examine alternative measures of prosperity such as personal income and job growth. The picture that emerges is complex, but perhaps the most troubling finding—given the connection between an educated workforce and economic growth—is that Missouri consistently struggles to attract college graduates, particularly those with advanced degrees, to the state.

To read the complete essay, click on the link below.

About the Author

Rik Hafer
Research Fellow

William H. Rogers
William Rogers


Category: World Quality Day

How Tianjin China Chemical Warehouse Explosion could have been avoided if OHSAS 18001 was in place

Tianjin China Explosion : Tianjin Dongjiang Port Rui Hai International Logistics Co. Ltd. which handles the transport of hazardous goods had a catastrophic accident and an explosion in their warehouse on August 12, 2015, near Tianjin Port located in the North East of China, One of the worst accidents seen by China in the recent days. The Tianjin warehouse


Livre d'or du FC Bantzenheim

Date: 01/09/2019

Par: romantische midweek

Sujet: But when the bandit is your spouse, confrere, or sprog

Agreement boosting is traumatizing tolerable as it is. But when the brigand is your spouse, fellow-man, or petty, the fallout is that much more devastating. You pre-eminence be adept to votal.berfpan.me/trouwe-vrouw/romantische-midweek.php begin that some thimblerigger you don’t skilled in utilized your uniqueness to his or her own masses together, but accepting that the himself who victimized you is someone you adulation is a disparate the criminal element altogether.


Tech Talk Tosiron Adegbija

UA electrical and computer engineering professor Tosiron Adegbija.

With a major research university right in our backyard, a strong military presence and innovative companies throughout the metro region, there’s often a plethora of interesting science and technology news to be found in Southern Arizona. Here’s a breakdown of the most interesting recent developments.

Microbes vs. Toxic Explosives. In an attempt to reduce deadly incidents, the U.S. military is developing explosive compounds that can’t be detonated accidentally, though little is known about these new chemicals’ effect on the environment. The new “insensitive high explosives compounds” being developed by the military include 2,4-dinitroanisole or DNAN, which is similar to a toxic TNT, and can easily absorb into soil. But a team of UA researchers, led by chemical and environmental engineering professor Jim Field, is developing multiple new methods to remove these compounds from the environment. Using a grant from the U.S. Department of Defense’s Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, the UA team is working with microorganisms which can feed on toxic compounds like DNAN and turn them into harmless compounds, such as carbon dioxide. The microorganisms can survive ingesting the compounds and will continue to do so as long as they are present.

Raytheon Merges with United Technologies. In one of the largest corporate mergers of 2019, defense contractor Raytheon announced plans to combine with the United Technologies manufacturing conglomerate in an “all-stock deal.” The combined company, called Raytheon Technologies Corporation, will have an annual revenue of $74 billion, with United Technologies shareholders owning 57 percent of the company. Raytheon is one of the largest employers in Tucson, with over 11,000 employees. The combined company’s board of directors will comprise 15 members: eight from United Technologies and seven from Raytheon. Lead director of Raytheon Tom Kennedy will be appointed executive chairman of the new company and United Technologies chairman Greg Hayes will be named CEO. There is no expected change to either Raytheon or United Technologies’ financial outlook for 2019. The merger is expected to close in the first half of 2020.

STTRAM, not RAM. University of Arizona electrical and computer engineering professor Tosiron Adegbija is researching an alternative kind of computer memory to reduce energy consumption and save space in mobile devices. Whereas many computers store data in the form of random-access memory, or RAM as it’s commonly known, Adegbija is researching “spin-transfer torque random-access memory,” or STTRAM. This RAM-alternative can store the same amount of data, but does so using only one-quarter to one-ninth the space, which is especially useful for small devices like cell phones. The downside is that STTRAM generally retains data for much longer than standard RAM, making it less energy efficient. But Adegbija and his team are redesigning STTRAM systems to retain data for only as long as needed by a program, reducing energy consumption by up to 84 percent. This way, computer systems can benefit from the space-saving quality of STTRAM and consume less energy.

16-Day Stratollite Mission. World View Enterprises, a Tucson-based near-space exploration and technology company, recently announced the completion of a 16-day mission by their “stratollite” high-altitude balloon vehicle. The mission launched from “Spaceport Tucson” on May 18 and traveled more than 3,000 miles in the stratosphere over the next two weeks, finally landing in Nevada. During its time in the air, the stratollite demonstrated one of its key advantages over traditional high-altitude balloons: being able to stay within a designated location. During the mission, the stratollite, which remained controlled from Tucson, demonstrated 6.5 hours of continuous “station-keeping” within a 9 kilometer area. At the end of the 16 days, the stratollite also demonstrated its precision descent system, landing within 400 feet of its targeted waypoint in the Nevada Desert.


By Jubin Katiraie

The United States has reiterated that the Iranian government is “the world’s leading state sponsor of terror” and called on the international community to come together to ensure that agreements restricting the “regime’s” malign behaviour are not allowed to expire.

These agreements include a travel ban on Qasem Soleimani, the head of the brutal Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), a group the US already designated as a terrorist entity, and a freeze on allowing Iran to sell weapons or buy military equipment.

A statement on the State Department website reads: “Soon after [October 18, 2020], the Iranian regime will be free to sell weapons to anyone, including terrorist proxies, and countries like Russia and China will be able to sell the Iranian regime tanks, missiles, and air defence equipment. This could start a new arms race in the Middle East and further destabilize the region and the world.”

Secretary of State Mike Pompeo tweeted: “The clock is ticking. Time remaining before the UN arms embargo on Iran expires and Qasem Soleimani’s travel ban ends. We urge our allies and partners to increase the pressure on the Iranian regime until it stops its destabilizing behaviour.”

The statement explains that the Tehran’s “malign behaviour and support for terrorist proxies” has been allowed to grow basically unchecked for over 40 years.

The 2015 Iran Nuclear Deal formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), was supposed to stop Iran’s aggression after it was implemented by giving sanctions relief in exchange for curbs on the Regime’s nuclear program. In reality, it did nothing of the sort. The statement says that the JCPOA only gave the Regime more resources and money that were used to expand the Regime’s power over the Middle East, fund terror cells, and build ballistic missiles.

The statement read: “This is why the United States left the JCPOA and implemented decisive sanctions to curb the regime’s ability to fund terror.”

Indeed, over the past 15 months, since pulling out of the nuclear deal, the US has imposed major sanctions against Iran, especially its lucrative oil industry. This has crippled the economy and the Regime could soon buckle under the pressure and be forced to come back to the negotiating table. It could even cause the Regime to collapse and allow the Resistance to take over.

The statement read: “The international community must stand together against the Iranian regime’s support for terror. Time is ticking.”


Worksheet: Newton's Second Law: Constant Mass

In this worksheet, we will practice using Newton's second law of motion with a particle with constant mass under the action of constant force.

What is the weight of a/an 178 kg body in newtons? Consider the acceleration due to gravity to be 𝑔=9.8/ms.

A bullet of mass 63 g was fired toward a fixed barrier at 80 m/s. Given that it penetrated 5 cm into the barrier before it stopped, find the resistance of the barrier to the bullet’s motion.

A body of mass 37 kg was placed on a smooth horizontal surface where a force 72 N was acting on the body such that its line of action made an angle of 60 downward from the vertical. Determine the acceleration of the body 𝑎 and the magnitude of the normal reaction 𝑅. Round your answers to the nearest two decimal places.

  • A 𝑎 = 6 2 . 3 5 / m s , 𝑅 = 3 9 8 . 6 0 N
  • B 𝑎 = 1 . 6 9 / m s , 𝑅 = 7 3 . 0 0 N
  • C 𝑎 = 1 . 6 9 / m s , 𝑅 = 3 9 8 . 6 0 N
  • D 𝑎 = 6 2 . 3 5 / m s , 𝑅 = 7 3 . 0 0 N

A body of mass 30.6 kg was at rest on a smooth horizontal plane. A horizontal force 51 N acted on it for 5 seconds. Determine the body’s speed at the end of the 5 seconds.

A constant force acted on a body of mass 9 kg, such that its speed changed from 58 km/h to 66 km/h in 12 a second. Calculate the magnitude of the force.

It took one minute for a van of mass 3.5 tons to accelerate from rest to a velocity of 18.9 km/h. What was the average force provided by the engine while it was accelerating? Use 𝑔=9.8/ms.

The ratio between the masses of two bodies at rest is 2349. If a force of magnitude 𝐹 acts on each of them, find the ratio between the resultant acceleration of each body.

  • A 4 9 2 3
  • B 2 3 4 9
  • C 3 6 2 5
  • D 1 8 1 3

A train of mass 55 metric tons was accelerating at 4 cm/s2 along a horizontal track. Given that the driving force generated by the engine was 4,950 kg-wt, and the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2, find the resistance to its motion per tonne of its mass.

A bullet of mass 45 g was fired at 53 m/s toward a fixed wooden barrier that was 40 cm thick. Calculate the exit speed of the bullet as it leaves the rear side of the wooden barrier, given that the resistance of the wood to the bullet’s movement was 4.5 kg-wt. Take 𝑔=9.8/ms.

A tank of mass 41 metric tons started moving along a section of horizontal ground. The resistance to its motion was 9 N per tonne of its mass, and the magnitude of the force generated by its engine was 1,450 N. Determine the tank’s speed 472 seconds after it started moving rounding the result to the nearest two decimal places.

A hot-air balloon of mass 1.5 metric tons was accelerating vertically downward at 106.2 cm/s2. Given that the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2, find the lift force generated by the hot air.

A certain force acted on three distinct bodies causing each to accelerate at a different rate: the first accelerated at 4𝑎, the second at 7𝑎, and the third at 𝑎. The three bodies collided and coalesced into a single body. Given that when the same force acted upon this new body, it resulted in an acceleration of magnitude 𝑎, find the ratio 𝑎𝑎:.

  • A 1 1 2 :
  • B 1 2 1 :
  • C 2 8 3 9 :
  • D 3 9 2 8 :

A balloon of mass 1,086 kg was ascending vertically at 36 cm/s. If a body of mass 181 kg fell from it, find the distance between the balloon and the body 11 seconds after the body fell. Take 𝑔=9.8/ms .

A balloon of mass 𝑚 kg carrying a body of mass 𝑚 kg was moving vertically upward with an acceleration of 112𝑔. The body fell from the balloon, and the balloon started moving with an acceleration of 14𝑔. Given that the elevator force of the balloon and the resistance to its motion are constant in both cases, determine 𝑚 : 𝑚. Take 𝑔=9.8/ms.

  • A2 : 11
  • B13 : 2
  • C2 : 13
  • D11 : 2

A train, weighing 136 tons, was moving along a horizontal straight railway with a uniform velocity of 14.7 m/s. While the train was moving, the last carriage, weighing 17 tons, was separated and decelerated to completely stop after 80 seconds. If the resistance per ton of the train’s mass was constant, determine how many seconds it took for the distance between the train and the separated carriage to be 42 m.

A train of mass 598 metric tons was accelerating uniformly at 19 cm/s2 when the last carriage of the train was released. The resistance to the movement of the train was 4 kg-wt per tonne of the train’s mass. Given that the last carriage had a mass of 25 metric tons, find the resulting acceleration of the train after the carriage was released. Take 𝑔=9.8/ms.

A body of mass 45 kg fell vertically from a point 70 cm above a sandy surface. Given that the body penetrated a distance 𝑠 cm into the sand and that the resistance of the sand to the body’s motion was 150 kg-wt, find the value of 𝑠. Take 𝑔=9.8/ms.

A train of mass 21 metric tons was moving on a straight track at 105.84 km/h. Suddenly, the last carriage, of mass 7 metric tons, detached from the rest of the train. The resistance to the train’s movement at any given moment equals 50 kg-wt per tonne of the train’s mass. Find the time 𝑡 taken for the released carriage to come to rest and the speed 𝑣 of the remaining part of the train at time 𝑡. Consider the acceleration due to gravity to be 9.8 m/s2.

  • A 𝑡 = 6 0 s , 𝑣 = 4 4 . 1 / m s
  • B 𝑡 = 6 0 s , 𝑣 = 7 8 . 4 / m s
  • C 𝑡 = 5 8 7 s , 𝑣 = 4 4 . 1 / m s
  • D 𝑡 = 5 8 7 s , 𝑣 = 5 8 . 8 / m s

A bullet of mass 50 g was moving horizontally at 60 m/s when it hit a target at rest. The target was formed of two adjacent layers. The bullet passed through the first layer, which was 32 cm of fibreglass, and then it penetrated 34 cm into the second layer, which was made of wood, before it stopped. If the resistance of the wood is two times that of the fibreglass, determine the resistance of the fibreglass.

A body of mass 41 kg was moving along a horizontal road at 14 m/s. A force started acting on the body opposing its motion. As a result, over the next 26 m, its speed decreased uniformly to 12 m/s. Find the magnitude of the force which caused this change in the body’s motion.

A right circular cylinder of height 40 cm, radius 18 cm, and mass of 18 kg was moving at 11 m/s when it entered a dusty cloud. The action of dust on the body caused a resistance of 0.05 g-wt for every square centimetre of the area of its curved surface. Given that it passed through the dusty cloud for 25 seconds, determine its speed as it came out the other side. Take 𝜋=227.

A force of magnitude 6 N was acting on a body of 4 kg. Given that the body started moving from rest, find the distance the body covered in the first 10 seconds of its motion.

A train of mass 27 metric tons started moving out of a station. The force of its engine was 97.2 kN more than the total resistance to its movement. It continued accelerating under this force until its speed reached 28.8 m/s, and then it continued moving at this speed for some time. Finally, the operator applied the brakes, which in turn caused the train to decelerate at 7.2 m/s2. Given that the total distance the train traveled was 4,377.6 m, find the total time of the trip.

A body of mass 6 kg is initially at rest at a point 𝑂. It starts to move under the action of a force 𝐹(𝑥)=(2𝑥+8)N where 𝑥 m is the displacement of the body from 𝑂. Find the displacement of the body when its velocity is 𝑣=4/ms.

A body of mass 2 kg moves along a straight line under the action of a force, 𝐹. The force acting on the body is 𝐹=(9𝑥+7) N, where 𝑥 is the displacement of the body from its initial position. Determine the velocity of the body, rounded to two decimal places, when 𝑥=4m.


Botelhos Tourism

Botelhos is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil. The city was originally known as São José dos Botelhos but was elevated as a municipality on August 30, 1911 and renamed as Botelhos since 1915. Botelhos is known for its many religious denominations and Mateus Jerônimo Guiddi has been the mayor of the municipality since 2013.

A place in Brazil, Botelhos is an interesting place to visit, given its unique culture, history and character. Botelhos is located at a short trip away from Campos Do Jordao a major city in Brazil. Attractions in Campos Do Jordao include Morro Do Elefante, Ducha De Prata, Amantikir Jardins. Get in the character of the city, this city requires at least of 1 to 2 number of days of exploration.


Materials of daily use

Man started using materials to make life easier, he began using rocks and wood to make tools, further he employed other materials from plants, animal skin etc to make clothes. As evolution progressed , man's need for materials also increased. Today there are so many materials being used. Let's study some of them, what they are used for, how do we get them, etc.

There are many materials; they range from grass to fur to much more elaborate and exotic. Some cultures, such as the various people in the coldest parts of the world, like the Himalayas, made their clothing entirely of prepared and decorated furs and skins. Other cultures have supplemented and replaced leather and skin with cloth. Cloth is either woven or knitted and can be made from a large variety of fibers, which in turn can be natural, cellulose, or synthetic.

Organic fibers have been used for many centuries to make cloth and are still used today. While some organic materials, such as wool, are taken from animals, a number of plants provide fibers that are spun into yarn and used to make cloth. Designers and manufacturers still make clothes from cloth incorporating fibers from plants such as cotton, flax and hemp.

Clothes are made from lots of different materials. Some materials, like leather, are made from animal skins. Cotton and linen are made from plants.

Other materials, such as polyester, are called 'man-made materials'. This is because they are not made from animal skins or plants.

A material which is available in the form of a thin and continuous strand is called fibre.

Types of Fibre

Natural fibers: The fibers which are obtained from plants and animals are called natural fibers.

Plant Fibre: Cotton and jute are plant fibre.

Animal fibre: Silk and wool are animal fibre.

Synthetic fibre: The fibre which are synthesized in the industry from simple chemicals obtained from petroleum are called synthetic fibre. Examples: Nylon, Acrylic, Polyester

In India, cotton is cultivated mainly in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh.

About cotton

Cotton is cultivated in black clay soil. It needs warm climate. The sowing of cotton crop is done in early spring. Cotton plants are bushy and about 1-2 meters tall.

Steps in making cotton yarn:

  1. The raw cotton is loosened and cleaned; to remove straw and dried leaves.
  2. The cleaned cotton is then fed into a machine. The cotton fibre are combed, straightened and converted into a rope like structure called sliver.
  3. The sliver of cotton fibre is converted into yarn by spinning using machines.

Other processes to make a raw material usable:

Weaving: The process of arranging two sets of yarn together to make a fabric is called weaving. Cloth is woven on looms. After weaving the fiber is bleached and dyed for finish.

Knitting: Knitting can be done by hand and machine. Just two yarns are used in knitting, while more than two yarns are used in weaving. Socks, scarf and caps are knitted from the wool.

Uses of cotton: Cotton is mostly used for making clothes of various kinds. Examples: dupattas, towels, saris. bed-sheets, etc.

About Jute

Jute fiber is obtained from the stem of the jute plant. It is cultivated during the rainy season. Jute is grown in alluvial soil which is found usually in the delta Region of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. In India, jute is mainly grown in West Bengal, Bihar and Assam..

The jute fiber is obtained from the retted jute by hand. Jute fibre is pale-yellow in colour and 2 to 3 meters long with a silky texture.

Jute fiber is used mainly for making gunny bags, shopping bags, ropes, carpets, curtains, etc.

We get wool from hair of animals like - sheep, goat, rabbit, yak and camel. Wool is used for making warm clothes, such as sweater, cap, shawl, gloves, and blanket, etc. Wool is also used in making carpets and upholstery.

Silk fiber is obtained from the cocoons of the silk moth. The silk moth lives on the leaves of mulberry plants. There are four stages in the life cycle of silk moth: eggs, larva, pupa and adult.

The larva of the silk moth is called a caterpillar. It secretes a sticky fluid fibroin from its salivary gland (silk gland ) which forms a long thread.This thread is wrapped around the body of the caterpillar and forms a cocoon. This makes silk is a costly fabric. Silk is popular for making traditional dresses in India like sari, kurta, shawl and other wedding clothes.

Synthetic Fibre

Synthetic fibre is strong, wrinkle- resistant and quick drying. These are used in making different materials; like clothes, shawls, carpet, neck-ties, sails, sweater, and blankets. They are also used in making boats, skating boards, etc.


Wednesday, December 26, 2018

Determining the Original Intent

When reading a document, it is important to understand the original intent of the authors. The goat rodeo hearings for the confirmation of Judge Brett Kavanaugh showed the lengths that some politicians will go to attain prominence for their own political viewpoints. Kavanaugh is an originalist, which means that he considers the original intent of the US Constitution when making his decisions. An interesting parallel can be made with interpreting the Bible.

An interesting comparison can be made between examining the original intent of the Bible and the US Constitution. Inserting liberal ideas have profound consequences.
Credits: Left image, Freeimages / Robert Owen-Wahl;
Right image: US National Archives and Records Administration
It seems reasonable to determine the intent of the authors. Obviously, there are some marked differences because the Bible was written by several people under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, and the Constitution was written by fallible men with good intentions.

When the original meanings are abandoned, all sorts of bad judgments ensue. In the case of the Constitution, we had the Dred Scott decision and that unborn children are not legally protected as persons. When activist judges and other people believe that the Constitution is a living and evolving document, it can be made to say just about anything. Similarly, liberal religious leaders shy away from the original meaning of Scripture, torturing the text until it confesses to just about anything they desire.

The languages of both the Bible and the Constitution are important factors. The Constitution was ratified in 1788, so we have English language differences between then and now to consider. The Bible is much older and written in different languages, and the usage at the time is often a factor. For example, the word translated star (aster, ἀστήρ) has a broader meaning in the Bible than we use today.

Modern theologians bushwhack Genesis, conveniently ignoring the plain reading, valid exegesis, the historical-grammatical approach, and logical thinking so they can compromise with long ages and evolution. We also see the same violence applied to other passages in the Bible. A great deal of confusion and bad decisions could be avoided through commitment to the original intent.
In the recent Supreme Court nomination furor, Evangelicals were often named by the media as supporters of the originalist nominee. The reason for this is obvious as to hold on to biblical mores and values, a fidelity to the culturally Christian context within which the constitution was framed is essential. It is therefore a bitter irony that many of these same evangelicals do not take an originalist position on our own ‘founding document’ as Christians, the Bible—particularly the ‘preamble’ to the Bible, the opening chapters of Genesis. Many (in fact most) evangelical leaders today have abandoned the fundamental principle of a historical-grammatical approach to their interpretation of the scriptures when it comes to origins. This approach basically entails the idea that the original meaning of the words and the intentions of the authors are essential in rightly understanding and interpreting the Bible. The scriptures are divinely inspired and therefore stand on their own authority.
There can be no doubt as to the intent of the original writers of Genesis. In a well-known quote the Oxford Hebrew scholar James Barr, himself hostile to the Genesis account of creation a few thousand years ago, nevertheless asserts,
To read the article in its entirety, click on "Scriptural originalism — Searching for the meaning of Scripture". Also, you may be interested in a podcast or transcript by Dr. Albert Mohler. Follow this link and look for "As both sides attempt to read the tea leaves on abortion, the legitimacy of the Supreme Court is called into question".


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Cosne Sur Loire Airport by helicopter

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Posts Tagged ‘Nanlai Cao’

Book Review, “Constructing China’s Jerusalem”

March 10, 2013

Cao, Nanlai. 2011. Constructing China’s Jerusalem: Christians, Power, and Place in Contemporary Wenzhou. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

By: Steve Hu (University of California, Santa Barbara)

The explosive growth of global Christianity in the last century is nowhere more evident than in China where approximately 67 million Christians, roughly 5 percent of the total Chinese population, claim affiliation to Christianity (Pew Forum Report, Global Christianities: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World Christian Population, 2011). Due to its sheer size and recent ascendency in this context, Chinese Christianity has proved to be a fruitful field of research for scholars interested in the status of religion in China. Constructing China’s Jerusalem: Christians, Power, and Place in Contemporary Wenzhou is an example of this growing research. While existing literature approaches the question of religion in China through an oppositional binary framework pitting the hegemonic state against religion, Nanlai Cao’s ethnography moves beyond this “conveniently defined political context of state-society relations” (7) by examining the everyday practices and lives of Chinese Christians in Wenzhou, China. The key issue in Cao’s book is the relevance of Christianity in the ways Wenzhou Christians construct and negotiate their identity and social power in a rapidly changing post-reformist Chinese society. In addressing this issue, Cao examines the rupture caused by conversion to Christianity and the subsequent tension Wenzhou Christians must face. Based on 19 months of fieldwork completed between 2004 and 2006, Cao argues that the theme of discontinuity figures prominently in how these Christians produce, consume, and interpret themselves in the construction of their Christian identity.

The main actors of Wenzhou Christianity are “boss Christians”—middle-aged private business owners whose financial success, social capital, and commitment to Christianity provide them an increasing confidence and influence in negotiating with the Chinese state. The success boss Christians have enjoyed since China’s transition to a market economy allows them to overtly display their religious identity in public. Cao notes commitment to Christianity requires boss Christians to take a spiritual approach to world matters since Christian identity tends to demarcate a sharp division between the worldly and the spiritual. While economic success has provided financial and social capital for these Christians, the pursuit of business and profit is nevertheless considered a profane activity. Noting that their economic success is the result of “God’s special care” (25), boss Christians are mindful of the rupture wrought by their conversion to Christianity and cast their entrepreneurial pursuits in Christian terms. Instead of crediting economic success to an entrepreneurial work ethic, boss Christians interpret their ascendancy to “the work of the Holy Spirit,” “God’s guidance,” and “God’s mercy” (35). To be sure, reconciling the tension associated with this rupture proves difficult and some Wenzhou Christians resolve this by abandoning either their entrepreneurial or religious identities. Cao notes that as an upper-mobile social group, many boss Christians are finding ways to combine their entrepreneurial and religious identities since they can afford to construct a “dual identity by reshaping the church culture and distancing themselves from traditional rural Christianity” (36). In this milieu, economic success is interpreted as a way one can “work hard for the glory God” while meeting the demands of the secular state. That the manner in which boss Christians combine their understanding of Christianity with a pursuit of economic gain is an example of how Christianity may be deployed to “re-imagine local cultural sensibilities” (see Bialecki, Haynes & Robbins 2008). This deployment of Christianity by Wenzhou Christians has also garnered them recognition “as a useful social force” in the eyes of the Chinese government since local officials prefer to do business with entrepreneurs who adhere to Christian ethics since they are deemed trustworthy (30).

Wenzhou Christians increasingly seek ways to associate their faith with a modern and global Christianity in order to overcome the backwardness that has been associated with rural Chinese Christianity (61). Toward this end, Wenzhou Christians aspire to imitate Western church programs (Sunday School systems and worship choirs) and Western marital customs. Many Wenzhou Christians also view speaking English and being learned in Western theology as an essential part of being modern. This association with the West also allows Wenzhou Christianity to project a global and cosmopolitan posture. This can be seen in how Wenzhou churches regularly invite well-known pastors from the United States and Europe to preach in these churches. By forging transnational ties with other Christians around the globe and by linking their Christianity with the modern West, Wenzhou Christians aim to legitimize their Christian identity. Because Western modernity is perceived as the locus of legitimacy, linking Wenzhou Christianity to a cosmopolitan modernity strategically enables Wenzhou Christians to distinguish themselves and construct a unique identity that furthers their confidence in Chinese society. Cao argues these activities are undertaken in order to elevate the status of Wenzhou Christianity. While attempting to attach themselves to a cosmopolitan modernity, Wenzhou Christians also utilize the discourse of Christianity to assert moral superiority in what they perceive as a corrupt society. Boss Christians also map this moral discourse onto their business model in which biblical principles are applied to enterprise management (66). Furthermore, in legitimizing their Christian identity, Cao observes that Wenzhou Christians “blend” Christian principles with economic development so that ideas such as “doing business is serving God” echo the reformist state discourse of “letting a few people get rich” and “getting rich is glorious” (35). Cao contends that it is through such discourse that Wenzhou Christians continue to construct an assertive public faith that grants them social and political capital in relating with the state.

The adoption of Western modernity is also reflected in the development and organization of Wenzhou churches. Whether it is church-building projects, evangelism meetings, or church-related programs, Cao notes boss Christians are the main actors who supply the needed financial and social capital for these organizations to function. In the running of these churches and organizations, boss Christians adopt a secular approach and an enterprise model of management. One example is the construction of new church buildings where lavish spending is undertaken that reflects a consumer mentality that defines Wenzhou society (78). Here, fund-raising for new church buildings mirrors the practice of raising capital for family-owned enterprises which Cao notes blurs the boundaries between the sacred and secular (82). Furthermore, Wenzhou churches are organized and managed like family-owned businesses and even the preaching in these churches is sometime outsourced, relying on a “preacher-dispatch system” (86). When it comes to proselytization, boss Christians also apply entrepreneurial know-how and management strategies to draw more people to their churches. Cao also notes that a division of labor indicates Wenzhou Christianity has adopted a western secular style of management and organization and that the structure and logic of church organization is entrepreneurial. In developing a more visible and positive image, boss Christians “branded” Wenzhou Christianity through the adoption of Western modernity. This process renders Wenzhou Christianity as an amalgamation of modern, familial, and religious sensibilities.

In the last part of the book, Cao examines gender and class relationships that exist within the Wenzhou Christian community and points out that both gender and class are “organizing principles” in this context (97). While both gender and class legitimize individual expressions of Christian faith, Cao contends both categories also sustain and preserve existing ideologies of patriarchy and class in Wenzhou Christianity. What is interesting to point out in this last section of the book is Cao’s analysis of the boss Christians’ desire to construct their brand of Christianity as a modern and cosmopolitan institution. This is because there is a real anxiety within Wenzhou Christianity to distance itself from the “backward” and “feminized” Christianity practiced in rural China since the aim of Wenzhou Christianity is to legitimize itself and fashion itself as modern. To do so, boss Christians need to construct an “other” and objectify it in order to set themselves apart as masculine, cultured, and sophisticated. The other is thus found in women and the migrant workers who flock to Wenzhou factories in search of a better life. To be sure, women and migrant workers are empowered and made “modern” in their encounter with Wenzhou Christianity. However, such empowerment still exists within a power structure where boss Christians have relegated women and migrant workers to a lower status.

While Cao’s work provides a much-needed examination of the status of Christianity in China beyond the oppositional binary framework, this book still presents some shortcomings. The discussion regarding how Wenzhou boss Christians adeptly navigate the question of religion clearly demonstrates the increasing confidence these Christians can assert in the public sphere. The economic success engendered by these Christians has enabled them to actively blend their religious and entrepreneurial identities and thus “depoliticizes” Christianity in the Wenzhou context. Cao notes that Wenzhou Christians desire to be integrated into mainstream society and seek to have clout in the public sphere. It is curious that Cao would assert that the desire for integration into mainstream society would “depoliticize” Wenzhou Christianity. As Cao points out, Wenzhou Christians have adopted a moral discourse that seeks to elevate themselves above the corruption they encounter in Chinese society. While this moral discourse may echo the reformist state discourse and may seem benign, such moral discourse still has the “political” potential, if seized by certain actors, to challenge the state. Furthermore, Cao omits the reaction of local officials regarding the role of Wenzhou Christians and how they perceive their activities. The addition of the voices of local officials certainly would shed light to whether the activities of these Christians are depoliticized. Regardless of these minor omissions, this volume is a timely study of the status of Christianity in China. By sidestepping the typical structuralist approach to understanding Christianity in China, Cao’s ethnography of Wenzhou Christianity offers a nuanced examination of the local production, consumption, and interpretation of Christian identity in southeast China. Cao’s focus on Christian identity and agency in Wenzhou also highlights the need to understand the notion of rupture that is at work in the everyday lives and practices of Wenzhou Christians. This volume is a much-welcomed examination of how Christians in a particular local context construe their identity and negotiate their social position in a rapidly globalizing world and offers an insightful contribution to the growing anthropology of Christianity.

References cited

Bialecki, J., Haynes, N. and Robbins, J. 2008. “The Anthropology of Christianity.” Religion Compass, 2/6: 1139–1158.

Cao, “Renegotiating Locality and Morality”

February 26, 2013

Cao, Nanlai. 2013. Renegotiating Locality and Morality in a Chinese Religious Diaspora: Wenzhou Christian Merchants in Paris, France. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 14(1).

Abstract: This paper explores the social and economic implications of indigenous Christian discourses and practices in the Wenzhou Chinese diaspora in Paris, France. Popularly known as China’s Jerusalem, the coastal Chinese city of Wenzhou is home to thousands of self-started home-grown Protestant churches and a million Protestants. Drawing on multi-sited fieldwork, this study provides an ethnographic account of a group of Wenzhou merchants who have formed large Christian communities at home, along with migrant enclaves in Paris. The study shows how these migrant entrepreneurs and traders have brought their version of Christianity from China to France and how they perceive and deal with issues of illegality, moral contingency, native-place based loyalty and national belonging. It highlights the thoroughly intertwined relationship between an indigenised Chinese Christianity and the petty capitalist legacy of coastal southeast China in a secularised, exclusionary European context, and suggests that Christianity provides a form of non-market morality that serves to effectively legitimate Wenzhou’s pre-modern household economy in the context of market modernity.

Cao “Constructing China’s Jerusalem”

October 15, 2011

Cao, Nanlai (2011) Constructing China’s Jerusalem: Christians, Power, and Place in Contemporary Wenzhou. Stanford: Stanford University Press

Publisher’s Description: Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth life history interviews, this illuminating book provides an intimate portrait of contemporary Chinese Christianity in the context of a modern, commercialized economy. In vivid detail, anthropologist Nanlai Cao explores the massive resurgence of Protestant Christianity in the southeastern coastal city of Wenzhou—popularly referred to by its residents as “China’s Jerusalem”—a nationwide model for economic development and the largest urban Christian center in China.

Cao’s study of Chinese Christians delves into the dynamics of activities such as banqueting, network building, property acquisition, mate selection, marriage ritual, migrant work, and education. Unlike previous research that has mainly looked at older, rural, and socially marginalized church communities, Cao trains his focus on economically powerful, politically connected, moralizing Christian entrepreneurs. In framing the city of Wenzhou as China’s Jerusalem, newly rich Chinese Christians seek not only to express their leadership aspirations in a global religious movement but also to assert their place, identity, and elite status in post-reform Chinese society.

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How To Use Volume To Identify The Best Momentum Stocks - Bulls on Wall Street

How To Use Volume To Identify The Best Momentum Stocks

Volume is something you see mentioned everywhere in the trading world. But very few people explain how to interpret it, and what to actually look for. If you are wondering how to use volume in your trading to find the best momentum stocks, you should read this article thoroughly. It is a crucial variable for determining a potential momentum stock, for day trading and swing trading.

What Is Volume?

Volume is the number of shares that is bought and sold of a stock over a given time period. When you using candlestick charting, you will see the number shares traded on one candle stick, usually at the bottom of the chart, of whatever time frame you are looking at. For example if you look at daily chart time frame, you will see the number of shares traded each day of a stock. If you switch to the 5 minute chart, you will see the number of shares traded every 5 minutes of a stock.

The Importance Of High Relative Volume

The best momentum stocks have high relative volume. This means they are trading well above the typical number of shares they trade per day. Stocks will usually trade at above average levels of volume when they are gapping up or down due to some type of catalyst, like earnings reports, FDA approval, or analyst upgrades or downgrades. Check out the daily of TWLO:

momentum stocks

You can see on all of the days when it is gapping with higher than normal volume. TWLO usually trades about 3-4 million shares per day. However on those days where it was gapping up or down with a catalyst, it trades between 10-20 million shares that day. Notice that it also trades larger than its typical daily range that day as well, which is exactly what you want as a day trader, because this means you are likely to capture a big move in the stock if you get the right entry.  You can learn more about the characteristics of the best momentum stocks in this article here

How To Know When A Stock Will Have High Relative Volume

New traders will not only ask about how to use volume, but also how to know beforehand when a stock will trade at above-average volume. A stock that is gapping up or down more than 4% with a catalyst will usually be trading with higher than average volume that day. However, another big indicator is to pay attention to how much volume comes into the stock at the market open in the first candle. Let’s look at the TWLO intra-day chart on 5/9 when it was gapping up in reaction to strong earnings:

momentum stocks

You can see that it traded almost a million shares on its opening 5 minute candle, about a quarter of what it typically trades in a whole day in just 5 minutes. When you see this much volume come in this early in the day, there is a very high probability that it will trade at well above average volume that day. Compare it to the opening 5 minute candle of a typical trading day. When you see a stock trading with that much volume at the open, is it a strong candidate to have momentum and go on a strong trend that day, especially when it has a breakout on the daily chart.

Technical Breakouts and Breakdowns

Momentum stocks can still trade at above-average volume without a catalyst. Another cause of a stock trading at above-average volume is a technical breakout on the daily chart. Look at the SQ daily chart when it broke out in March:

momentum stocks

You can see the volume that came into the stock after it broke out above that 48 level. Stocks just having technical breakouts will usually not experience as large of a volume increase compared to stocks gapping with some type of catalyst. However it is still a good indicator of when a stock could be beginning a strong trend intra-day, or on the higher time frames for a swing. The best momentum stocks are stocks that are gapping above resistance (or below support for a short play) on an earnings catalyst, and are trading at above average volume pre-market and at the market open.

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IFTTT not working sith Blynk digital inputs

Hello. I’ve bought a Google Home Mini and I’m trying to make it work with Blynk. I am using IFTTT but it doesn’t seem to work with Digital Pins, only with Virtual Pins. Here’s the IFTTT config:

I also tried writing /pin/D1 and choosing PUT instead of GET, with body set to [“1”] but it doesn’t work. Any ideas on why this is happening?

Are you using a NodeMCU or Wemos D1 Mini?
What device have you selected in the app when you created your project?

I can’t remember exactly how it works, but there’s a chance that if you reference pin D1 then it may change pin GPIO 1, or the pin labelled D1 on the board (which are different with a NodeMCU/Wemos).
You should experiment with various settings (using GET preferably) and work-out the correct way of doing it.

I am using a NodeMCU, but I’ve also tried with pin D3 of another mcu and I get the same result

I don’t really understand that answer.

D1 (as shown on the board) is GPIO 5, so you would want /update/D5?value=1
D3 (as shown on the board) is GPIO 0, so you would want /update/D0?value=1

1 Like

Solved. Thank you both


Bhopal/ Air quality remains poor; asthma patients double; Damoh most polluted in Madhya Pradesh; haze extremely harmful for lungs

Bhopal: The air quality in the capital remained poor for the second consecutive day. From morning till 12 noon, Ambient Air Quality Index (AQI) was recorded 222.

Pollution is now hitting the eastern parts of the state. Damoh was the most polluted city in the state on Tuesday with 235 AQIs. The air quality in Bhopal was very poor until 4:30 pm. After this, there was a slight improvement and AQI came down to 200.

A low-pressure area remains in the Arabian Sea, while a cyclone is formed in the Bay of Bengal. There is moisture coming from both sides. This moisture has become a cloudy covering due to the accumulation at mid-troposphere (at a height of 4 km).

The cloud cover is not allowing the smoke and dust originating in the city to escape. Smog and dust accumulate under this cover of moisture, creating a state of mist.

Pollution will increase further after Diwali: Dr. Sarman Singh, Director AIIMS Bhopal, said if the pollution is not removed now and like every year, this time too many firecrackers on Diwali are burst, then the same pollution will reach fatal levels. So I request that you avoid burning trash and bursting crackers. It is a question of your life and health.

Expert view: Dr. Alkesh Khurana, Head, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AIIMS, Bhopal, said that the haze that has enveloped the city is very dangerous for lungs. Asthma patients have doubled here. Staying outside much longer can cause a burning sensation in the eyes, shortness of breath, hypertension, fatigue.


Centuries-Old Problem Addressed by UWS

This post was originally published on this site

UW-Superior professor and retired staff member develop device to address centuries-old problem for beekeepers.

When professor Ed Burkett (Doc Bee, as he is known by his students) lost all of the hives in the UW-Superior bee apiary during the winter of 2016, he came up with an idea to build a device to solve the problem. Today, it has a patent pending and is being assessed by a student team for business plan development.

One of the greatest challenges faced by beekeepers, particularly in polar climates, is the seasonal loss of beehives. On average, beekeepers in the United States lose about 30 percent of their hives during the winter months, with areas in the Upper Midwest losing as much as 50 percent. These losses translate into significant ecological and financial costs. Edward Burkett, University of Wisconsin-Superior biology professor, experienced this issue acutely in 2016 when all the hives in the UW-Superior bee apiary were lost during the winter months. He had just established the apiary on campus that year as part of the university’s Urban Honey Bee Project — an education, research and community service initiative designed to engage undergraduate students in research with honey bees.

Doc Bee (as he is known by his students) came up with an idea to build a Beehive Wind Shield™, a device he believed would help solve the problem, and mentioned it one day to his friend and colleague, Kenn Raihala, a retired mechanical engineer at UWS.

“I told Kenn about my idea and he said, ‘I can build that.’ I originally thought he’d just build a few devices and I’d put them on my own hives and those in the UWS apiary, and that would be it,” said Burkett. “But, Kenn is an inventor, so he did a patent search and couldn’t find anything close to what we had created.”

The Beehive Wind Shield™ is an innovative solution to a complex problem that arises in cold climates. Bees beat their wings inside the hive to keep it about 88 degrees, the temperature needed to survive. However, the heat and water vapor created by the bees causes condensation to form on the top of the hive in cold temperatures, which drips down on the bees and kills them.

“So, beekeepers have a dilemma,” said Burkett. “They need the ventilation to keep the condensation down, but the air can also chill the bees and kill them. The Beehive Wind Shield™ is designed to protect the hive from wind

Continue to read this article on the UW-Superior Website.


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Copilot Lvl 3
Message 1 of 4

How do we attract contributions to our small and niche but open-source repositories?

I manage a number of open-source Python libraries for Raspberry Pi HATs, pHATs and other add-ons. We don't see a tremendous number of contributions, issues or pull requests across these libraries- and I want to find a way to incentivise people to contribute, and break the ice for beginners.

Since the market with serve has a very large crossover with education and tends to attract many beginners, I'm also keen to encourage users to "practise" on our repositories by submitting examples, making tweaks to documentation and so on. (I'm keenly aware that this will create more work for me, but I'm keen to pay forward the help and patience which was demonstrated to me when I was first learning to code)

I appreciate that some people might not be keen making contributions to libraries that may require a hardware buy-in, but I think there are enough users out there to make this worth trying.

I've seen suggestions here for beginners to seek out the "good first issue" label, but we don't really have a project large enough to generate any suitable issues. Could I, perhaps, externalise my roadmap for library improvements and invite users to build out new features?

I guess my TLDR is; how does a small GitHub repository motivate and invite its users to make contributions?

3 Replies
Ground Controller Lvl 1
Message 2 of 4

Re: How do we attract contributions to our small and niche but open-source repositories?

You could have a sprint event. I'm just out of one for Jupyter notebook
Pilot Lvl 1
Message 3 of 4

I am a maintainer for several small and some very large open source projects. Without knowing more about what those libraries are and who the demographic is I can't really say. Open source adoption is often driven by need, so the question is where does your demographic look to for solving problems. Having a really great documentation site is super helpful.

One thing that we found is that IRC was alienating many of our newer users and decided to switch to slack (enabled the IRC gatreway for those who didnt want slack client) as this is what our community wanted after polling multiple times. I think it's really great to connect the developers in real time with a project with it's consumers regardless of what tech is used to facilitate. We also created a community repo to start building out a lot of things that make a project successful such as:

- good contribution gudelines

- information on accepting new libraries/plugins from the community

- information on who are maintainers on various areas (if applicable)

- insight into the pull request process

- insight into how changelogs should be handled

- build and release process (including cadence)

- communication channels and how to use them ( having people ping `@channel` is a great way to piss off users at 3AM because they are in a very diffrent time zone ). Ideally restrict `@shoutouts` to maintainers to protect users from themselves and eachother.

One thing I find helpful for smaller projects is to try to invite repeated contributors who have quality work as a collaborator quickly. This helps give them assurance that even if you fall off the face of the planet they can keep maintaining it. For lareger projects similar principles apply however they tend to have more need to be cautious with inviting maintainers.

Also having good pull request and issue templates really help with improving the quality of the issues and pull quests. They help you say collect say version information that the user might not have included and rather than being able to say that was fixed in version x.y.z you have to ask for it. Same thing with pull requests. For example if you want people to update the changelog or require a testing artifact then have that be a checkmark they can click after creating the PR. This helps set expectations and allows them to react to your project needs, wants, etc. The less a user feels like they are fulfilling some nitpicky maintainers whims and more ok that's something the project expects me to do makes it a bit smoother.

I try to always leave a reply before reviewing to people who have not previously contributed thanking them for their hard work and willingness to share back with the community.

I think one of the more important things in keeping your contributors happy is to quickly review and release. Nothing is more frustrating when a project has a pull request that was merged say 8 months ago but never released.

Copilot Lvl 3
Message 4 of 4

This is fabulously in-depth and helpful, thank you!

I particularly like your approach to community guidelines and process- the separate "Community" repository is definitely something I'll look into adopting.

Since our libraries are intended- first and foremost- to support our hardware products we don't have quite the same fuzzy feeling of a less specific open-source project. We do have quite a few code projects that have a wider appeal, however, including libraries for indivudual ICs, but these have a very limited utility outside of people looking to integrate those things into a design.

Still, in the interest of full disclosure (actually I wasn't intending to be coy about this) I'm referring to our Pimoroni GitHub organisation:

Any single product has a base of possible contributors narrowed down to only people who own that specific product, or perhaps have a unique contribution to make otherwise. I'm looking for anything I can do to lower the friction between those users and making their first contribution.


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