Yorkshire in England
Location within England, showing historic extent
 • 1831 3,669,510 acres (14,850 km2)[1]
 • 1901 3,883,979 acres (15,718 km2)[1]
 • 1991 2,941,247 acres (11,903 km2)[1]
 • 1831 1,371,359[1]
 • 1901 3,512,838[1]
 • 1991 3,978,484[1]
 • 2011 5,288,200[2]
 • 1831 0.37/acre (91/km2)
 • 1901 0.9/acre (220/km2)
 • 1991 1.35/acre (330/km2)
 • Origin Kingdom of Jórvík
 • Created In antiquity
 • Succeeded by Various
Chapman code YKS
 • Type Ridings
 • Units 1 North2 West3 East
Ridings of Yorkshire

Yorkshire (/ˈjɔːrkʃər, -ʃɪər/; abbreviated Yorks), formally known as the County of York, is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom.[3] Due to its great size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been undertaken over time by its subdivisions, which have also been subject to periodic reform. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographical territory and cultural region.[4] The name is familiar and well understood across the United Kingdom and is in common use in the media and the military,[5] and also features in the titles of current areas of civil administration such as North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and East Riding of Yorkshire.

Within the borders of the historic county of Yorkshire are vast stretches of unspoiled countryside. This can be found in the Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors and with the open aspect of some of the major cities.[6][7] Yorkshire has also been nicknamed "God's Own County".[4][8][9]

The emblem of Yorkshire is the White Rose of the English royal House of York, and the most commonly used flag representative of Yorkshire is the White Rose on a blue background,[10] which after nearly fifty years of use, was recognised by the Flag Institute on 29 July 2008.[11] Yorkshire Day, held annually on 1 August, is a celebration of the general culture of Yorkshire, ranging from its history to its own dialect.[12]

Yorkshire is covered by different Government Office Regions. Most of the county falls within Yorkshire and the Humber while the extreme northern part of the county, such as Middlesbrough, Redcar, Holwick and Startforth, falls within North East England. Small areas in the west of the county are covered by the North West England region.

Yorkshire or the County of York was so named as it is the shire (administrative area or county) of the city of York or York's Shire. "York" comes from the Viking name for the city, Jórvík. The word "Shire" is either from the Old Norse word Skyr or from Old English Scir meaning care or official charge.[13] The "shire" suffix is locally pronounced /-ʃə/ "shuh", or occasionally /-ʃiə/, a homophone of "sheer".[14]

Celtic tribes

Early inhabitants of Yorkshire were Celts, who formed two separate tribes, the Brigantes and the Parisi. The Brigantes controlled territory which later became all of the North Riding of Yorkshire and the West Riding of Yorkshire. The tribe controlled most of Northern England and more territory than any other Celtic tribe in England. That they had the Yorkshire area as their heartland is evident in that Isurium Brigantum (now known as Aldborough) was the capital town of their civitas under Roman rule. Six of the nine Brigantian poleis described by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the Geographia fall within the historic county.[15][16] The Parisi, who controlled the area that would become the East Riding of Yorkshire, might have been related to the Parisii of Lutetia Parisiorum, Gaul (known today as Paris, France).[17] Their capital was at Petuaria, close to the Humber Estuary. Although the Roman conquest of Britain began in 43 AD, the Brigantes remained in control of their kingdom as a client state of Rome for an extended period, reigned over by the Brigantian monarchs Cartimandua and her husband Venutius. Initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes, who were known as the most militant tribe in Britain.[18]

Roman period

Statue of Constantine I outside York Minster.

Queen Cartimandua left her husband Venutius for his armour bearer, Vellocatus, setting off a chain of events which changed control of the region. Cartimandua, due to her good relationship with the Romans, was able to keep control of the kingdom; however, her former husband staged rebellions against her and her Roman allies.[19] At the second attempt, Venutius seized the kingdom, but the Romans, under general Petillius Cerialis, conquered the Brigantes in 71 AD.[20]

The fortified city of Eboracum (now known as York) was named as capital of Britannia Inferior and joint capital of all Roman Britain.[21] The emperor Septimius Severus ruled the Roman Empire from Eboracum for the two years before his death.[22]

Another emperor, Constantius Chlorus, died in Eboracum during a visit in 306 AD. This saw his son Constantine the Great, who became renowned for his contributions to Christianity, proclaimed emperor in the city.[23] In the early 5th century, the Roman rule ceased with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops. By this stage, the Western Empire was in intermittent decline.[22]

Second Celtic period and Angles

After the Romans left, small Celtic kingdoms arose in the region, including the Kingdom of Ebrauc around York and the Kingdom of Elmet to the west.[24][25] Elmet remained independent from the Germanic Northumbrian Angles until some time in the early 7th century, when King Edwin of Northumbria expelled its last king, Certic, and annexed the region. At its greatest extent, Northumbria stretched from the Irish Sea to the North Sea and from Edinburgh down to Hallamshire in the south.[26]

Kingdom of Jórvík

Scandinavian York (also referred to as Jórvík) or Danish/Norwegian York is a term used by historians for the south of Northumbria (modern day Yorkshire) during the period of the late 9th century and first half of the 10th century, when it was dominated by Norse warrior-kings; in particular, used to refer to York, the city controlled by these kings. Norse monarchy controlled varying amounts of Northumbria from 875 to 954, however the area was invaded and conquered for short periods by England between 927 and 954 before eventually being annexed into England in 954. It was closely associated with the much longer-lived Kingdom of Dublin throughout this period.

Coin from Eric Bloodaxe's reign

Founded by the Dane Halfdan Ragnarsson in 875,[30] ruled for the great part by Danish kings, and populated by the families and subsequent descendants of Danish Vikings, the leadership of the kingdom nonetheless passed into Norwegian hands during its twilight years.[30] Eric Bloodaxe, an ex-king of Norway who was the last independent Viking king of Jórvík, is a particularly noted figure in history,[31] and his bloodthirsty approach towards leadership may have been at least partly responsible for convincing the Danish inhabitants of the region to accept English sovereignty so readily in the years that followed.

Norman conquest

York Minster, western elevation

In the weeks immediately leading up to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 AD, Harold II of England was distracted by events in Yorkshire. His brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, attempted a takeover in the North, having won the Battle of Fulford. The King of England marched north where the two armies met at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Tostig and Hardrada were both killed and their army was defeated decisively. However, Harold Godwinson was forced immediately to march his army back down to the South where William the Conqueror was landing. The King was defeated at Hastings, which led to the Norman conquest of England.

The people of the North rebelled against the Normans in September 1069 AD, enlisting Sweyn II of Denmark. They tried to take back York, but the Normans burnt it before they could.[33] What followed was the Harrying of the North ordered by William. From York to Durham, crops, domestic animals, and farming tools were scorched. Many villages between the towns were burnt and local northerners were indiscriminately murdered.[34] During the winter that followed, families starved to death and thousands of peasants died of cold and hunger. Orderic Vitalis estimated that "more than 100,000" people from the North died from hunger.[35]

In the centuries following, many abbeys and priories were built in Yorkshire. Norman landowners were keen to increase their revenues and established new towns such as Barnsley, Doncaster, Hull, Leeds, Scarborough and Sheffield, among others. Of towns founded before the conquest, only Bridlington, Pocklington, and York continued at a prominent level.[36] The population of Yorkshire boomed until hit by the Great Famine in the years between 1315 and 1322.[36]

The Black Death reached Yorkshire by 1349, killing around a third of the population.[36]

Wars of the Roses

Yorkist king Richard III grew up at Middleham. [38]

Henry Tudor, sympathiser to the House of Lancaster, defeated and killed Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He then became King Henry VII and married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Yorkist Edward IV, ending the wars.[40] The two roses of white and red, emblems of the Houses of York and Lancaster respectively, were combined to form the Tudor Rose of England.[a][41] This rivalry between the royal houses of York and Lancaster has passed into popular culture as a rivalry between the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, particularly in sport (for example the Roses Match played in County Cricket), although the House of Lancaster was based in York and the House of York in London.

Civil War and textile industry

The wool textile industry, which had previously been a cottage industry, centred on the old market towns moved to the West Riding where entrepreneurs were building mills that took advantage of water power gained by harnessing the rivers and streams flowing from the Pennines. The developing textile industry helped Wakefield and Halifax grow.[42]

The English Reformation began under Henry VIII and the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536 led to a popular uprising known as Pilgrimage of Grace, started in Yorkshire as a protest. Some Catholics in Yorkshire continued to practise their religion and those caught were executed during the reign of Elizabeth I. One such person was a York woman named Margaret Clitherow who was later canonised.[43]

In the 16th and 17th centuries Leeds and other wool-industry-centred towns continued to grow, along with Huddersfield, Hull and Sheffield, while coal mining first came into prominence in the West Riding of Yorkshire.[47] Canals and turnpike roads were introduced in the late 18th century. In the following century the spa towns of Harrogate and Scarborough flourished, due to people believing mineral water had curative properties.[48]

St George's Minster in Doncaster was built in 1858 and is Grade I listed

The 19th century saw Yorkshire's continued growth, with the population growing and the Industrial Revolution continuing with prominent industries in coal, textile and steel (especially in Sheffield, Rotherham and Middlesbrough). However, despite the booming industry, living conditions declined in the industrial towns due to overcrowding. This saw bouts of cholera in both 1832 and 1848.[49] However, advances were made by the end of the century with the introduction of modern sewers and water supplies. Several Yorkshire railway networks were introduced as railways spread across the country to reach remote areas.

The LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard built in Doncaster is the current confirmed record holder as the fastest steam locomotive at 203 km/h (126 mph) on 3 July 1938.

[50] County councils were created for the three ridings in 1889, but their area of control did not include the large towns, which became county boroughs, and included an increasingly large part of the population.[51]

Yorkshire today

In the 1970s there were major reforms of local government throughout the United Kingdom. Some of the changes were unpopular,[53] and controversially Yorkshire and its ridings lost status in 1974[54] as part of the Local Government Act 1972.[55] The East Riding was resurrected with reduced boundaries in 1996 with the abolition of Humberside. With slightly different borders, the Government Office entity which currently contains most of Yorkshire is the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England.[54] This region includes a northern slice of Lincolnshire, but does not include the northern part of the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire (Middlesbrough and Redcar and Cleveland), which is in the North East England region. Other parts of the historic county of Yorkshire are also in other official regions. Saddleworth (now in Greater Manchester); the Forest of Bowland (Lancashire); Sedbergh and Dent (Cumbria) are in the North West England region, and Upper Teesdale (County Durham) is in North East England.[53]

Physical and geological

Geology of Yorkshire

Historically, the northern boundary of Yorkshire was the River Tees, the eastern boundary was the North Sea coast and the southern boundary was the Humber Estuary and Rivers Don and Sheaf. The western boundary meandered along the western slopes of the Pennine Hills to again meet the River Tees.[56] It is bordered by several other historic counties in the form of County Durham, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lancashire and Westmorland.[57] In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between the major topographical areas and the geological period in which they were formed.[56] The Pennine chain of hills in the west is of Carboniferous origin. The central vale is Permo-Triassic. The North York Moors in the north-east of the county are Jurassic in age while the Yorkshire Wolds to the south east are Cretaceous chalk uplands.[56]

The main rivers of Yorkshire

In the far north of the county the River Tees flows eastwards through Teesdale and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of Middlesbrough. The smaller River Esk flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at Whitby.[58] To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds the River Hull flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at Kingston upon Hull.

The western Pennines are drained by the River Ribble which flows westwards, eventually reaching the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Annes.[58]

Natural areas

Geographic features of Yorkshire

The countryside of Yorkshire has acquired the common nickname of "God's Own County".[4][8] Yorkshire includes the North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales National Parks, and part of the Peak District National Park. Nidderdale and the Howardian Hills are designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[59] Spurn Point, Flamborough Head and the coastal North York Moors are designated Heritage Coast areas,[60] and are noted for their scenic views with rugged cliffs[61] such as the jet cliffs at Whitby,[61] the limestone cliffs at Filey and the chalk cliffs at Flamborough Head.[62][63] Moor House – Upper Teesdale, most of which is part of the former North Riding of Yorkshire, is one of England's largest national nature reserves.[64]

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds runs nature reserves such as the one at Bempton Cliffs with coastal wildlife such as the northern gannet, Atlantic puffin and razorbill.[65] Spurn Point is a narrow 3-mile (4.8 km) long sand spit. It is a national nature reserve owned by the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust and is noted for its cyclical nature whereby the spit is destroyed and re-created approximately once every 250 years.[66] There are seaside resorts in Yorkshire with sandy beaches; Scarborough is Britain's oldest seaside resort dating back to the spa town-era in the 17th century,[67] while Whitby has been voted as the United Kingdom's best beach, with a "postcard-perfect harbour".[68]

Historically, Yorkshire was divided into three ridings and the Ainsty of York. The term 'riding' is of Viking origin and derives from Threthingr meaning a third part. The three ridings in Yorkshire were named the East Riding, West Riding and North Riding.[69] The East and North Ridings of Yorkshire were separated by the River Derwent and the West and North Ridings were separated by the Ouse and the Ure/Nidd watershed. In 1974, the three ridings of Yorkshire were abolished and York, which had been independent of the three ridings, was incorporated into the new county called North Yorkshire. It later became part of York Unitary Authority.[70]

Cities and towns

Local government

For statistical purposes, Yorkshire is divided, as of 2018, between three regions of England. Most of the county falls within Yorkshire and the Humber. The extreme northern part of the county, such as Middlesbrough, Redcar, Holwick and Startforth, fall within North East England. Small areas in the west of the historic county, like Saddleworth, Barnoldswick and Sedbergh, fall within North West England. During these processes the geographical or historic boundaries of Yorkshire remained unchanged.

Within the regions are both ceremonial counties, and the actual units of local government, such as unitary authorities, as detailed at Local government divisions of Yorkshire and the Humber, Local government divisions of North East England and Local government divisions of North West England.

Bridgewater Place, a symbol of Leeds' growing financial importance.

Yorkshire has a mixed economy, and accounts for about 8% of UK GDP. The City of Leeds is Yorkshire's largest city and the leading centre of trade and commerce. Leeds is also one of the UK's larger financial centres. Leeds' traditional industries were mixed; service-based industries, textile manufacturing and coal mining being examples. Tourism is also significant. In 2015, the value of tourism was in excess of £7 billion.[72]

Sheffield once had heavy industries, such as coal mining and the steel industry. Since the decline of such industries Sheffield has attracted tertiary and administrative businesses including more retail trade; Meadowhall being an example. However, while Sheffield's heavy industry has declined, the region has reinvented itself as a centre for specialist engineering with Boeing and Maclaren establishing facilities in the city. A cluster of hi-tech facilities including The Welding Institute and the Boeing partnered Advanced Materials Research Centre[73] have all helped to raise the region's profile and to bring significant investment into Yorkshire.[citation needed]

North Yorkshire has an established tourist industry, supported by the presence of two national parks (Yorkshire Dales National Park, North York Moors National Park), Harrogate, York and Scarborough and this industry is also growing in Leeds. Kingston upon Hull is Yorkshire's largest port and has a large manufacturing base, its fishing industry has however declined somewhat in recent years. Harrogate and Knaresborough both have small legal and financial sectors. Harrogate is a European conference and exhibition destination with both the Great Yorkshire Showground and Harrogate International Centre in the town.

Coal mining was extremely active in the south of the county during the 19th century and for most of the 20th century, particularly around Barnsley and Wakefield. As late as the 1970s, the number of miners working in the area was still in six figures.[74] The industry was placed under threat on 6 March 1984 when the National Coal Board announced the closure of 20 pits nationwide (some of them in South Yorkshire). By March 2004, a mere three coalpits remained open in the area.[75] Three years later, the only remaining coal pit in the region was Maltby Colliery near Rotherham.[76]

Yorkshire has been the focus of various industrial promotion and development initiatives, such as Yorkshire Forward, and today various local enterprise partnerships. There are also a number of innovation centres belonging to leading companies, and a range of spin-off companies linked to major universities.

Many large British companies are based in Yorkshire or were founded there. These include HSBC (Sheffield), Morrisons (Bradford), Asda (Leeds), Jet2.com (Leeds), Ronseal (Sheffield), Optare (Leeds), Aunt Bessie's (Hull), Birds Eye (Hull), Wharfedale (Leeds), Plaxton (Scarborough), Seven Seas (Hull), Little Chef (Sheffield), Plusnet (Sheffield), Quidco (Sheffield), Fenner plc (Hull), Halifax Bank (Halifax), Rank Organisation (Hull), Yorkshire Bank (Leeds), William Jackson Food Group (Hull), Yorkshire Building Society (Bradford), Ebuyer (Howden), GHD (Leeds), Marks and Spencer (Leeds), Burtons (Leeds), Jaeger (Ilkley), Magnet Kitchens (Keighley), Reckitt and Sons (Hull), McCains (Scarborough), First Direct (Leeds), KCOM Group (Hull), Tetley's Brewery (Leeds), Timothy Taylor Brewery (Keighley), Bradford and Bingley (Bingley), Skipton Building Society (Skipton), Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate, SGS Europe (Hull) and Provident Financial (Bradford).

Yorkshire has a large base of primary and secondary schools operated by both local authorities and private bodies, and a dozen universities, along with a wide range of colleges and further education facilities. Four universities are based in Leeds, two in Sheffield, two in York, and one each in Bradford, Hull, Middlesbrough and Huddersfield (the last with branches in Barnsley and Oldham). The largest universities by enrolment are Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Leeds, each with over 31,000 students, followed by Leeds Beckett University, and the most recent to attain university status is the Leeds Arts University. There are also branches of institutions headquartered in other parts of England, such as the Open University and Britain's first for-profit university (since 2012), the University of Law. The tertiary sector is in active cooperation with industry, and a number of spin-off companies have been launched.

The most prominent road in Yorkshire, historically called the Great North Road, is known as the A1.[77] This trunk road passes through the centre of the county and is the prime route from London to Edinburgh.[78] Another important road is the more easterly A19 road which starts in Doncaster and ends just north of Newcastle-upon-Tyne at Seaton Burn. The M62 motorway crosses the county from east to west from Hull towards Greater Manchester and Merseyside.[79] The M1 carries traffic from London and the south of England to Yorkshire. In 1999, about 8 miles (13 km) was added to make it swing east of Leeds and connect to the A1.[80] The East Coast Main Line rail link between Scotland and London runs roughly parallel with the A1 through Yorkshire and the Trans Pennine rail link runs east to west from Hull to Liverpool via Leeds.[81]

Before the advent of rail transport, the seaports of Hull and Whitby played an important role in transporting goods. Historically canals were used, including the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, which is the longest canal in England. Mainland Europe (the Netherlands and Belgium) can be reached from Hull via regular ferry services from P&O Ferries.[82] Yorkshire also has air transport services from Leeds Bradford International Airport. This airport has experienced significant and rapid growth in both terminal size and passenger facilities since 1996, when improvements began, until the present day.[83] South Yorkshire is served by the Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield, based in Finningley.[84] Sheffield City Airport opened in 1997 after years of Sheffield having no airport, due to a council decision in the 1960s not to develop one because of the city's good rail links with London and the development of airports in other nearby areas. The newly opened airport never managed to compete with larger airports such as Leeds Bradford International Airport and East Midlands Airport and attracted only a few scheduled flights, while the runway was too short to support low cost carriers. The opening of Doncaster Sheffield Airport effectively made the airport redundant and it officially closed in April 2008.

Public transport statistics

The average amount of time people spend on public transport in Yorkshire on a weekday is 77 minutes. 26.6% of public transport users travel for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transport is 16 minutes, while 24.9% of passengers wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transport is 7 km, while 10% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[85]

The culture of the people of Yorkshire is an accumulated product of a number of different civilisations who have influenced its history, including; the Celts (Brigantes and Parisii), Romans, Angles, Norse Vikings, and Normans amongst others.[86] The western part of the historic North Riding had an additional infusion of Breton culture due to the Honour of Richmond being occupied by Alain Le Roux, grandson of Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany.[87] The people of Yorkshire are immensely proud of their county and local culture and it is sometimes suggested they identify more strongly with their county than they do with their country.[88] Yorkshire people have their own Yorkshire dialects and accents and are, or rather were, known as Broad Yorkshire or Tykes, with its roots in Old English and Old Norse.[89][90]

Though distinct accents remain, dialects are no longer in everyday use. Some have argued the dialect was a fully fledged language in its own right.[91] The county has also produced a set of Yorkshire colloquialisms,[92] which are in use in the county. Among Yorkshire's traditions is the Long Sword dance. The most famous traditional song of Yorkshire is On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at ("On Ilkley Moor without a hat"), it is considered the unofficial anthem of the county.[93]

Throughout Yorkshire many castles were built during the Norman-Breton period, particularly after the Harrying of the North. These included Bowes Castle, Pickering Castle, Richmond Castle, Skipton Castle, York Castle and others.[94] Later medieval castles at Helmsley, Middleham and Scarborough were built as a means of defence against the invading Scots.[95] Middleham is notable because Richard III of England spent his childhood there.[95] The remains of these castles, some being English Heritage sites, are popular tourist destinations.[95] There are several stately homes in Yorkshire which carry the name "castle" in their title, even though they are more akin to a palace.[96] The most notable examples are Allerton Castle and Castle Howard,[97] both linked to the Howard family.[98] Castle Howard and the Earl of Harewood's residence, Harewood House, are included amongst the Treasure Houses of England, a group of nine English stately homes.[99]

There are numerous other Grade I listed buildings within the historic county including public buildings such as Leeds Town Hall, Sheffield Town Hall, Ormesby Hall, the Yorkshire Museum and Guildhall at York, and the Piece Hall in Halifax.[100] Large estates with significant buildings were constructed at Brodsworth Hall, Temple Newsam and Wentworth Castle. In addition to this there are properties which are conserved and managed by the National Trust, such as Nunnington Hall, the Rievaulx Terrace & Temples and Studley Royal Park.[101] Religious architecture includes extant cathedrals as well as the ruins of monasteries and abbeys. Many of these prominent buildings suffered from the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII; these include Bolton Abbey, Fountains Abbey, Gisborough Priory, Rievaulx Abbey, St Mary's Abbey and Whitby Abbey among others.[102] Notable religious buildings of historic origin still in use include York Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe,[102] Beverley Minster, Bradford Cathedral and Ripon Cathedral.[102]

Literature and art

The Brontë sisters

Although the first Professor of English Literature at Leeds University, F.W. Moorman, claimed the first extant work of English literature, Beowulf, was written in Yorkshire,[103] this view does not have common acceptance today. However, when Yorkshire formed the southern part of the kingdom of Northumbria there were several notable poets, scholars and ecclesiastics, including Alcuin, Cædmon and Wilfrid.[104] The most esteemed literary family from the county are the three Brontë sisters, with part of the county around Haworth being nicknamed Brontë Country in their honour.[105] Their novels, written in the mid-19th century, caused a sensation when they were first published, yet were subsequently accepted into the canon of great English literature.[106] Among the most celebrated novels written by the sisters are Anne Brontë's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre and Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights.[105] Wuthering Heights was almost a source used to depict life in Yorkshire, illustrating the type of people that reside there in its characters, and emphasising the use of the stormy Yorkshire moors. Nowadays, the parsonage which was their former home is now a museum in their honour.[107] Bram Stoker authored Dracula while living in Whitby[108] and it includes several elements of local folklore including the beaching of the Russian ship Dmitri, which became the basis of Demeter in the book.[109]

The novelist tradition in Yorkshire continued into the 20th and 21st centuries, with authors such as J. B. Priestley,[110] Alan Bennett, Stan Barstow, Dame Margaret Drabble, A S Byatt, Barbara Taylor Bradford,[111] Marina Lewycka and Sunjeev Sahota being prominent examples. Taylor Bradford is noted for A Woman of Substance which was one of the top-ten best selling novels in history.[112] Another well-known author was children's writer Arthur Ransome, who penned the Swallows and Amazons series.[111] James Herriot, the best selling author of over 60 million copies of books about his experiences of some 50 years as a veterinarian in Thirsk, North Yorkshire, the town which he refers to as Darrowby in his books[113] (although born in Sunderland), has been admired for his easy reading style and interesting characters.[114] Poets include Ted Hughes, W. H. Auden, William Empson, Simon Armitage, David Miedzianik and Andrew Marvell.[111][115][116][117][118] Three well known sculptors emerged in the 20th century; contemporaries Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth, and Leeds-raised eco artist Andy Goldsworthy. Some of their works are available for public viewing at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park.[119] There are several art galleries in Yorkshire featuring extensive collections, such as Ferens Art Gallery, Leeds Art Gallery, Millennium Galleries and York Art Gallery.[120][121][122] Some of the better known local painters are William Etty and David Hockney;[123] many works by the latter are housed at Salts Mill 1853 Gallery in Saltaire.[124]

Yorkshire has a long tradition in the field of sports, with participation in cricket, football, rugby league and horse racing being the most established sporting ventures.[125][126][127][128]

Yorkshire County Cricket Club represents the historic county in the domestic first class cricket County Championship; with a total of 33 championship titles (including one shared), 13 more than any other county, Yorkshire is the most decorated county cricket club.[127] Some of the most highly regarded figures in the game were born in the county,[129] amongst them Geoffrey Boycott, Brian Close, George Hirst, Len Hutton, Stanley Jackson, Ray Illingworth, Wilfred Rhodes, Jonny Bairstow, Joe Root, Herbert Sutcliffe, Fred Trueman and Hedley Verity.[129]

England's oldest horse race, which began in 1519, is run each year at Kiplingcotes near Market Weighton.[128] Continuing this tradition in the field of horse racing, there are currently nine established racecourses in the county.[130] Britain's oldest organised fox hunt is the Bilsdale, founded in 1668.[131][132]

The original hand-written ' Laws of the Game' drafted for and on behalf of The Football Association by Ebenezer Cobb Morley in 1863

Yorkshire is officially recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football,[133][134] as Sheffield FC founded in 1857 are certified as the oldest association football club in the world.[135] The world's first inter-club match and local derby was competed in the county, at the world's oldest ground Sandygate Road.[136] The Laws of the Game, used worldwide, were drafted by Ebenezer Cobb Morley from Hull.[137] Football clubs founded in Yorkshire include Barnsley, Bradford City, Doncaster Rovers, Huddersfield Town, Hull City, Leeds United, Middlesbrough, Rotherham United, Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday and York City, four of which have been the league champions. Huddersfield were the first club to win three consecutive league titles.[138] Middlesbrough came to prominence by reaching the 2006 UEFA Cup Final[139] and winning the 2004 League Cup.[140]

Leeds United are arguably the biggest team in Yorkshire, reaching the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League in 2001 and having a period of dominance in the 1970s; this position is often paralleled with Sheffield Wednesday who have had similar spells of dominance, most recently in the early 1990s. Noted players from Yorkshire who have influenced the game include World Cup-winning goalkeeper Gordon Banks and two time European Footballer of the Year award winner Kevin Keegan.[141][142] Prominent managers include Herbert Chapman, Brian Clough, Bill Nicholson, George Raynor and Don Revie.[143] The Yorkshire International Football Association was founded in 2017.[144] It organises the Yorkshire football team and is a member of the Confederation of Independent Football Associations (CONIFA).[145]

The Rugby Football League and with it the sport of rugby league was founded in 1895 at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, after a North-South schism within the Rugby Football Union.[146] The top league is the Super League and the most decorated Yorkshire clubs are Huddersfield Giants, Hull FC, Bradford Bulls, Hull Kingston Rovers, Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, Castleford Tigers and Leeds Rhinos.[147] In total six Yorkshiremen have been inducted into the Rugby Football League Hall of Fame amongst them is Roger Millward, Jonty Parkin and Harold Wagstaff.[148]

In the area of boxing "Prince" Naseem Hamed from Sheffield achieved title success and widespread fame,[149] in what the BBC describes as "one of British boxing's most illustrious careers".[149] Along with Leeds-born Nicola Adams who in 2012 became the first female athlete to win a boxing gold medal at the Olympics.[150]

Yorkshire also has an array of racecourses: in North Yorkshire there are Catterick, Redcar, Ripon, Thirsk and York; in the East Riding of Yorkshire there is Beverley; in West Yorkshire there are Pontefract and Wetherby; while in South Yorkshire there is Doncaster.

The sport of Knurr and Spell was unique to the region, being one of the most popular sports in the area during the 18th and 19th centuries, before a decline in the 20th century to virtual obscurity.[151][152][153]

A number of athletes from or associated with Yorkshire took part in the 2012 Summer Olympics as members of Team GB; the Yorkshire Post stated that Yorkshire's athletes alone secured more gold medals than those of Spain.[154] Notable Yorkshire athletes include Jessica Ennis-Hill and the Brownlee brothers, Jonathan and Alastair. Jessica Ennis-Hill is from Sheffield and won gold at the 2012 Olympics in London and silver at the 2016 Olympics in Rio. Triathletes Alastair and Jonny Brownlee have won two golds and a silver and bronze respectively.

Yorkshire is considered to be particularly fond of cycling. In 2014 the County hosted the Grande Depart of the Tour de France. Spectator crowds over the two days were estimated to be of the order of 2.5 million people, making it the highest attended event in the UK.[155] The inaugural Tour de Yorkshire was held from 1–3 May 2015,[156] with start and finishes in Bridlington, Leeds, Scarborough, Selby, Wakefield and York,[157] watched by 1.2 million.[158] Yorkshire will host the 2019 UCI Road World Championships between September 22 and 29, which will be held in Harrogate.[159]

Yorkshire puddings, served as part of a traditional Sunday roast.

The traditional cuisine of Yorkshire, in common with the North of England in general, is known for using rich-tasting ingredients, especially with regard to sweet dishes, which were affordable for the majority of people.[160] There are several dishes which originated in Yorkshire or are heavily associated with it.[160] Yorkshire pudding, a savoury batter dish, is by far the best known of Yorkshire foods, and is eaten throughout England. It is commonly served with roast beef and vegetables to form part of the Sunday roast[160] but is traditionally served as a starter dish filled with onion gravy within Yorkshire.[161] Yorkshire pudding is the base for toad in the hole, a dish containing sausage.[162]

Other foods associated with the county include Yorkshire curd tart, a curd tart recipe with rosewater;[163] parkin, a sweet ginger cake which is different from standard ginger cakes in that it includes oatmeal and treacle;[164] and Wensleydale cheese, a cheese made with milk from Wensleydale and often eaten as an accompaniment to sweet foods.[165] The beverage ginger beer, flavoured with ginger, came from Yorkshire and has existed since the mid-18th century. Liquorice sweet was first created by George Dunhill from Pontefract, who in the 1760s thought to mix the liquorice plant with sugar.[166] Yorkshire and in particular the city of York played a prominent role in the confectionery industry, with chocolate factories owned by companies such as Rowntree's, Terry's and Thorntons inventing many of Britain's most popular sweets.[167][168] Another traditional Yorkshire food is pikelets, which are similar to crumpets but much thinner.[169] The Rhubarb Triangle is a location within Yorkshire which supplies most of the rhubarb to locals.

In recent years curries have become popular in the county, largely due to the immigration and successful integration of Asian families. There are many famous curry empires with their origins in Yorkshire, including the 850-seater Aakash restaurant in Cleckheaton, which has been described as "the world's largest curry house".[170]

Beer and brewing

Yorkshire has a number of breweries including Black Sheep, Copper Dragon, Cropton Brewery, John Smith's, Sam Smith's, Kelham Island Brewery, Theakstons, Timothy Taylor, Wharfedale Brewery and Leeds Brewery.[171][172] The beer style most associated with the county is bitter.[173] As elsewhere in the North of England, when served through a handpump, a sparkler is used giving a tighter, more solid head.[174]

Brewing has taken place on a large scale since at least the 12th century, for example at the now derelict Fountains Abbey which at its height produced 60 barrels of strong ale every ten days.[175] Most current Yorkshire breweries date from the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and early 19th century.[171]

Kate Rusby on stage 2005

Yorkshire has a heritage of folk music and folk dance including the Long Sword dance.[176] Yorkshire folk song was distinguished by the use of dialect, particularly in the West Riding and exemplified by the song 'On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at', probably written in the late 19th century, using a Kent folk tune (almost certainly borrowed via a Methodist hymnal),[citation needed] seen as an unofficial Yorkshire anthem.[177] Famous folk performers from the county include the Watersons from Hull, who began recording Yorkshire versions of folk songs from 1965;[178] Heather Wood (born 1945) of the Young Tradition; the short-lived electric folk group Mr Fox (1970–72), The Deighton Family; Julie Matthews; Kathryn Roberts; and Kate Rusby.[178] Yorkshire has a flourishing folk music culture, with over forty folk clubs and thirty annual folk music festivals.[179] The 1982 Eurovision Song Contest was held in the Harrogate International Centre. In 2007 the Yorkshire Garland Group was formed to make Yorkshire folk songs accessible online and in schools.[180]

In the field of classical music, Yorkshire has produced some major and minor composers, including Frederick Delius, George Dyson, Edward Bairstow, William Baines, Kenneth Leighton, Eric Fenby, Haydn Wood, Arthur Wood, Arnold Cooke, Gavin Bryars, and in the area of TV, film and radio music, John Barry and Wally Stott.

The county is home to successful brass bands such as Black Dyke, Brighouse & Rastrick, Carlton Main Frickley, Hammonds Saltaire, and Yorkshire Imperial.

Arctic Monkeys performing on Orange stage at Roskilde Festival in 2007

During the 1970s David Bowie, himself of a father from Tadcaster in North Yorkshire,[181] hired three musicians from Hull: Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey; together they recorded Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, an album considered by a magazine article as one of a 100 greatest and most influential of all time.[182] In the following decade, Def Leppard, from Sheffield, achieved worldwide fame, particularly in America. Their 1983 album Pyromania and 1987 album Hysteria are among the most successful albums of all time.[citation needed] Yorkshire had a very strong post-punk scene which went on to achieve widespread acclaim and success, including: The Sisters of Mercy, The Cult, Vardis, Gang of Four, ABC, The Human League, New Model Army, Soft Cell, Chumbawamba, The Wedding Present and The Mission.[183] Pulp from Sheffield had a massive hit in "Common People" during 1995; the song focuses on working-class northern life.[184] In the 21st century, indie rock and post-punk revival bands from the area gained popularity, including the Kaiser Chiefs, The Cribs and the Arctic Monkeys, the last-named holding the record for the fastest-selling debut album in British music history with Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not.[185]

Film and television productions

Among prominent British television shows filmed in (and based on) Yorkshire are the sitcom Last of the Summer Wine, the drama series Heartbeat, and the soap operas Emmerdale and Downton Abbey. Last of the Summer Wine in particular is noted for holding the record of longest-running comedy series in the world, from 1973 until 2010.[186] Other notable television series set in Yorkshire include All Creatures Great and Small, The Beiderbecke Trilogy, Rising Damp, Fat Friends and The Royal. Several noted films are set in Yorkshire, including Kes, This Sporting Life, Room at the Top, Brassed Off, Mischief Night, Rita, Sue and Bob Too and Calendar Girls. The Full Monty, a comedy film set in Sheffield, won an Academy Award and was voted the second best British film of all time by ANI.[187]

Yorkshire has remained a popular location for filming in more recent times.[188][189] For example, much of ITV's highly acclaimed Victoria was filmed in the region, at locations such as Harewood House in Leeds and Beverley Minster; the latter was used to depict Westminster Abbey and St James’ Palace.[190][191]

West Yorkshire has particularly benefited from a great deal of production activity.[192][193] For example, portions of the BBC television series Happy Valley and Last Tango in Halifax were filmed in the area, in Huddersfield and other cities; in addition to exteriors, some of the studio filming for Happy Valley was done at North Light Film Studios at Brookes Mill, Huddersfield. As well, the BBC's Jamaica Inn, for the BBC's Remember Me and for ITV series Black Work, were also filmed at the studios and in nearby West Yorkshire locations.[194][195][196][197] More recently, many of the exteriors of the BBC series Jericho were filmed at the nearby Rockingstone Quarry and some interior work was done at North Light Film Studios.[198]

Politics and identity

From 1290, Yorkshire was represented by two members of parliament of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England. After the union with Scotland, two members represented the county in the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. In 1832 the county benefited from the disfranchisement of Grampound by taking an additional two members.[199] Yorkshire was represented at this time as one single, large, county constituency.[199] Like other counties, there were also some county boroughs within Yorkshire, the oldest of which was the City of York, which had existed since the ancient Montfort's Parliament of 1265. After the Reform Act 1832, Yorkshire's political representation in parliament was drawn from its subdivisions, with members of parliament representing each of the three historic Ridings of Yorkshire; East Riding, North Riding, and West Riding constituencies.[199]

With the Representation of the People Act 1918 there was some reshuffling on a local level for the 1918 general election, revised again during the 1950s.[202] The most controversial reorganisation of local government in Yorkshire was the Local Government Act 1972,[203] put into practice in 1974. Under the act, the Ridings lost their lieutenancies, shrievalties, and administrative counties. County boroughs and their councils were abolished, to be replaced by metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties with vastly changed borders.[55] Although some government officials[204] and Prince Charles[205] have asserted such reform is not meant to alter the ancient boundaries or cultural loyalties, there are pressure groups such as the Yorkshire Ridings Society who want greater recognition for the historic boundaries.[206] In 1996 the East Riding of Yorkshire was reformed as a unitary authority area and a ceremonial county. The Yorkshire and the Humber region of Government Office covers most, but not all of the historic county. Yorkshire and the Humber is a constituency for European elections, returning six MEPs to the European Parliament.

Distinctive identity and devolution campaigns

A number of claims have been made for the distinctiveness of Yorkshire, as a geographical, cultural and political entity, and these have been used to demand increased political autonomy. In the early twentieth century, F. W. Moorman, the first professor of English Language at Leeds University, claimed Yorkshire was not settled by Angles or Saxons following the end of Roman rule in Britain, but by a different Germanic tribe, the Geats. As a consequence, he claimed, it is possible the first work of English literature, Beowulf, believed to have been composed by Geats, was written in Yorkshire, and this distinctive ethnic and cultural origin is the root of the unique status of Yorkshire today.[103] One of Moorman's students at Leeds University, Herbert Read, was greatly influenced by Moorman's ideas on Yorkshire identity, and claimed that until recent times Yorkshire was effectively an island, cut off from the rest of England by rivers, fens, moors and mountains. This distancing of Yorkshire from England led Read to question whether Yorkshire people were really English at all.[207] Combined with the suggested ethnic difference to the rest of England, Read quoted Frederic Pearson, who wrote:

There is something characteristic about the very physiognomy of the Yorkshireman. He is much more of a Dane or a Viking than a Saxon. He is usually a big upstanding man, who looks as if he could take care of himself and those who depend upon him in an emergency. This is indeed the character that his neighbours give him; the southerner may think him a little hard: but if ever our country is let down by its inhabitants, we may be sure that it will not be the fault of Yorkshire.[207]

During the premiership of William Pitt the Younger the hypothetical idea of Yorkshire becoming independent was raised in the British parliament in relation to the question whether Ireland should become part of the United Kingdom. This resulted in an anonymous pamphlet being published in London in 1799 arguing at length that Yorkshire could never be an independent state as it would always be reliant on the rest of the United Kingdom to provide it with essential resources.[208]

Although in the devolution debates in the House of Commons of the late 1960s, which paved the way for the 1979 referenda on the creation of a Scottish parliament and Welsh assembly, parallel devolution for Yorkshire was suggested, this was opposed by the Scottish Nationalist Party Member of Parliament for Hamilton, Winifred Ewing. Ewing argued that it was offensive to Scots to argue that an English region had the same status as an 'ancient nation' such as Scotland.[209]

The relationship between Yorkshire and Scottish devolution was again made in 1975 by Richard Wainwright, MP for Colne Valley, who claimed in a speech in the House of Commons:

The nationalist movement in Scotland is associated with flags, strange costumes, weird music and extravagant ceremonial. When... people go to Yorkshire and find that we have no time for dressing up, waving flags and playing strange instruments—in other words, we are not a lot of Presbyterians in Yorkshire—they should not assume that we do not have the same feelings underneath the skin. Independence in Yorkshire expresses itself in a markedly increasing determination to establish self-reliance.[210]

In more recent years, in 1998 the Campaign for Yorkshire was established to push for the creation of a Yorkshire regional assembly,[211] sometimes dubbed the Yorkshire Parliament.[212] In its defining statement, the Campaign for Yorkshire made reference to the historical notions that Yorkshire had a distinctive identity:

Yorkshire and the Humber has distinctive characteristics which make it an ideal test bed for further reform. It has a strong popular identity. The region follows closely the historic boundaries of the three Ridings, and there is no serious debate about boundaries. It possesses strong existing regional partnerships including universities, voluntary and church associations. All this makes it realistic to regard Yorkshire and the Humber as the standard bearer for representative regional government.[213]

The Campaign for Yorkshire was led by Jane Thomas as Director[214] and Paul Jagger as chairman. Jagger claimed in 1999 that Yorkshire had as much right to a regional parliament or assembly as Scotland and Wales because Yorkshire 'has as clear a sense of identity as Scotland or Wales.'[215] One of those brought into the Campaign for Yorkshire by Jane Thomas was Herbert Read scholar Michael Paraskos, who organised a series of events in 2000 to highlight the distinctiveness of Yorkshire culture. This included a major exhibition of Yorkshire artists.[216] Paraskos also founded a Yorkshire Studies degree course at Hull University.[217] Interviewed by The Guardian newspaper, Paraskos linked the start of this course to the contemporary devolution debates in Yorkshire, Scotland and Wales, claiming:

If Yorkshire is arguing for a parliament, there needs to be a cultural argument as well, otherwise why not have a parliament of the north? There is a rediscovery of political and social culture going on in a very similar way to the early assertions of a Scottish identity.[218]

In March 2013, the Yorkshire Devolution Movement was founded as an active campaign group by Nigel Sollitt, who had administrated the social media group by that name since 2011, Gareth Shanks, a member of the social media group, and Stewart Arnold, former Chair of the Campaign for Yorkshire. In September 2013, the Executive Committee was joined by Richard Honnoraty and Richard Carter (as an advisor), who had also been involved in the Campaign for Yorkshire. The Movement campaigns for a directly elected parliament for the whole of the traditional county of Yorkshire with powers second to no other devolved administration in the UK.[219][220]

In 2014, Richard Carter, Stewart Arnold and Richard Honnoraty, founded Yorkshire First, a political party campaigning for the creation of a Yorkshire parliament by 2050 based on the Scottish Parliament. It was later renamed the Yorkshire Party.[221]

Monarchy and peerage

Though the monarchal title became defunct, it was succeeded by the creation of the Earl of York title of nobility[224] by king of England Edgar the Peaceful in 960. (The earldom covered the general area of Yorkshire and is sometimes referred to as the Earl of Yorkshire.)[224] The title passed through the hands of various nobles, decided upon by the king of England. The last man to hold the title was William le Gros, however the earldom was abolished by Henry II as a result of a troubled period known as The Anarchy.[225]

The peerage was recreated by Edward III in 1385, this time in the form of the prestigious title of Duke of York which he gave to his son Edmund of Langley. Edmund founded the House of York; later the title was merged with that of the King of England. Much of the modern-day symbolism of Yorkshire, such as the White Rose of York, is derived from the Yorkists,[226] giving the house a special affinity within the culture of Yorkshire. Especially celebrated is the Yorkist king Richard III who spent much of his life at Middleham Castle in Yorkshire.[38][227] Since that time the title has passed through the hands of many, being merged with the crown and then recreated several times. The title of Duke of York is given to the second son of the British monarch.[228]

Notable people

See also


Assignment on How Important Are Farm Pump Stations

Basic purpose of this assignment is to analysis How Important Are Farm Pump Stations. One of the most vital variables in profitable agriculture is irrigation. In most countries that supply along with export produce, irrigation methods are constantly being analyzed and improved. Knowing how large a contribution they make to enhance farm production and effectively fulfill the demand, agricultural experts is constantly looking to identify the best methods for elevating irrigation for fruitful and profitable farming.


ArcGIS Insights

Insights for ArcGIS - Top 10 - ways admins can help new analysts

Here are 10 ways an ArcGIS administrator can make it easier for Insights analysts get up and running quickly.  A little prep work and thought can speed adoption time for these analysts, who might not have a ton of GIS experience.  As a GIS admin, these suggestions could help you make more efficient use of your time, improve Insights’ first impression, and make it easier for new analysts to just “get it”.

1. Break free from silos

Identify who’s who and break free from silos.  As a GIS admin of your ArcGIS Online or ArcGIS Enterprise org, you hold the keys to GIS software and data access.  But the people in other divisions and department may not know that.  Help these other departmental managers understand that you are willing and able to work with them.  We can enable them, rather than being seen as a gatekeeper.  One goal could be to provide an analyst within their division with “self-service location analytics” (aka Insights), rather than your GIS team supporting one-off map or data export requests.

Next, within that new department, who are the analysts that will be using Insights?  We can create an account for these folks, and assign them the Insights Analyst user type, which is designed and priced to provide access to just Insights, and that’s it.

2. Shortcut to Insights

Point new analysts to, instead of going to “the portal”.  When we point new users to the full or your Enterprise portal, it might be a little overwhelming with all the apps and different options.  Give your new analysts just one simplified user experience and app, no need to overwhelm a new user with a ton of apps.

3. Make GIS data accessible

Catalog your organization’s data.  Invite these new users to groups, and share data appropriately with those groups, so that when they open Insights data is immediately there.  The GIS content is a hidden treasure chest of data that they have never been able to access before.  Previously they’d have to ask you in the GIS group to export them a shapefile – not any more.  Remember marking data as authoritative also help – Insights shows this on the data details cards.

authoratative content

4. Make business data accessible

Create a databse connection and share it as an item to the other analysts.  The other analysts can then simply add that connection, rather than trying to type in tedious connection information.  This video here shows how to create and share connections.  Also, work with your database administrator to make sure that the connection properties have access to the right business tables and data.  Insights honors database views that the DBA can create.  Of course, indexes are important for performance.

5.  Create & share models

Create an Insights model and share it for other analysts to use and learn from.  This example should show the value of spatial and do something above and beyond what they were doing in their traditional software analysis package.  For example: geoenable tabular business data, geoenrich, spatial filter, spatial aggregation, calc density, find nearest, create buffer/drive time, link analysis.  Additionally, identify a technical SME (subject matter expert) within that new division that can continue to create new models and share with the rest of his/her division.

6. Translate business problems into spatial questions

Define and document analysis use cases that are inherently spatial.  Explain how location analytics can provide information, answers, and understanding that could be achieved before without spatial.  Or, perhaps it’s more accuracy or granularity that is being achieved.  Simply provide a bullet-point list of problems and analysis, specific to the division and their data.  Often, it’s not understood how to think spatially, or realize the possibilities that exist with this “new” spatial component.

7.  Create & share a theme

Create a theme, and share it.  This should have the organization’s branding and authoritative look.  The other (new) analysts can then simply apply the theme to their pages and workbooks.  This also creates consistency.

8. Create & share polished examples

Get visibility within your org, and make sure that senior management sees the shared pages and workbooks.  These information products can be beautiful and compelling when done correctly.

9.  Export resulting datasets, for reuse

Emphasize to analysts that resulting datasets from analysis are available for export and re-use in other business systems.  Once you share a resulting dataset as a feature layer, just export it as a .csv or .shp from the Insights home page.  Insights is interoperable.  Identify some broader workflows where Insights could be an analysis link in the information chain.  Data into Insights –> analysis results out –> off to a larger system or process.

10. Training Plan

Utilize training materials to develop a training plan. There are a lot of good resources – use them.  Here are a few:  YouTube video playlist, hands-on tutorials, intro presentation video, advanced presentation video, and instructor led training.

11.  Enterprise logins

Okay, this is technically the 11th item in this list, more than 10 as promised.  But I couldn’t resist.  Enterprise logins make it incredibly easy for your users to sign into, and gain access to ArcGIS.  They allows members of your org to sign in to ArcGIS using the same logins they use to access your other enterprise information systems.  The advantage is that members do not need to create additional logins within the ArcGIS system; instead, they can use the login that is already set up within their enterprise system.

In Conclusion…

As a GIS owner, give your coworkers a fishing pole, instead of a fish.  Teach them how to fish for themselves and catch a location analytics monster!  This will allow you to move away from the data export and map requests, and onto more strategic GIS activities.  Although a little more prep work up-front, in the long-run, this strategic thinking can help you achieve organizational goals.

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Doing a credit card balance transfer: 3 things you need to consider

The idea of reducing the interest payments on credit card debt is highly appealing to a large number of consumers. After all, only 60% of individuals with credit cards repay them in full each month.

This means that a large minority of credit card holders could benefit from having a balance transfer card. This is where an existing credit card debt is moved to a new credit card which may offer a lower rate of interest than the existing credit card for a set period of time. This could reduce the amount of interest paid, as well as allowing a debt to be paid off at a faster pace. At the time of writing, there are a large number of offers available which could enable consumers to achieve both of those aims.

While the mechanics of a balance transfer card may appear to be straightforward, there are a number of considerations which consumers may wish to contemplate before going ahead. They include the fees associated with a balance transfer card, its interest rate, as well as an individual’s upcoming spending plans.

1. Check the interest rate

With a range of credit cards offering introductory rates on balance transfers that can be as low as 0% for a set time period, obtaining such a card may appear to be highly appealing for indebted consumers. Once an introductory balance transfer period ends, though, the interest rate on the new card may rise to a higher rate than that of the existing card. This could mean that while there is a saving to be made on interest payments in the short run from obtaining an introductory rate on the balance transfer card, in the long run the total amount of interest paid may be higher than it would have been on the existing card. Therefore, considering how long it may take to repay the debt, and the interest rate which will be payable throughout its term (both during the introductory period and after its end), could be a good idea.

For example, a balance transfer card may have an introductory 0% interest rate for a 12-month time period. While a borrower paying 14.9% on an existing credit card may make savings during the 12-month period, if the interest rate on the balance transfer card rises to 29.9% thereafter then they may be better off keeping their existing card, should they be unable to clear their debt within the 12-month introductory period.

2. Watch out for fees

While most consumers may focus on the potential interest savings that could be made from having a balance transfer card, in some cases there can be fees attached to a balance transfer card. For example, a balance transfer card may charge around 3% of the total amount to be transferred as a fee, which could reduce the potential interest savings that are available.

Therefore, an individual who is considering transferring debt to a new card should compare the potential interest payment savings to the balance transfer fee in order to determine whether it is an appealing idea. For instance, while a consumer who has a £750 debt at an APR of 18.9% who makes a repayment of £50 per month could save £102 in total interest costs over 15 months from using a 0% balance transfer card, a 3% fee of £22.50 could make the transaction less appealing.

3. Consider upcoming spending plans

Considering near-term spending plans may alter the optimum time to obtain a balance transfer credit card. For example, an individual who expects to make a major purchase in the short run may wish to wait for that to take place before obtaining a balance transfer credit card. Doing so could allow them to benefit from a lower rate of interest on a larger sum of money.

Alternatively, consumers who expect to make a large purchase in the near future may wish to obtain a balance transfer card that offers an introductory 0% interest rate on new purchases. This could save them a considerable sum of money, as long as their purchase is made within the eligible time period following account opening.

While many consumers may focus on the potential interest saving which is available during a balance transfer period, there are other facets to consider before going ahead with a balance transfer card. The rate of interest during the duration of the repayment period, potential fees which could be levied by the new card, and upcoming spending requirements could all impact on how appealing a balance transfer card is.

Interested in improving your credit-card game? Check out our list of the best credit cards


Types of Forests (Forest Biome): Temperate, Tropical, Boreal, and More

Forest Biome

Tropical, temperate, and boreal forests around the world play an important role in the earth’s ecosystem. Forests are land areas that contain many trees and they have their own ecosystem called a biome. It is estimated that forests cover about 30% of the earth’s total land area. These dense woodlands can include evergreen conifers, broad-leafed deciduous trees, or a mixture of these tree types.

Types of Citrus Fruits With their Picture and Classification

Citrus Fruits With their Picture and Classification

The different types of citrus fruits are zesty and tangy and are packed full of flavor. The taste of citrus fruits is a varying combination of sweet and sour flavors that refresh, delight, and invigorate your taste buds. There are over 100 different varieties of citrus fruits. Citrus fruits such as lemons and limes can be so sour, they make your mouth pucker. Others such as oranges are delicious and sweet with a slightly tangy taste.

Types of Wood for Woodworking and Furniture (With Name and Picture)

There are different types of wood that can be used for creating different types of furniture such as tables and chairs. Solid wood is a versatile natural product that can be used to create beautiful woodworking crafts, and wooden structures. Many types of softwood such as pinewood are used as timber, solid wood flooring, window frames, and furniture. Of course, you can also use hardwoods such as oak, poplar, walnut, or teak for these uses. Because most types of hardwood are expensive, using hardwood in woodworking is usually for high-end, quality items.

Types of Tree Leaves with Pictures for Easy Identification

tree leaf identification

Knowing how to identify tree leaves can help to know which trees are growing in woodlands, forests, or parks. It is possible to identify leaves by their shape, edging, size and patterns. Some deciduous trees have tree leaves that are heart, ovoid, rounded, lanceolate, and triangular shapes. Evergreen coniferous trees have leaves that look like needles or clusters of scales.

Types of Pet Birds With their Name, Picture and Species

Different Types of Pet Birds

Many types of birds can make wonderful pets and long-time companions. Popular pet birds come in all different sizes to suit most types of homes. Small pet birds like finches, canaries, parakeets, and lovebirds are friendly low maintenance birds. They are also the best kinds of pet birds for beginners and apartments. Larger pet parrots, cockatiels, and cockatoos also make great household pet birds but take more care and attention.

Types of Birds

Birds are a class of animal that can be identified as having wings, beaks, feathers, and laying hard-shelled eggs. Some types of birds such as hummingbirds are tiny and can be as small as 2” (5 cm). At the other end of the scale, large flightless birds such as ostriches can be as tall as 9 ft. (2.75 m). All species of birds play an important role in their native habitats, and many people like to keep domestic birds as pets.

Types of Jade Plants (Crassula Varieties) with Their Pictures, Names and Plant Care Guide

Types of Jade Plants (Crassula)

Jade plants are popular houseplants that are very easy to care for and thrive in most indoor environments. One of the most popular types of jade plants is the crassula ovata variety which is also commonly named the money plant, dollar plant, money tree, and lucky plant. This jade plant is not only beautiful, but it is said to invite good fortune and luck into a home according to the Feng Shui. The different types of jade plants grow well in bright areas of the home and are forgiving if they grow in less than ideal conditions.

Money Tree Plant (Pachira Aquatica): Care, Types, Pictures and More

Pachira Aquatica care

Money tree is the common name for a species of tree called Pachira aquatica. The money tree is a popular ornamental houseplant and it is said to bring good luck, prosperity, and good fortune according to the Chinese Feng Shui. This type of money plant is usually seen with braided or twisted trunk and it has lush green foliage growing at the top. Money trees are popular indoor bonsai plants due to their reputation of inviting wealth and being easy to care for and look after.

Money Plant (Jade Plant or Jade Tree): Care, Types, and Tips For Growing Crassula Ovata

The money plant is the common name for a species of jade plant called Crassula ovata. This type of jade plant is named money plant because according to the Chinese Feng Shui it brings good luck, wealth, prosperity, and good fortune. This miniature tree like jade plant is a popular houseplant because it is very easy to care for.


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The Cambridge History of Science Series

The Cambridge History of Science is to be published in eight substantial volumes, beginning with Ancient Mesopotamia and classical Greece and Rome, through the Medieval period, early modern Europe, and on through modern science. The history begins chronologically and that approach continues on up to Vol. 4, after which the volumes split off into modern histories of different branches of science. They are designed to be read as both a narrative and an interpretation, and also used as a work of reference. The first comprehensive history of science in 30 years, they will be an excellent reference for historians and professionals in the history of science. The contributors, world leaders in their respective specialties, engage with current historiographical and methodological controversies and strike out on positions of their own.


Video: Driving workforce productivity and employee experience

Performance Management

Driving workforce productivity and employee experience

Managing workforce productivity.

Managing workforce productivity and experience is one of the key agenda items for the HR and workforce management plays a key role in ensuring the same. But with the kind of workforce diversity that exists in organizations across sectors, there is no one best way to achieve the desired results.

Here's what we will cover:

1) How has workforce management transformed in the last 2-3 years?

2) What are the biggest challenges that talent leaders are facing across industries when it comes to workforce management?

3) How are most organizations catering to the expectations of multiple generations at the workforce to ensure highest level of productivity and great candidate experience at the same time?

4) The overall business impact

Topics: Performance Management, C-Suite

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You majored in mathematics in Princeton; what attracted you to Ancient Greek?

In the first place, I should say that I’ve had an independent interest in languages for a good long while,

running parallel to mathematics as systems capable of powerful and bizarre expression,

governed by rules, and therefore needing a good deal of creativity to make the most of them.

Also, working as a math teacher a few years ago, I found myself missing daily interaction with languages

and thought the perfect solution would be to read Euclid’s Elements: I could say that I was doing my work, and I was studying languages at the same time. Reading Euclid, and doing so in the original rather than using a translation, was very helpful for me because it helped revive my Greek and my geometry, which I had not studied since eighth grade. It also opened my eyes to the fact that my way of reckoning certain concepts in mathematics would not have been Euclid’s way; as a twenty-first-century American and not a third-century BC Greek like Euclid, I found myself approaching many of the same theorems as he had from a different language, and therefore a different background and understanding.

Talk about your experience at Polis for the last three months.

I did my best to come with no expectations other than I would hear the languages I wanted to study spoken every day; this has certainly been fulfilled, so much so that I am frequently asked from people back home, “Don’t you ever confuse these languages?” Listening and speaking for many hours every day can push you towards this “point of no return”—and that is wonderful. To reach for a concept or idea and have all of the terms bubble up to you in one language, then pushing it down until they resurface in another language is very surreal; you realize that a new set of connections has begun to grow in your mind and that you are thinking along those connections every day, building them through use as if they were muscles. Because the classes at Polis are entirely in the target language, the connections you build can exist less with respect to another language and stand more upon the world itself. I feel like a very large three-year-old understanding the world again, and that is too good.

What has it been like living in Jerusalem?

Living in Jerusalem has certainly been interesting. Personally, it’s been eye-opening for me as it is by far the longest time I’ve spent outside the United States, and also my first time navigating a multilingual community. In this respect, what I learn in one or another classroom cannot then be shirked or forgotten for the rest of the day: I can’t speak English with everyone in my apartment, let alone with everyone on the street, so the motivation to learn the languages is quite real here. The same goes for the classroom: For the first time I am in classes more international than any I’ve taken before. I believe that in my Hebrew class of seventeen students, we represent fifteen different countries. Jerusalem, and by extension Polis, seems to attract from all corners of the world, so that with the different languages come different minds and quite a few very interesting conversations.

What led you to come here?

I heard about Polis from a friend who informed me, “I don’t want to tell you what to do next year,

but there is a program in Israel called Polis, where they teach languages ancient and extinct, but all as living languages.” As soon as I heard this, I immediately replied, “Thank you for telling me this, and thank you for telling me what I am doing next year,” for the moment I heard about such a program I recognized that it was very rare.

Most of the time in my past classes on extinct languages have been spent translating from target language to English—only translation, and mostly in one direction. One major advantage of translating both ways and in fact thinking in the target language is that, as with children learning a language, these activities tend more directly towards fluency. To become a more fluent thinker in ancient Greek and Biblical Hebrew, something I wanted to do, is a significant undertaking, and Polis offered this rare—if not unique—opportunity.

Anton Fleissner, student of the Master in Ancient Philology, B.A. in Mathematics from Princeton, M.S.Ed from University of Pennsylvania.

From New Jersey, U.S.A.

Michal Kabat, student of the One Year Program in Biblical Languages

From Warsaw, Poland

How did you end up at the Polis Institute?

I've heard about Polis when I was at Univ. I was told that there was this Polis Institute somewhere and that they were organizing summer courses in Rome. I did not know at that time that Polis was an institute located in Jerusalem. I thought then that it was a fairy tale and that it was too far away. I did not think I would go back to Rome or elsewhere just to study Greek. But then my friend sent me an email saying that Polis had scholarships, so I applied for it without any expectation and suddenly it was accepted and that was how I ended up here.

What attracted you to come to our institute?

Mostly the possibility of studying ancient Greek as a living language. Before coming here I studied Classics so I thought that it would be a great opportunity for me to learn Greek better. I’d had difficulties in learning Greek, especially at the end of the year when I was translating. I could not memorize everything so as a result my translation process seemed to me very abstract.

Three months after coming here I can say that I see huge improvements. Yesterday my roommate gave me a Greek text (a dialog about everyday life from the 3rd century) and three months ago I could only have understood two or three words from the whole text, and struggled to even read it. Now I can say what is going on, who is saying what, and in addition to that I can read this text and summarize it.  Even at some points I can laugh when I read it, so I think this is a huge improvement in three months only.

Did what you find here meet your expectations?

What I found here was above my expectations on at least three levels:

First, the scientific level because learning here does not mean learning only science. It is mostly a lot of fun. I will always remember that.

The second aspect is the personal level. I have been meeting many people here who have the same problems as I do in learning Greek in a “traditional way” and we are discovering that we can learn Greek as a living language and that is a big discovery for us and a big joy also.

Finally, there is the cultural level because in Jerusalem I am able to experience many things for the first time. One can have all the cultures merging and somehow passing through each other and this gives this perspective: how the world looked like in ancient times, in Hellenistic times, when all the people were just mixing their cultures. And I meet a lot of people from other cultures that are just opening up for me and sharing things that I would have never experienced in another way as well as I could not have known them elsewhere.

How did you end up in the Polis Institute?

I was looking for a place where I could learn Greek and Hebrew and I read about Polis Institute, which claimed to be using a very special method, a unique method of instruction which was different from the methods used in most other places. I realized that many of the people who have graduated from other places that teach ancient languages still do not have a very good proficiency in Greek or Hebrew . So I thought, “why not give Polis a try?” Back then I did not know anything about Polis and I thought it was worth taking a risk to try out.

How did you hear about Polis?

No one recommended Polis to me. I simply found it on the internet. I just searched Google for Hebrew and Greek courses and I found Polis in Jerusalem!

Did what you find here meet your expectations?

It has definitely met my expectations so far.

Stephen Chia, student of the One Year program in Biblical Languages, B.A. in Linguistics and Multilingual Studies from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore

From Singapore

My progress in Hebrew, Arabic and Greek in particular speaks for itself. The way Greek and Hebrew is taught here and the way I am acquiring and picking up grammatical structures and vocabulary is very natural. Because we are immersed daily in the language, most of our time is spent speaking and listening to the language instead of memorizing textbooks. It saves a lot of time.

What would be your best memories in the last three months that you have spent in Polis?

Definitely the Greek classes. Firstly, I appreciate being totally immersed in the language. Since the first day, there were strict rules such as, “no other language is to be used in class”. Though following such a method might sometimes be difficult, it helps a lot because it forces you to follow and pick up what the teacher is saying, even if it means to make wild guesses. This is one of the reasons why the full-time students of Polis Institute are generally much more confident, fluent and knowledgeable in the target language than the other students.

Do you find the fact that Polis is located in Jerusalem attractive?

Well, it is definitely attractive to me because the Holy Land is an important place to me. The sole reason why I am here is to study Greek and Hebrew, but Jerusalem is a very interesting city that is rich in history and I am fortunate to have an opportunity to live here.

How do you feel about the possibility of speaking the ancient languages with the other students?

I have to say that all my classmates, as well as students from the second year, are highly motivated students. I hear them speaking Greek, Hebrew and even Latin among themselves all the time, even during times when I just feel like speaking English. I think I am in a very good environment where I can freely speak Greek and Hebrew any time I want. No one is embarrassed about speaking in an ancient language. In fact, the most embarrassing thing to do is to be caught speaking English.

8 HaAyin Het St.

9511208 Jerusalem.

Tel: +972 (0)74 7011048

Fax: +972(0)74 7021931


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Published April 10, 2019

Perspectives on the future

The attitude towards the future and change can vary. With this tool, you can learn about the different perspectives on megatrends.
Author's profile page: Mikko Dufva
Leading Specialist, Foresight, Sitra
Mikko Dufva is Sitra's leading foresight specialist. In his work, he examines future trends, the tensions between these trends and mental images connected with the future.

Perspectives on the future

Time: 10 to 20 minutes.

Participants: Individual work or in a group.

Suitable for: Clarifying your own and others’ attitudes towards the future and identifying perspectives on the different visions. With the tool, you will gain a more structured view of the different attitudes towards the future and change.

Different people and organisations have very different attitudes towards future developments and megatrends. At one end of the spectrum, people are putting tin foil hats on their heads, thinking that everything we are used to believing in will change. At the other end, the world is mainly viewed with a paper bag on the head – firmly believing that change will largely not affect us.

On the one hand, there are those who only see opportunities in change, running after every technological hype in vogue at the time. On the other, there are those who certainly do not see change as an opportunity. On the contrary, many people tend to think that things have already changed far too much.

Megatrends therefore are the basis on which interpretations and choices signify the different visions of what the megatrends mean to us and how they should be responded to. One dimension is how much change responding to megatrends will require of us: a lot of change, or just a little bit of change. The other dimension, then, is whether megatrends are primarily seen as a threat or an opportunity. Something that can seem like an enormous opportunity to one party may seem like a major threat to another, justifiably.

Do the following

Think about different megatrends. Do you believe that they will require a lot or just a little change from your organisation or society? And do you think that the change will involve more opportunities and threats to your own organisation or society in general? Put yourself, your organisation or society in a 2 x 2 matrix based on your answers.

In a group, discuss how each person positions themselves, their organisation or society in the matrix. Are there many differences in the views? What is the reason for the differences?

Use the discussion you had based on the matrix as the starting point of the new vision. Think about what should be done based on how you positioned yourselves in the matrix. What should the vision be like to respond to the challenge of the megatrends you outlined? You can use the Vision-builder’s checklist for assistance.

You can also position an existing vision or view of the future in the matrix. Does it describe radical transformations or minor changes? Does it consider change as an opportunity or a threat? Are there major differences between the vision and your insight?

Sitra’s vision, Next era of well-being, makes the following interpretations of megatrends and their impacts.

  • According to Sitra’s view, megatrends will require a lot of change from society.
  • According to Sitra’s view, the challenges posed by the megatrends cannot be underestimated, but they can be converted into opportunities based on Nordic values.

Use the matrix to compare your own view or vision with those of others. You can also go deeper into the consideration of the different perspectives by testing your vision from three different points of view.

What's this about?


Welcome -  Parents Opinion Survey.

This survey aims to help Malek Fahd Islamic School understand parents’ perceptions, particularly regarding communication between parents and the school. The information gained from this survey will assist school management to address areas of concern, and make recommendations to facilitate improvements to your child’s learning environment.

This survey is anonymous, and all information is kept completely confidential.

Question Title

* 1. Please tick one of the following options:  I am a parent of:

Question Title

* 2. Please rate the following items according to your level of agreement
A) Communication between school and home

  Strongly disagree Disagree Slightly disagree Slightly agree Agree Strongly agree
The school effectively communicates the policies and procedures.
I feel the school provides sufficient parent-teacher interview sessions over the year
I have sufficient knowledge of the content my child will learn during the term
I am able to discuss my child’s progress with his/her teacher
I know who to contact if my child is experiencing bullying
The school works with me to support my child’s learning
I have access to my child’s teacher (s) when I feel the need to contact them
The school provides me with clear information concerning daily routines, excursions and special events.
Teachers/Welfare Coordinators ensure that I am made aware of any behavioural issues in a timely manner
The school keeps me well-informed of my child’s academic performance, including any notable changes
The school provides me with clear information on any political or educational changes that may affect my child/s schooling.

Question Title

* 3. Complaints handling processes and procedures

  Strongly disagree Disagree Slightly disagree Slightly agree Agree Strongly agree

Feedback and constructive criticism are welcomed by the school

I am aware of the school’s complaints procedure.
I know where to go if I have any complaints/concerns or feedback

My concerns are taken seriously by the school’s leaders.
Generally speaking, I am happy with the way the school deals with problems and concerns I have.

Question Title

* 4. Parent involvement

  Strongly disagree Disagree Slightly disagree Slightly agree Agree Strongly Agree

I feel well informed about school matters.

The school offers opportunities for me to become involved in the decision-making process

The school provides an inviting atmosphere to family members

The staff who work in the front office are friendly and helpful towards parents

I feel that generally, the school works in partnership with me as a parent

The school helps me to be involved in my child’s learning

The school wants and encourages parents to be involved in the decision making of the school.

The school welcomes my involvement at events they run (e.g Eid Festival, Formal, Graduation)

Question Title

* 5. Please write three things you would like the school to do better:

Question Title

* 6. Please write three things you think the school does very well:

Question Title

* 7. Thank you for taking the time to fill out this survey. Please note that your responses are kept completely confidential. If you have any further comments related to the school, particularly the relationship between parents, teachers and students, please enter these below.

(Note: if there is anything in particular that you would like to discuss with a staff member in relation to these survey questions, please contact the Admin staff at the school.)

Thank you for taking the time to help us make our school a better place.

Yours faithfully, Executive Principal.


Hepatitis A Outbreak in Florida Adds 58 Cases

Florida had 58 hepatitis A cases reported last week, bringing the total number of cases this year to 3,028 as of Saturday, according to the state Department of Health.

Sarasota County led the state in the number of new cases last week with eight, followed by Volusia County with seven, according to a News Service of Florida analysis of the data.

As of Saturday, 274 cases of hepatitis A had been reported this year in Volusia County, while the number of cases in Sarasota County stood at 92. Pasco County led the state with 404 cases, including two new cases last week.

Pinellas County had one new hepatitis A case last week, bringing its total for the year to 376, according to the News Service analysis of the state data.

Health officials have urged Floridians to get vaccinated against the disease.

State Surgeon General Scott Rivkees, who doubles as secretary of the Department of Health, has used $3 million in funds from county health departments to hire additional workers to help vaccinate high-risk populations, including homeless people, drug users and gay men.

Hepatitis A is a liver disease that is caused by an infection from hepatitis A virus. What is shocking about this illness is that not everyone who is infected with the virus will have symptoms of the illness. In most cases, the illness is results in mild, flu-like gastrointestinal symptoms. In the worst cases, hepatitis A can impair proper functioning of the liver and even lead to death.

The hepatitis A virus is a collection of molecules that uses the body’s method of constructing new material to produce copies of itself. When the virus uses a human host to reproduce itself, the human host often becomes ill in its effort to fight the virus.

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), every year in the United States an estimated 143,000 cases of hepatitis A infection occurs, but only around 30,000 are reported. Hepatitis A is also responsible for an estimated 1.4 million cases worldwide each year.

You may be wondering how this virus is spread to others. The hepatitis A virus is spread from person to person by “fecal-oral” transmission. This means the virus is transmitted when a person puts something in their mouth that has been contaminated with the fecal matter of a person infected with the virus. Because this virus depends on the fecal-oral route for transmission, the illness is most easily spread under poor sanitary conditions or where good personal hygiene is not observed.

Outbreaks are often traced back to contaminated food. Food supplies can become contaminated when infected workers come into contact with food supplies during processing or in restaurants. If a restaurant worker has the hepatitis A virus and does not wash their hands after using the restroom, they can then transfer the virus to others during food preparation.

Foods that are most commonly associated with outbreaks are water, shellfish, and salads. In most cases, the true source is water that has been contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Other common food sources are cold cuts, pre-made sandwiches, unwashed fruit, fruit juices, milk products, vegetables, salads, shellfish, and iced drinks.

Most people who become infected with hepatitis A return back to normal health. This virus is more common in children, but is often more severe in adults. More than one-fifth of adult hepatitis A patients require hospitalization. In the most severe cases, hepatitis A can cause inflammation and swelling of the liver, which can impair liver function and cause permanent damage to the liver. Most of these cases require hospitalization. Each year approximately 100 people die as a result of these infections in the U.S.

Anyone who has tested positive for hepatitis A may have a claim for medical expenses, pain and suffering, emotional distress, loss of income, and other damages. Our Florida Hepatitis A Outbreak Lawyers at Whittel & Melton can gather the necessary evidence to connect your illness to a specific food product or location. Once you hire us, we can begin:

  • interviewing you and others to find out how you contracted the virus and how it has negatively impacted your life
  • once we have gathered enough evidence, we can send a demand letter asking for a specific amount of money to the company or companies responsible
  • negotiate with the other side’s attorneys
  • if settlement negotiations fail, take your case to trial
Contact Information


Julie Smolyansky had been working with her father, Michael, the founder of Lifeway Foods, for five years when he suddenly had a heart attack and passed away. On that day in 2002, surrounded by grieving friends and relatives, one of her late father’s friends told her something that stuck.

“There’s no way that a 27-year-old girl can run this company. That’s it. It’s done,” he told her. The line galvanized Smolyansky. “That really fueled me and inspired me to prove him wrong. I found the courage to ignore him and to keep moving forward.”

The next day, she went into the office, as the stock was plummeting and inventors panicked about what would happen to the company. Since then, revenue at Lifeway Foods has increased six-fold under her leadership and expanded across the United States and internationally. The company now has a market capitalization of about $250 million. But she still thinks of her father’s friend and what he told her nearly 15 years ago.

“That comment, I think about it every day of my life still,” she said.

Smolyansky was speaking to a group of female founders, entrepreneurs, and politicians gathered at the Vosges Chocolat factory in Chicago on Wednesday night (Vosges itself was founded by a woman, Katrina Markoff, who sat at the table of more than 20, in the glow of what normally serves as a laboratory for her confections). The evening was part of a series of events being hosted by Vanity Fair in partnership with Dell and Deloitte focused on advancing female entrepreneurship. The discussion in Chicago, paired with one held last month in New York and another later this month in San Francisco, will culminate in a letter to the next White House administration and to Congress recommending how they can better create policies that foster and serve female-founded businesses and women in business.

The conversation wove through how to better share access to information about available loans and financing, the importance of building a network and mentorship programs, and how politicians can better support women in business.

With all the discussion about what Washington can do to better serve female entrepreneurs, talk naturally turned to—what else?—the presidential election. Smolyansky, a vocal Hillary Clinton supporter, defended her political opinions and advocacy in a way that is uncommon for the C.E.O. of a publicly traded company. “I realized that being a rare female C.E.O., I had an obligation to use my voice and to do everything I could,” she said. “Once my daughters were born, it crystalized it, that I had to embrace it and lean into it and be really honest about the things that matter most to me.”


Experience champagne air, sweeping panoramic ocean and mountain views, majestic meandering mountain walks and the best land based whale watching destination in the world. The Nantucket is nestled high against the slope of the Olifantsberg mountain range in Voelklip, Hermanus - one of the most renowned holiday destinations on the planet, and well known for its scenic beauty and whale watching.

Whales frequenting Hermanus include Southern Rights, Brydes as well as Humpback whales. Types of whale watching include: land-based, aerial and boat-based. Shark-cage diving is in the nearby hamlet of Gansbaai.

The Nantucket offers six luxurious and individually decorated en suite bedrooms including satellite TV and free WiFi.

Bask on the sun-drenched pool deck whilst experiencing the dramatic mountainside, or have a barbeque and enjoy the African sun sinking into the Atlantic before you. Otherwise, relax in the lounge area with a great book or movie. Guests also have a lounge and kitchen area as well as a swimming pool surrounded with wooden decking. The barbeque area offers magnificent, ocean and lagoon views.

Enjoy many an unforgettable African sunset while relaxing at the Nantucket.