Guy Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (Gaius Iulius Caesar) - commander, politician, writer, dictator, high priest of Ancient Rome. He came from the ancient Roman clan of the ruling class and consistently sought all government posts, led the line of political opposition to the senatorial aristocracy. He was merciful, but sent to execution a number of his main opponents.

Rod Yuliev came from a noble family, which, according to legend, came from the goddess Venus.

Mother Julius Caesar - Aurelius Kotta (Avrelia Kotta) was from a noble and wealthy family Aurelius. My paternal grandmother came from the ancient Roman family Marciev (Marcii). Ancus Marcius was the fourth king of ancient Rome from 640 to 616. BC e.

Childhood and youth

Accurate data on the time of the emperor’s birth did not reach us. Today it is generally accepted that he was born in 100 BC. e.However, the German historian Theodor Mommsen (Theodor Mommsen) believes that it was 102 BC. e., and the French historian Jerome Carcopino (Jerome Carcopino) points to 101 BC. e. Birthday is considered both July 12 and 13.

Guy Julius childhood passed in the poor ancient Roman region of Subura (Subura). Parents gave their son a good education, he studied Greek, poetry and oratory, learned to swim, rode a horse and developed physically. In 85 BC e. the family lost the breadwinner and, after initiation, Caesar became the head of the family, since none of the older male relatives survived.

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In Asia

In the 80s BC e. warlord Lucius Cornelius Cinna (Lucius Cornelius Cinna) proposed the person of Guy Julius in place of flaming (flamines), priest of the god Jupiter. But for this he needed to marry according to the solemn ancient rite of confarration (confarreatio) and Lucius Cornelius chose Caesar to marry his daughter Cornelia Cinilla (Cornelia Cinilla). In 76 BC. e. the couple had a daughter, Julia (Ivlia).

Today, historians are no longer confident in holding the rite of inauguration of Julius. On the one hand, this would prevent him from engaging in politics, but, on the other hand, appointment was a good way to strengthen the position of Caesars.

After the betrothal of Guy Julius and Cornelia, a riot occurred in the troops and the military attacked Cinnu, he was killed. The dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla was established, after which Caesar, as a relative of the opponent of the new ruler, was outlawed. He disobeyed Sulla, refused to divorce his wife and left Rome. The dictator spent a long time looking for a disobedient person, but, as time passed, he had mercy on him at the request of his relatives.
Caesar soon joined Marcus Minucius Thermus, the governor of the Roman province of Asia Minor, Asia.

Ten years ago, his father was in that position. Julius became the equites of Mark Minucius, who fought on horseback as a patrician. The first task that Term gave his conturnal was to negotiate with the Bithynia king, Nycomed IV. As a result of successful negotiations, the ruler transfers the Thermae to the flotilla to take the city of Mytlene on the island of Lesvos, which did not accept the results of the First Mithridates War (89-85 BC) and resisted the Roman people. The city was successfully captured.

For the operation on Lesbos, Guy Julius received a civilian crown - a military award, and Mark Minucius resigned. In 78 BC e. in Italy, Lucius Sulla dies and Caesar decides to return to his homeland.

Roman events

In 78 B.C. e. military leader Mark Lepidus (Marcus Lepidus) organized a riot of the Italians (Italici) against the laws of Lucius. Caesar then did not accept the invitation to become a member. In the years 77-76. BC e Guy Julius tried to condemn the supporters of Sulla: politician Cornelius Dolabella (Cornelius Dolabella) and commander Anthony Hybrid (Antonius Hybrida). But he did not succeed, despite the brilliant accusatory speeches.

After this, Julius decided to visit the island of Rhodes (Rhodus) and the school of rhetoric of Apollonius Molon, but on the way there he was captured by pirates, from where he was subsequently rescued by Asian ambassadors for fifty talents. Wanting revenge, the former captive equipped several ships and captured the pirates himself, having executed them with a crucifix. In 73 g. BC. e. Caesar was included in the collegial governing body of the pontiffs, where his uncle Gaius Aurelius Cotta had previously ruled.

In 69 BC. e. died during childbirth of the second child of Caesar's spouse - Cornelia, the baby also did not survive. At the same time, Caesar’s aunt, Julia Maria, also perishes. Soon Guy Julius becomes the Roman ordinary magistrate (magistratus), which gives him the opportunity to enter the Senate. He was sent to Far Spain (Hispania Ulterior), where he took charge of financial matters and carried out the assignments of the Prophet Antistius Vetus.

In 67 BC e. Caesar married Pompeia Sulla, the granddaughter of Sulla. In 66 BC e. Guy Julius becomes the caretaker of the most important public road in Rome - the Appian Way (Via Appia) and finances its repair.

College of Magistrates and Elections

In 66 BC e. Guy Julius is elected to the magistrates of Rome. His responsibilities include expanding construction in the city, supporting trade and social events. In 65 B.C. e. he held such memorable Roman games with the participation of gladiators that he managed to amaze his sophisticated townspeople.

In 64 B.C. e. Guy Julius was the head of the Quaestiones perpetuae Judicial Commission for Criminal Proceedings, which allowed him to call to justice and punish many of Sulla's minions.

In 63 B.C. e. Quintus Metellus Pius died, freeing up the lifetime of the Great Pontiff (Pontifex Maximus). Caesar decides to run for her own candidacy. The opponents of Guy Julius are the consul Quintus Catulus Capitolinus and the commander Publius Vatia Isauricus. After numerous bribes, Caesar wins the elections by a large margin and moves to live on the Sacred Road (via Sacra) in the official housing of the pontiff.

Involvement in the conspiracy

In 65 and 63 years. BC e. one of the political conspirators, Lucius Sergius Catilina, made two attempts to carry out a coup d'etat. Marcus Tullius Cicero, an opponent of Caesar, tried to accuse him of conspiracy, but could not provide the necessary evidence and failed. Marcus Porcius Cato, the informal leader of the Roman Senate, also testified against Caesar and made Guy Julius leave the Senate in pursuit of threats.

First triumvirate

In 62 B.C. e., using the powers of the praetor, Caesar wanted to transfer the reconstruction of the plan of Jupiter of the Capitoline (Iuppiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus) from Quintus Catulus Capitolinus to Gnee Pompeius Magnus, but the Senate did not support this bill.

After the proposal supported by Caesar, the tribune of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos to send Pompey with troops to Rome to pacify Catilina, the Senate dismissed both Quintus Tsitseliya and Gaius Julius from their posts, but the second was quickly restored.
In the fall, a trial was held against the conspirators of Catilina. One of its members, Lucius Iulius Vettius, who opposed Caesar, was arrested, as was Judge Novius Nigerus, who accepted the report.

In 62 B.C. e. Caesar's wife Pompey held a festival in their house dedicated to the Good Goddess (Bona Dea), which could be attended only by women. But one of the politicians, Publius Clodius Pulcher, got on the holiday, he dressed as a woman and wanted to meet with Pompey. Senators found out what had happened, considered it a shame and demanded a trial. Guy Julius did not wait for the outcome of the process and divorced Pompey, so as not to make his personal life publicly visible. Moreover, the spouses did not have heirs.

In Far Spain

In 61 BC e. Guy Julius' trip to Far Spain as a propraetor was postponed for a long time due to the presence of a large number of debts. Commander Mark Licinius Crassus (Marcus Licinius Crassus) vouched for Guy Julius and paid part of his loans.

When the new proprietor arrived at his destination, he was faced with dissatisfaction with the inhabitants of the Roman authorities. Caesar assembled a detachment of militias and began a fight with the "bandits." A commander with a twelve-thousand-strong army approached the mountain range of Serra da Estrela and ordered the locals to leave from there. They refused to move and Guy Julius attacked them. Highlanders across the Atlantic Ocean went to the Berlenga Islands, killing all of their pursuers.

But Caesar, after a series of thoughtful operations and strategic maneuvers, still subjugates the popular resistance, after which he was awarded the honorary military title of the emperor (imperator), the winner.

Guy Julius launched an active activity in the daily affairs of the subordinate lands. He presided over court hearings, introduced reforms to taxation, and eradicated the practice of sacrifice.

During the period of activity in Spain, Caesar was able to pay off most of his debts thanks to the rich gifts and bribes of the residents of the wealthy south. At the beginning of 60 BC e. Guy Julius prematurely withdraws his authority and returns to Rome.

Rumors about the prophet's victories soon reached the Senate and its members felt that Caesar's return should be accompanied by triumphus (triumphus) - a solemn entry into the capital. But then, before the triumphal event was completed, Guy Julius was not allowed, according to the law, to enter the city. And since he also planned to take part in the upcoming elections for the post of consul, where his personal presence was required for registration, the commander refuses to triumph and begins the struggle for a new post.

By bribing voters, Caesar nevertheless becomes a consul, along with him, the warlord Mark Kalpurnius Bibulus wins the election.

In order to strengthen their own political position and existing power, Caesar enters into secret conspiracy with Pompey and Crassus, uniting two influential politicians with opposing views. As a result of the conspiracy, a powerful union of military leaders and politicians appears, called the First Triumvirate (triumviratus - "union of three husbands").

In the early days of the consulate, Caesar began to submit new bills to the Senate. The first was the agrarian law, according to which the poor could receive land from the state, which it bought from large landowners. First of all, land was given to large families. To prevent speculation, the new landowners did not have the right to resell the plots for the next twenty years. The second bill related to the taxation of farmers in the province of Asia, their contributions were reduced by one third. The third law concerned bribes and extortion; it was adopted unanimously, unlike the first two.

To strengthen ties with Pompey, Guy Julius gave his daughter Julia for him. Caesar himself for the third time decides to marry, this time his wife becomes Calpurnia (Calpurnia), daughter of Lucius Calpurnia Pisona Caesonina (Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus).

Gall war

When Gaius Julius, after the due date, resigned as consul, he continued to conquer the land for Rome. During the Gallic War (Bellum Gallicum) Caesar, displaying extraordinary diplomacy and strategy, skillfully took advantage of the differences of the Gallic leaders. In 55 BC e. he defeated the Germans who crossed the Rhine (Rhein), after which in ten days he built a bridge 400 meters long and he attacked them, the first in the history of Rome. The first of the Roman commanders invaded Great Britain, where he conducted several brilliant military operations, after which he was forced to leave the island.

In 56 BC. e. in Lucca, a regular meeting of the triumphs took place, at which it was decided to continue and develop political support for each other.

By 50 BC e. Guy Julius suppressed all rebellions, completely subjugating Rome to its former territories.

Civil War

In 53 BC e. Crassus dies and the triumvirate ceases to exist. Between Pompey and Julius began a struggle. Pompey became the head of the republican government, and the Senate did not extend the powers of Guy Julius in Gaul. Then Caesar decides to raise a rebellion. Gathering soldiers who were very popular, he crosses the border river Rubicone and, not seeing resistance, captures some cities. The terrified Pompey and his close senators flee the capital. Caesar invites the remaining members of the Senate to jointly rule the country.

In Rome, Caesar is appointed dictator. Pompey’s attempts to prevent Guy Julius crashed, the fugitive was killed in Egypt, but Caesar did not accept the enemy’s head as a gift, he mourned his death. While in Egypt, Caesar helps Queen Cleopatra (Cleopatra), conquers Alexandria (AIskandariya), in North Africa joins Rome Numidia (Numidia).

The return of Guy Julius to the capital is accompanied by a magnificent triumph. He does not skimp on rewarding his soldiers and commanders, arranges feasts for the citizens of the city, organizes games and public events. Over the next ten years he was proclaimed "emperor" and "father of the fatherland." He publishes many laws, including laws on citizenship, on the structure of the state, against luxury, on unemployment, on the issue of free bread, changes the system of calculating time and others.

Caesar was worshiped and rendered great honors, erecting his statues and painting portraits. He had the best security, he was personally involved in the appointment of people to government posts and their removal.

Among the Republicans, dissatisfaction with Caesar's policies and behavior grew. He was charged with relations with Queen Cleopatra, who moved to the capital. Then Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus entered into a conspiracy to kill the dictator.
March 15, 44 BC e. at a meeting of the Senate, Brutus thrust a dagger at Caesar and he died. The only heir to Julius Caesar was his grand-nephew, Octavian Augustus, adopted by him. Read a series of articles about the assassination of Caesar and the rise of Octavin.

Watch the video: Who Is Julius Caesar? (December 2019).

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Credit: ESA/NASA

The galaxy UGC 8201, captured here by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, is a dwarf irregular galaxy, so called because of its small size and chaotic structure. It lies just under 15 million light-years away from us in the constellation of Draco (the Dragon). As with most dwarf galaxies it is a member of a larger group of galaxies. In this case UCG 8201 is part of the M81 galaxy group; this group is one of the closest neighbors to the Local Group of galaxies, which contains our galaxy, the Milky Way.

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Image: Hubble's view of the polar ring of Arp 230

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Citation: Hubble explores the mysteries of UGC 8201 (2015, March 19) retrieved 14 December 2019 from https://phys.org/news/2015-03-hubble-explores-mysteries-ugc.html

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Essay about bureaucracy

Top 7 Essays Article shared by: Read this essay to learn about Bureaucracy.

Essay about bureaucracy

This means that the formatting here may have errors. This text version has had its Essay about bureaucracy removed so pay attention to its contents alone rather than its presentation. The version you download will have its original formatting intact and so will be much prettier to look at.

BUREAUCRACY ESSAY POINTS Introduction Given the subject matter of this essay revolves around bureaucracy, and given that bureaucracy is concerned with rules and order, it seems fitting to first begin with an official definition of the term; "A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives; a state or organization governed or managed according to such a system.

I shall look at the modern cases of bureaucracy and weigh up whether there is a place for it in the modern world and if not whether post bureaucracy is more fitting. Finally I shall conclude by attempting to come down on one side of the argument as to whether in fact bureaucracy is bad.

Bureaucracy as an ideal type and form of power based on legitimate authority Max Weber was a German social scientist who was concerned with the question of what held societies together, he came to the conclusion that it was down to authority which allows those who have the right of legitimacy to give orders Wilson, Weber questioned what the power of this authority was based on, because in most societies it is not based on force, fear or coercion.

This authority previously came about in two main ways; authority based on charisma the personal authority of a particular individual or authority based on tradition the established authority of institutions Grey, However, Weber put forward the idea that these previous types of authority were increasingly being overshadowed by rational-legal authority in modern societies systems of rules devised for rational reasons.

Weber was writing at a time where organisations were growing at a rate not seen before.

He was commentating o the transformation that he was directly seeing. This rationalisation can be defined as a process whereby the means chose to pursue ends can be determined by logical and rational calculation Wilson, When applied to organisations, this rational-legal authority means bureaucracy.

When Weber was putting forward his ideas regarding bureaucracy he discussed it as "an ideal type" however a common misconception is that by this Weber meant bureaucracy was a desirable ideal when in fact he despaired of how dominant this organisational structure was becoming.

The "ideal type" is simply a subjective element in social theory and research which formed from characteristics and elements of the given phenomena, but it is not meant to correspond to all of the characteristics of any one particular case. According to Wilson "the ideal type of bureaucracy is governed by a formal set of rules and procedures that ensures that operations and activities are carried out in a predictable, uniform and impersonal manner".

This comes from the four foundational aspects that according to Weber bureaucracy consist of; functional specialisation the formal division of labourhierarchy of authority the structure that gives those in a superior position authority, simply because they hold that positionsystem of rules everything is based upon following a formal set of written rules about practices and procedures and impersonality rules are followed without regard for emotions Grey, According to Weber it was these four concepts that meant bureaucracy was the most technically efficient and rational form of organisations, it was adopted because it was simply better than any other system.

Its decisive feature is that it eliminates an orientation to values because they are non-technical. Rationality is instrumental formal when problems are solved by the application of technical criteria. In opposition, substantive value rationality is a type of decision making which is subject to values and an appeal to ethical norms - this is not something that bureaucracy is concerned with especially given substantive rationality does not take into account the nature of outcomes.

Weber also concluded that bureaucracy was substantively irrational following his work and reading on the "overall societal effects of its rise" Grey, Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on Max Weber Bureaucracy.

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Bureaucracy essay Words | 11 Pages Introduction A bureaucracy is a large organization that is designed to achieve a common goal through a hierarchical organization. Essay on the Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy – The term “bureaucracy” finds its origin from the French word “bureau” which means desk, and a government which is run from table is called a bureaucratic government.

Essay about bureaucracy

The word implies a particular system of administration. Historically, it has been associated with the rule of government and governmental [ ]. Bureaucracy as an organization is expected to play a pivotal role, in process of development.

The concept of Development Administration had originated in U. S. A. and as such bureaucratic systems Brief Essay on Bureaucracy and Development. Free Essay: A bureaucracy is defined as a form of organisation that centres on precision, speed, reliability, and efficiency achieved through the creation of.

ADVERTISEMENTS: Read this essay to learn about Bureaucracy. After reading this essay you will learn about: 1. Definition of Bureaucracy 2. Meaning of Bureaucracy 3.

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Characteristics 4. Types 5. Safeguards 6. Defects 7. Max Weber’s Theory. Contents: Essay on the Definition of Bureaucracy Essay on the Meaning of Bureaucracy Essay on the Characteristics of Bureaucracy [ ].

Essay on Bureaucracy: Top 7 Essays


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More than Baptism

Few things distinguish American Christianity as much as its divisions. These aren’t precise, however, and often the borders are fuzzy and held more by cultural history than by theological outlook. One of the denominations—indeed, the umbrella for the single largest Protestant denomination in America—often faces the question of its identity. Who are the Baptists? Many Protestant groups can trace their histories to defining moments; consider Martin Luther and his hammer, according to the Lutheran origin myth. Baptists are a little tricker to pin down. Dissenters, yes, convinced that adult baptism should accompany conversation, yes, but beyond that widely divergent. Thomas S. Kidd and Barry Hankins have provided a service by writing Baptists in America: A History. Going back before America, they trace the origins of the sect and quickly bring it into the context in which it would thrive.

Persecuted early in American life, Baptists grew in numbers and recognition during the period commonly known as the Great Awakenings. Suited to frontier individualism, non-doctrinal, and advocating for freedom of conscience, the Baptists gained large sums of converts in this era. With their congregational polity, Baptist cultural influence really only took off when mass media gave its more aggressive preachers a venue not limited by church walls. As Kidd and Hankins point out, however, the denomination proved friable. Splitting apart over various issues, the number of Baptist denominations grew. Their political influence would also grow so that they would become a force with which to be reckoned even today. Few, however, really understand who the Baptists are.

The Southern Baptist Convention is the largest single Protestant denomination in the United States. It defines itself by a radical conservatism that masquerades as “orthodoxy.” Heavily biblical, many in the tradition have a strong preference for inerrancy. Social causes that appear outdated to most modern people are do-or-die issues for this sect within a sect. Baptists in America does a good job showing how contradictory Baptists can be. They were, after all, dissenters from the beginning. Their championing of religious freedom often doesn’t apply outside their own borders. The more political of the denomination know very well how to game a democratic system. Perhaps the lesson they’ve learned most acutely is that being unseen carries with it great advantages. They play the sport of legislative chess very well. In a culture that loudly and repeatedly claims that religion no longer matters, those with conviction have a natural hiding place. From there pieces are easily moved to positions of power.

Holiday Season

It was just after dark and the red and blue lights were shredding the night in Wallkill, New York. We’d driven past this mall just over an hour ago to take our daughter home after a too brief Thanksgiving break. Now there were police cars lined up along the length of the Orange Country Galleria Mall, and my wife said, “I hope it’s not a shooting.” Life in America’s that way. About two hours later we were home and yes, it had been a shooting incident. For reasons nobody knows, a man discharged a handgun into the floor at the crowded shopping center, injuring two. Police had not located the shooter, and no motive was known. The mall was evacuated and holiday shoppers feared for their lives.

Just a few months ago I was in Penn Station, New York when a similar panic ensued. Rail police had used a taser gun on a passenger who’d gotten out of hand. As we were entering the station to catch our train, scores of people were running out in a panic. It had sounded like a gunshot. Clothes and personal effects littered the floor of the station once we got inside. This is the world in which we live. A world enamored of weapons. A world where we hate and distrust the stranger. A world where our government receives support from gun lobbies and refuses to put controls on the sale and ownership of firearms. A world where a peaceful Sunday night on the busiest shopping weekend of the year ends in panic and tears.

Wallkill, New York, is not exactly a metropolitan area. Upstate, as we’ve been learning for the last several years, is pretty big. Small population centers dot an impressive landscape of Catskills, Finger Lakes, and beautifully wooded hills. The people are generally friendly, less brusk than they tend to be in New York City. It seems that where two or three are gathered together there’s a handgun in their midst, however. Trusting ourselves to be good people, we want to arm ourselves to shoot the “bad guy.” Meanwhile Congress still tries to pass legislation to reduce health care since, I guess, too many people are getting shot. It can be a real drain on the economy if the wealthy have to chip in. It’s upstate New York. We have about two hours to go before we can rest at home. Galleria Mall is in lockdown. The rest of the nation is too.

Inventing Breaks

Breaks are good for many things. Time with family and friends. Hours of non-bus time for reading. Watching movies. So it was that we went to see The Man Who Invented Christmas. It really is a bit early for my taste, to think about Christmas, but the movie was quite welcome. Being a writer—I wouldn’t dare to call myself an author—one of my favorite things to do is talk about writing. Watching a movie about it, I learned, works well also. The conceit of the characters following Dickens around, and refusing to do what he wants them to should be familiar to anyone who’s tried their hand at fiction. My experience of writing is often that of being a receiver of signals. It is a transcendent exercise.

Not only that, but in this era of government hatred of all things creative and intellectual, it is wonderful to see a film about writing and books. The reminder about the importance of literacy and thought is one we constantly have to push. If we let it slip, as we’ve discovered, it may well take considerable time to recover. Getting lost in my fiction is one of my favorite avocations. Solutions to intractable problems come at most improbable times. Although publishers tend to disagree with me, I find the stories compelling. In the end, I suppose, that’s what really matters.

On an unrelated note, this is the second movie I’ve seen recently that attributes non-human actors their real names in the cast listing. What a welcome break from the blatant speciesism that pervades life! Animals have personalities and identities. Humans have often considered the privilege of being named to be theirs alone. True, animals can’t read and wouldn’t comprehend a human art form such as cinema. But when they communicate with each other, they may well have names for us. The beauty of a story such as A Christmas Carol is that it reminds of the importance of generosity. We should be generous to those who take advantage of our kindness. Our time. Our energy. We should also be generous to those who aren’t human but are nevertheless important parts of our lives. The movie may have come too early for my liking, but the holiday spirit should never be out of season. If we’ve made a world that only appreciates kindness because much of the rest of the year is misery, it means we’ve gone too far. Films can be learning experiences too, no matter the time of year.

Devolving Apes

It would be difficult to overestimate the effect the movie Planet of the Apes had on me as a child. Raised a biblical literalist, evolution was, naturally enough, anathema to me. And yet here was a movie based on the idea that evolution had taken a different course. It was a transgressive film, but the screenplay had been written by Rod Serling, so well known for his trusted work on The Twilight Zone. I was utterly fascinated by it. Until the most recent iteration, I’d seen every sequel, spinoff, and reboot ever made. So important was this story line that as a child I found a copy of the book, in English, of course. Pierre Boulle told the story somewhat differently. Spying the book on my shelf after some four decades of my own evolution, I decided to read it again.

We all evolve. I noticed the improbabilities more this time through. The fact that, unlike the movie, humans wore no clothes at all must’ve scandalized my young eyes. I would’ve agreed, however, with Ulysse Mérou’s sentiments that humans were created in the image of God, not apes. In fact, there is an undercurrent of a somewhat conservative theological outlook here. Humans may experiment on animals, but when it’s reversed, it’s evil. In many ways, the cinematic version improves the story, but Boulle’s telling grows in intensity as the novel unfolds. Mérou develops a moral sense that includes the apes as well as human beings. The story, of course, is largely about prejudice and its evils. In that respect, it’s timeless.

As a child I realized that we lose something if we accept the fact of evolution. We lose that special feeling of having been intentionally created by a deity that made us God-shaped. Ironically, I also came to realize that those who rejected evolution often treated their fellow humans like animals. They held onto prejudices against other “races.” They castigated the poor for being lazy. They wish to remove healthcare from those made in the image of God. The contradictions and cruelties simply don’t comport with the Good Book they adore and ignore. Evolution, with the realities of nature impinging on our security, is far less dangerous than what biblical literalism has evolved to be. I can’t say why this book and its cinematic renditions became so deeply embedded in my young mind. But having read the book again, it’s pretty clear that the ideas have remained there, even as they have modified, with descent, over time.

Astronomers and Pirates

In an effort not to travel, the internet offers a great resource while it’s still free. If you don’t want to wander from home, it brings movies you might’ve missed right to your domicile. This year has been so busy that we’d missed completely Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. I know, as the Pirate movies spin on and on they become more special effects extravaganzas with insipid, if complex, plots. Still, we’ve been watching from the beginning, so last night we decided to see it through. The movies are fun, if less well written than they were at the beginning (and the movie began without a script). There are moments worth attention, however.

The story follows Carina Smyth as she attempts to discover her father through following his diary. This, of course, brings her path across that of Captain Jack Sparrow. Smyth is an astronomer and horologist. Because she’s female and this is the eighteenth century, she’s labeled a witch. Both the proximate and ultimate cause of the accusation is her gender. Although she proves to be the real hero of the film, the men can’t help thinking she’s a witch although she’s using science to find answers. In fact, if a male astronomer did the same things she did, there’d be no story here. This is a post-Galileo world. It’s also post-Salem. We don’t watch these films for history, of course, but it is true that although the witchcraft trials ended at the turn of that century, the accusations continued for some time after. The woman of science is a threat to the male establishment. She alone, however, discerns the truth.

Swashbuckler cinema was a male invention. Still, even in the twenty-first century too much of it comes at the expense of women. Jack Sparrow’s famous compass, for example, is passed on to him aboard a ship called the “Wicked Wench.” Surely this is meant to be funny, but at whose expense? The other women in the movie hardly come off better. Shansa actually is a witch, working for the establishment. Beatrice Kelly, in Jack Sparrow’s noose wedding, is portrayed as an undesirable bride, purely for laughs. Disney is famous for its princesses, but also for its wicked women. Even the strong female characters such as Mulan, Moana, and Anna find themselves being helped to success by male characters. Obviously the genders do interact in real life, and as recent history has shown us, men will demonize women if it helps them get ahead. You might think a movie of anti-heroes, however, would show the most intelligent character receiving a bit more respect. Especially since she’s a woman in a pirate’s world.

This particular doctrine struck me as evil. It violated every experience and thought I’d ever had, even raised as an unquestioning Christian as I was. Then, at Grove City College I was faced with it for the first time—predestination. If free will is an illusion, what crueler God can be conceived? I couldn’t avoid such thoughts upon re-reading Anthony Burgess’ A Clockwork Orange. A non-conforming non-conformist at the college assigned it in a science fiction class, so it has been decades since I’d read it. Now I found it perhaps more profound than before. Much has happened since my initial reading of the book, o my brothers. (And sisters.)

The framework of the story is well known. Alex and his friends are teenage punks who love ultra-violence. Alex is betrayed and imprisoned. Considered incorrigible, he’s reprogrammed to the point that he can’t even defend himself in a society that’s grown even worse during his time in jail. In the hospital after a suicide attempt, he awakes to find his old self restored, whether this is a good thing or not. The main point that’s behind this, it seems, is that without free will, repentance means nothing. In fact, in my edition of the book, an afterword by Stanley Edgar Hyman makes the point that some interpret A Clockwork Orange as a fictional defense of Christianity. Certainly the comparisons are there, from Judas through Jesus, healing, sin, and suffering. How much it actually meets that idyllic vision of God in Heaven directing the lives of individuals is, of course, an open question.

The idea that human beings are born as Hell-fodder posits a cruel and sadistic deity. Not only are the majority of human beings going to face eternal punishment for matters beyond their control, there is a divinity who planned it that way. We are all, literally, puppets in a universal morality play written by a being whose moral compass is horribly skewed. Indeed, even at Grove City some of the faculty would state that philosophically there could be no contest—free will was right. But, they would add, tapping the Bible, it’s not true because the Word of God says so. When I protested, it was declared, without irony, that even my protest had been predestined. In other words, in this clockwork universe I was clearly an Alex. Upon closer inspection, however, the truer analogy would be that we are all the victims of Alex and his droogs. But only if we have the freedom to make such an observation.


Real Estate

Believe In Your Builder – Your Needs Are Their Objective

Builders are professionals who build houses for people. The shelter is a necessity for everyone; everyone has to contact a builder at some point in their lives. Customer satisfaction is their primary objective; they try to offer the best option for customers that fulfill all their needs and requirements. Builders undertake different real estate projects and build different buildings for commercial as well as personal uses. There are various fantastic and talented builders in London who can give you your dream building at a reasonable price. Builders are a great option if you want a customized home for yourself, they can build a beautiful house with all the facilities in it and design will be customized for you.

What are the responsibilities of a builder?

The primary responsibility of a builder is to formulate and execute all the plans related to the design and construction of the building. He has to supervise all the employees and laborers and make them work efficiently according to the contract. He also ensures that all the workings and procedures are carried out under the laws, and no law is broken.

What are the specific duties of a house builder?

Along with the responsibilities, there are various particular duties that a builder has to perform. The first and most important is to ensure that the work is completed accurately and in time. His primary function is to make a foolproof plan to carry all the work and procedures in an organized manner. He has to take all the responsibilities from hiring excellent and efficient workers to executing the project successfully.

The efficiency of the workers depends on the attitude of the builder. The builders in London are strict and on times, motivate their employees to keep the spirit of the laborers and workers and high and enhance the efficiency of the overall project.

Liam Rubin is a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Journalism from the University of Cambodia. He is currently the managing editor of T3 Licensing and a freelance writer.


Rodent care guide

Prevention is better than cure!

Browse the rodent care guide designed by our vets to find answers to your concerns such as food, a healthy life and caring for your pet.

Longevity (months)24-3918-3612-3626-40
Max reported60364856
Average weight - Males (grams)46-13187-13020-40267-500
Average weight - Females (grams)50-5595-13022-63225-325
Rectal temperature (Celsius)38.237.637.137.7
Food/day (grams)5-710-153-515-20
Water (ml)49-125-822-33
Ambient temperature (Celsius)18-2221-2424-2521-24
Ambient humidity (%)45-5540-6045-5545-55

The majority of rodents are omnivorous and eat, in the wild, grass, seeds and sometimes invertebrate insects.

Rodents’ needs in protein are, for hamster 14-17%, for rats and mice 14-19.6% and 22% for the gerbil. The water bottle must be checked every day and changed every 2-3 days.


Leadership Management Literature Abounds With Stories Term Paper

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Management literature abounds with stories of great leaders and the influence they exercised on their organizations. Indeed, the importance of Lee Iaccoca to Chrysler, Mary Kay to Mary Kay Cosmetics, Walt Disney to Walt Disney Company and many more such celebrity leaders to their respective organizations is now legend in management circles (Harris, 1993, p. 370). Yet, it appears that there is no single leadership theory, which can satisfactorily explain what effective leadership is. This is because the reality of leadership is quite complex (Chemers, 1997, p.1). For instance, effective leadership is commonly confused with managerial abilities, whereas, in point of fact, there are important distinctions. It is the objective of this paper to describe the difference between leadership and management, followed by an examination of the role responsibility of leaders in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture.

All organizational survival is a question of balance between stability on the one hand and responsiveness to a dynamic environment on the other. For instance, the development of efficient standardized operating procedures enhances reliability and productivity. However, since most organizations need to quickly respond to an evolving and competitive environment, internal structures and resources must also be amenable to facilitating external adaptability functions. Thus, it is evident that leaders must play a central role in helping organizations develop appropriate policies and systems for meeting both internal goals and external demands. Since organizations are nothing but a group or groups of people working together, this means that the leadership function really involves coordinating the efforts of people. It follows, therefore, that the development of a healthy organizational culture, which allows for teamwork, achievement of goals, problem solving, innovation, and creativity, is integral to effective leadership (Chemers, 1997, p. 4-5).

The leadership responsibilities described above, in fact, indicate the first fundamental difference between leadership and managerial skills. And that is, one of perspective. As Harris (1993, p. 372) points out, the four broad functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are clearly important management skills in leading others. but, there are important distinctions between leadership and management. One such distinction is that leaders must necessarily focus on innovation and change, whereas managers need, and usually do, concentrate only on creating stability, harmony, and constancy. In fact, it is this primary distinction that has probably led to the view that "managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right things."

If leadership is about "doing the right thing," it implies that a leader has to understand the environment and an organization's needs and adapt his or her individual style accordingly. Indeed, perhaps it is the recognition of this fact that led Peter Drucker, the famous management guru, to observe that "leaders grow; they are not made." As against this, traditional management behavior tends to maintain the status quo (Harris, 1993, p. 372).

In fact, it is not enough for a leader to personally adapt to the contingencies of a given situation. for, organizational change management can only be successful when the people in an organization are equally responsive and flexible. Therefore, it follows that leadership involves building a relationship with people that results in highly motivated, mission-oriented, and goal-directed team members. Indeed, it is precisely this aspect of the leadership function that has led to the key features of productive leader-follower relationships being described as coaching, judgment, and transactional exchange (Chemers, 1997, p. 155).

Interestingly, the need for leadership to affect change by motivating and training the people in an organization leads to the philosophy of delegation and empowerment. This philosophy, in turn, earmarks another important difference between leadership and management: "Leaders work towards empowerment of subordinates whereas managers concentrate on developing power rather than people." (Harris, 1993, p. 374) Again, a difference in the focus of leadership and management is apparent here. This difference in focus manifests itself in other areas as well. For example, a leader is more conscious of the need to manage his or her image among the rank and file in an organization, whereas a manager's image management is usually targeted at his or her seniors.

Leadership's image management focus also involves establishing a legitimate basis for attempts to influence others, which has been identified by a wide body of leadership research studies as building a relationship based on honesty… [END OF PREVIEW]

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tr(1) - translate or delete characters
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How This Year’s Nobel Prize Season Let Us Down

As a kid, I never thought about my gender when I said I wanted to be a doctor. I never thought twice about having two male pediatricians and lack of female representation on my school’s Career Day. I just assumed the doors were wide open for me. Gender equality is basically here, right? After all, with most medical school applicants being female, a female doctor isn’t as wild of a concept as it used to be. On top of that, the number of women receiving doctorates in the U.S. has doubled between 1987 and 2017, with women surpassing men in terms of earned doctoral and master’s degrees. Even better, the biggest strides were in computer science and mathematics, which are notoriously male-dominated.

So, with all of this progress on gender equality in academia, why was only one woman awarded a Nobel Prize this year?

The Nobel Prize is probably the most prestigious international award given to people who have made the biggest impact in their respective field. The Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden, decides it each year, and each recipient is awarded with a medal along with the title, “laureate,” which is a fancy word for Nobel Prize recipient. There are prizes awarded in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences.

There have been a couple years where no Nobel Prizes were awarded, such as during the World Wars. Generally, they’ve been given out in each category since 1901. Since its conception, about 950 people and 24 organizations have received a Nobel Prize.

Can you guess how many of those were women? It’s probably lower than you think (or at least its lower than what I thought). Including this year’s winners, there are only 53 female Nobel laureates. This means that women make up less than 6 percent of the total prize winners. This would not be so bad considering the 20-year lag between when the research was conducted and when the prize is typically awarded, but the distribution doesn’t improve much in more recent events. Between 2001-2019, only 24 women have received the prize compared to around 200 male laureates, which is right around 12 percent.

This “lag” phenomenon especially shows in the physics, chemistry, medicine and the economics sciences categories. It’s used to explain why women weren’t conducting research 20 to 50 years ago on the caliber of Nobel Prize-worthiness. In reality, it is more of a reflection on the toxic gender bias that persists in STEM fields. While this lag plays a part, it doesn’t tell the whole story.

The biggest disparity is seen in the physics category, of which women make up 20 percent of doctoral degrees. Only three women have been honored: Marie Curie in 1903, Maria Goeppert-Mayer in 1963 and Donna Strickland in 2018.

The half-century between each prize is not indicative of a lack of female-led discoveries. It points to a larger problem where women were and still are passed up for promotions, awards, opportunities, research funding, higher pay and publications in STEM fields. There’s also the “Matilda Effect,” which is the phenomenon of which female scientists’ accomplishment are overshadowed or attributed to male advisers and colleagues. This was the case with astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell’s discovery as a graduate student. She found a new type of star, the pulsar, which won a Nobel Prize in Physics to which her graduate adviser and his colleague were instead awarded in 1974.

I am not bringing out my pitchfork to riot the Nobel Prize committee, but I am using the gender disparity in awards to highlight the persistent sexism in STEM fields. While there have been major improvements in recent years, there are still obstacles in receiving positions in labs and research funding that female researchers face. These obstacles add up, especially in terms of awards and are hindering intelligent women in their pursuit of changing the world.

Unfortunately, this process doesn’t begin after graduating. Girls in grade school are inherently taught that mathematics and science are for boys, while girls are better at reading and writing. The lack of female role models can discourage young girls from pursuing education or careers in fields seen as “boyish,” such as computer science and physics.

Young women who aspire to pursue different paths after graduation need to know that every door is actually open to us. As a female STEM student, I can speak for several of us in saying that we want to be treated on the merit of our work, not on our gender identity (especially not after working our butts off to get where we want to be).

I know that gender bias is still very much alive in medicine despite big strides. It’s not going to impact my career decision as it shouldn’t impact yours. No matter your race, ethnicity or gender identity, you are just as deserving as your peers to pursue your passions without any obstacles.

By next Nobel Prize season, I hope the roster is more diversified to give young girls who are interested in STEM more role models to look up to. They’re out there. You just have to start listening to them.


Hindus express concern at Netflix’s Ramayana inspired animation series “Heaven’s Forest”

Hindus are urging Netflix to stay true to the story and the spirit of Hindu scripture Ramayana when borrowing storyline and characters from it in its reportedly upcoming animated series “Heaven’s Forest”.

Distinguished Hindu statesman Rajan Zed, in a statement in Nevada today, said that Ramayana was a highly revered scripture of Hinduism. Hindus were fine with Hollywood and Bollywood making movies about Ramayana, but the final product should be the true depiction of it and not a fantasized or a re-imagined version.

Zed, who is President of Universal Society of Hinduism, pointed out that re-imagining of Hindu scriptures could be hurtful to the devotees. Hindus welcomed Hollywood/Bollywood to immerse in Hinduism, but taking it seriously and respectfully and not for refashioning Hinduism concepts and symbols for mercantile greed.

Rajan Zed further said that changing Ramayana to fit the Hollywood/Bollywood machine was likely to be distressful to the Hindu sentiments. Ramayana was an integral part of Hinduism and was held in such reverence that Hindus believed that simply reading/hearing of it showered blessings upon the reader/listener. Rama, the hero of Ramayana, was incarnation of Lord Vishnu, and was worshipped by Hindus.

Ramayana, an ancient Sanskrit scripture that consists of 24,000 stanzas, explores various themes; including human existence, concept of dharma, etc.

Netflix, claimed to be “world’s leading streaming entertainment service”, has reportedly ordered eight episodes of “Heaven’s Forest”, a Ramayana-inspired epic animated action drama series from Castlevania creator British comic-book writer Warren Ellis and Powerhouse Animation Studios. Launched in 1997 and headquartered in Los Gatos, California; Netflix claims to have “158 million paid memberships in over 190 countries”. Reed Hastings is CEO.

Source : From Our Correspondent

Related Tags

DenigrationDenigration of DeitiesHindu IssuesProtest by Hindus


Hurricane Joaquin reaches Category 4 strength near the Central Bahamas on October 1, 2015.

Hurricane forecasting

Hurricane forecasting
Hurricane forecasting
Data and experience lead to advance warnings
Hurricane impacts
Not just wind: not just coastal threat
Hurricane hunters
Flying into storm’s core
Atlantic hurricanes and climate
Natural and human causes
What can coastal residents do to prepare?
Make a hurricane plan
UPDATED: May 22, 2018.

Forecasting where a hurricane will go and how strong it will be starts with data. Hurricane specialists at NOAA study satellite imagery and computer models to make forecast decisions for advisories that go to emergency managers, media and the public for hurricanes, tropical storms and tropical depressions.

Key data come from NOAA satellites that orbit the earth, continuously observing tropical cyclones (hurricane, tropical storm or tropical depression) from start to finish. Polar-orbiting satellites fly over the storm about twice a day at a lower altitude, carrying microwave instruments that reveal storm structure. If there’s a chance the cyclone will threaten land, NOAA’s National Hurricane Center (NHC) sends U.S. Air Force Reserve and NOAA hurricane hunter aircraft to fly through a storm to take detailed observations. NHC hurricane specialists also analyze a variety of computer models to help forecast a tropical cyclone. Each storm is different, and no one model is right every time, so the specialists’ experience with these different models is crucial to making the best forecast.

NHC senior hurricane specialist Dan Brown and branch chief Dr. Mike Brennan.
NHC senior hurricane specialist Dan Brown and branch chief Dr. Mike Brennan. (NOAA photo by Mike Mascaro)

The number of tropical cyclone advisories issued in 2017

When a tropical cyclone threatens the U.S. coast, NHC confers with meteorologists at NOAA’s National Weather Service forecast offices in the path of the storm to coordinate any necessary watches and warnings in those communities.

Every six hours NHC will issue updated text and graphics — all available on — that include track and intensity forecast for the next five days, along with the chances of tropical storm and hurricane-force winds at specific locations. A potential storm surge flooding map and a prototype storm surge watch/warning graphic are included. NHC also posts the same information on social media to ensure a wide distribution.

When watches or warnings are posted for the U.S. coastline, NHC opens a television media pool to give live interviews to national news outlets and the local TV stations in the path of the storm.

When it comes to hurricanes, most people think of wind. But water from storm surge at the coast and inland flooding claims the most lives.

Hurricane winds are rated from 1 to 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Based on maximum sustained winds, the scale gives examples of types of potential property damage and impacts.

5-8 feet

Flooding levels from the combined effect of storm surge and tides in the Florida Keys during Hurricane Irma

Yet, nearly half of the lives lost in a hurricane are related to storm surge, an abnormal rise of water over and above the predicted astronomical tides. Storm surge can be particularly severe if it coincides with normal high tide, resulting in storm tides reaching up to 20 feet or more in some cases.

A street in downtown Key West, Florida is impassable as damaged cars sit in the street and utility truck work to restore power after Hurricane Irma, Sept. 15, 2017.

And 25 percent of hurricane fatalities are due to inland flooding. Heavy rainfall can extend for hundreds of miles inland, producing extensive inland flooding as creeks and rivers overflow.

And it isn’t just hurricanes that carry the most water — some of the worst flooding on record has been caused by tropical storms.

To better prepare communities for storm surge, NOAA’s National Hurricane Center has developed a potential storm surge flooding map, which is released when there is a hurricane watch or warning along the U.S. East or Gulf Coast.  The map shows where storm surge flooding could occur in a near worst case scenario and gives the height in three feet intervals that water could reach above normal dry ground.

Beginning this year, NOAA's National Weather Service will issue Storm Surge Watches and Warnings to highlight areas along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the continental United States that have a significant risk of life-threatening inundation from a tropical, subtropical, post-tropical, or potential tropical cyclone.

The crews of the NOAA and U.S. Air Force Reserve hurricane hunter fleet fly around and directly into the storm’s center, measuring weather data to determine the storm’s location, structure and intensity.

When hurricane specialists at NOAA’s National Hurricane Center need a closer look at a developing storm or major hurricane, they send special “hurricane hunter” aircraft to fly into it.

Total number of missions flown by NOAA and USAF Hurricane Hunters in 2017

NOAA’s Hurricane Hunters  include two Orion P-3 aircraft and a G-IV jet.
NOAA’s Hurricane Hunters include two WP-3 aircraft and a G-IV jet. (NOAA)

Most of the hurricane hunters are the ten WC-130J aircraft of the Air Force Reserve 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at Keesler Air Force Base in Biloxi, Mississippi. NOAA’s two WP-3 Orion aircraft from MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida, are used mostly for research to improve hurricane forecasts.

Flying directly into the storm’s center, these turbo propeller planes drop probes called dropwindsondes from a chute in the aircraft’s belly at strategic points. Dropwindsondes continuously transmit critical weather data back to the plane, including pressure, humidity, temperature, wind direction and wind speed. The data give a detailed picture of the storm’s structure and intensity. The planes also have a special microwave radiometer that measures surface wind and the rate of rain.

All this data is then relayed from the plane to a satellite and then to NHC where hurricane specialists put it together to assess the cyclone’s strength, motion, and size. Radar data from NOAA and USAF hurricane hunters are fed into computer models to help forecasters make as accurate a forecast as possible, and to help hurricane researchers achieve a better understanding of storm processes.

It’s not always a bumpy ride. NOAA also has a G-IV jet that cruises 45,000 feet above and around a storm. It can cover thousands of square miles around a storm, using dropwindsondes and Doppler radar to collect different type of data from the storm’s core and surrounding environment. The data is sent to NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Prediction in College Park, Maryland, where it’s used in computer models that have been able to improve hurricane track forecasts by about 20 percent in recent years.

Large-scale conditions in the Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea will determine how active or inactive a hurricane season will be.

The number of storms in an Atlantic hurricane season depends on the large-scale atmospheric and oceanic environment in the areas where storms develop, in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Global phenomenon such as El Niño triggered by ocean warming in the equatorial Pacific may also affect whether Atlantic hurricanes develop.

Scientists say that while the historical record shows an increase in the numbers of Atlantic hurricanes since the early 1900s, this record does not reflect how much easier it has become to identify hurricanes since be began using satellites. Once this is factored in, scientists say there has been no significant overall increase in Atlantic hurricanes since the late 1800s.

On a shorter timeframe, however, the numbers of Atlantic hurricanes have increased, much of it beginning in 1995, as the tropical North Atlantic warmed and atmospheric conditions became conducive to increased hurricane activity, similar to what occurred during the mid-20th century.

One influence is a variation in North Atlantic Ocean temperatures called the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO), that has cool and warm phases historically lasting 25-40 years each. During its warm phase, North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures are unusually warm compared to the tropical average and the atmospheric conditions over the Atlantic are conducive to hurricane activity. The recent multidecadal variations in Atlantic sea surface temperatures may be partly due to human-caused factors such as dust or other aerosols and partly due to natural climate variability.  Scientists are continuing to work to better understand the relative contributions of these factors to the recent multidecadal variability.

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases have very likely contributed to the warming of tropical North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures observed over the past century. The World Meteorological Organization in 2010 concluded that by the late 21st century greenhouse warming is not expected to increase the number of tropical cyclones, but is expected to increase the average intensity of tropical cyclones. Near-storm rainfall rates are also expected to increase.

It only takes one storm that affects you to make it a bad hurricane season. If you live along the coast or in nearby areas affected by inland flooding, it’s essential to have a personal hurricane plan. This can mean the  difference between your being a hurricane victim and a hurricane survivor.

The time to put together that plan is well before a hurricane hits. Find out if you live in a hurricane storm surge evacuation zone. If you do, know where you would have to go.

Residents living in hurricane-prone locations should have an emergency plan in place
Residents living in hurricane-prone locations should have an emergency plan in place (iStock)

If you don’t need to evacuate, have the supplies you need to not just get through the storm, but for the potentially lengthy and unpleasant aftermath. Have enough non-perishable food, water and medicine to last each person in your family a minimum of one week.

Waiting until the storm is on your doorstep is too late. Resilience depends on preparation. The websites and will help you make a plan for yourself and your loved ones.

NOAA’s Weather-Ready Nation campaign is about building community resilience in the face of increasing vulnerability to extreme weather and water event, including hurricanes.

The nonprofit Federal Alliance for Safe Homesoffsite link (FLASH®) is a NOAA partner and the country’s leading consumer advocate for strengthening homes and safeguarding families from natural and manmade disasters.

Published on
May 16, 2016


When Is Cancer Misdiagnosis Considered Medical Malpractice?

The most common type of medical malpractice case is the result of misdiagnosis—accounting for nearly 25% of all malpractice claims. The most commonly cited misdiagnosis results from failure to properly diagnose cancer, particularly common among breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer.

When the importance of early diagnosis and treatment is considered, failure to diagnose cancer in a timely manner can have devastating consequences. However, our Dallas misdiagnosis lawyer knows how difficult it can be to prove negligence in a medical malpractice case.

Liability in Medical Malpractice Cases

When a doctor fails to properly diagnose cancer, it still may not be the basis for a viable medical malpractice lawsuit. In order to establish a strong case, you must be able to prove that the delayed diagnosis resulted from more than a reasonable mistake. The foundation for a viable medical malpractice case rests on the following:

  • The doctor breached the professional standard of care. In other words, the doctor acted in a way that differs from what a reasonable doctor would have done under the same circumstances.
  • The consequences of the misdiagnosis were avoidable. The patient must have suffered an injury that would not have otherwise occurred. Proving legal harm can be difficult in cancer cases as it can be very difficult to prove that the patient would have had a better outcome if the doctor had made the correct diagnosis.

The complex nature of medical malpractice cases involving cancer makes it quite difficult to establish a viable case without the help of an experienced medical malpractice lawyer. If you live in the Dallas area, please contact Polewski & Associates at 972-230-6200 for your free case evaluation.


Transactions in SQL Server Part I – An Introduction

A basic requirements in most SQL Server based applications is implementing a database operation (DDL or DML) in a single unit of work. The DDL requirement is more from a DBA’s perspective rather than the application, since any application would perform only INSERTs, UPDATEs and DELETEs on the existing data, and a DBA would be performing DDL statements on the existing database as part of schema updates. The default behavior of SQL Server is to implement implicit transactions, meaning every T-SQL Statement is committed as soon as it is executed. This works fine as long as there is only one query being executed. But this is seldom the reality in large applications.

Enterprise applications normally entail executing large transactions, ie. a large number of T-SQL statements to be executed as a single unit of work. This means, either all the statements run successfully or they all need to be rolled back. This is also one of the ACID properties of transactions – Atomic. This ensures that the state of the database is stable even in case of failure, and any subsequent operation can be performed gracefully. The implementation of these transactions becomes important in any multi-tier application where the user interface makes a call to the database in response to user actions. In the first part of this article, I will discuss the basics of SQL Server Transactions from a beginner developer’s perspective. Below is an example of how to define an explicit transaction:

--  T-SQL Statements
-- error catching SQL
    IF @@TRANCOUNT > 0

The first statement in this example is BEGIN TRANSACTION. This statement marks the beginning of an explicit transaction. Beginning with SQL Server 2005 onwards, a new block of T-SQL statements called BEGIN TRY… END TRY and BEGIN CATCH… END CATCH was introduced. These blocks make it easy for error handling. The main block, BEGIN TR… END TRY contains the statements to be executed. BEGIN CATCH… END CATCH is the error handling portion of the construct.

The BEGIN TRANSACTION statement marks the beginning of an explicit transaction. This statement should be the first statement in any block of code (Stored Procedure, Function). The BEGIN TRY… END TRY defines a block of code where the actual T-SQL Statements go. If all the statements within this block run successfully, then control is transferred to the first statement after the BEGIN CATCH… END CATCH block. If, however, any of the statements results in an error, then control is transferred to the BEGIN CATCH… END CATCH block.

Since we have defined an explicit transaction, we need to either roll it back, or commit it. The Rollback would occur in the BEGIN CATCH… END CATCH block. The Commit should be immediately after this block. The statement that rolls back a transaction is ROLLBACK TRANSACTION, and the statement that commits is COMMIT TRANSACTION.

In the example code above, I have checked for the value of the system variable @@TRANCOUNT before taking a decision of rolling back or committing a transaction. This variable indicates whether there are any transactions open in the current session, and if yes, we need to do something about them. Therefore, in the BEGIN CATCH..END CATCH block, if the value of the @@TRANCOUNT variable is greater than 0, it means we need to roll back the transaction because since control was transferred to this block when errors were encountered in the BEGIN TRY..END TRY block of statements.

Similarly, after the BEGIN CATCH..END CATCH block, we need to check the @@TRANCOUNT variable to determine if there are any transactions open, and these will need to be committed them when no errors were encountered in the BEGIN TRY block.

This is a very basic demonstration of the use of SQL Server Transactions which should be implemented in stored procedures and functions that are the basic blocks of T-SQL code, and form the backbone of any transaction based application. In the next article, I will discuss more advanced topics related to using and implementing transactions.


Donald Trump unveiled a scaled back tax plan on Thursday, which is projected to add less to the federal debt but also to deliver fewer benefits to taxpayers than his original proposal.

The plan dramatically reduces the size of tax cuts for high earners and the middle class, compared with earlier Trump proposals, though it includes even more benefits for the lowest earners in the country, according to independent analysts at the Tax Foundation. It also scraps a business tax provision that could have delivered large windfalls to the companies in the Republican presidential nominee’s business empire, which opponent Hillary Clinton had derided as “the Trump Loophole.”

Trump bundled the revisions with a proposal to cut $1 trillion in federal spending over a decade without touching safety-net programs or national defense; rollbacks to some federal regulations, including those governing air pollution and food safety, and new initiatives to open up more public and private lands for oil and gas drilling.

The Tax Foundation said the updated tax plan, after accounting for increased economic growth, would cost the government $2.6 trillion in lost tax revenue over a decade, down from $10 trillion for his initial plan.

Trump’s campaign predicted the package would deliver 3.5 percent growth per year for the next decade and produce 25 million new jobs, a number disputed by the Clinton campaign and some outside analysts.

Trump pitched his economic blueprint in a speech he delivered in a hotel ballroom a few blocks away from Trump Tower in New York. He took sharp aim at Democratic rival Hillary Clinton in his remarks, singling out her recent comment labeling half of his supporters a “basket of deplorables.”

“My plan will embrace the truth that people flourish under a minimum government burden and will tap into the incredible unrealized potential of workers and their dreams,” he said.

In a moderated discussion after his speech, Trump once again accused the Federal Reserve of being “ very political.” The Fed operates independently of the executive branch. Trump also said he would not allow the United States to default on its debt.

“The debt of this country is absolutely, one hundred percent sacred,” Trump said.

The speech came amid the Trump campaign’s recently intensifying focus on policy, as it seeks to get past a damaging summer defined by the deeply personal fights Trump engaged in with various people.

In the past week Trump has added new tax breaks for parents with children to his plans. On Thursday, he unveiled several tweaks to his broader plan that appeared largely aimed at reducing its impact on the budget. That apparently included scrapping a provision to allow “pass through” entities, a corporate structure popular with small business owners and with companies in the Trump empire, to pay a far lower rate on their income than they do at present.

Tax Foundation economists said they were instructed by the campaign to change the treatment of pass-through income, a move that reduced the plan’s cost by somewhere between $1 trillion and $2 trillion over a decade. The plan still would reduce federal revenue by $4.4 trillion over 10 years, or by $2.6 trillion after accounting for the additional growth, they estimated.

To offset those losses, Trump said he would generate even further economic growth via increased energy production and reductions in trade deficits — without touching Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid or defense. That implies large cuts to a relatively small group of programs including education spending and scientific research.

A Clinton senior policy adviser, Jacob Leibenluft, ripped the proposals. “The bottom line after this do-over is the same: Trump has run on tax plans that will give himself and his family billions of dollars in tax cuts,” he said in a statement. “He would give these tax cuts to wealthy families while offering new cuts in crucial supports that help working families, kids going to college, medical research, and more.”

In his speech Trump emphasized the need to do away with regulations he says are needlessly burdensome to businesses. Among the regulations Trump wants to end, according to a fact sheet from his campaign: FDA rules governing “the soil farmers use, farm and food production hygiene, food packaging, food temperatures, and even what animals may roam which fields and when.”

He announced caps on the total amount of federal tax deductions that Americans may claim on their individual income taxes, a move targeted at limiting tax breaks for the highest income earners. The caps would be $100,000 a year in deductions for individuals and $200,000 for married couples filing jointly.

His tax plan would also more than double the size of the standard deduction on individual income taxes for most workers, a move that would effectively shield millions more Americans from having to pay federal taxes. The deduction would increase to $15,000 for individuals and $30,000 for married filers.

The expanded standard deduction could dramatically shift how Americans calculate their taxes. Matt Jensen, who directs the Open Source Policy Center at the American Enterprise Institute, estimated Thursday that the changes would reduce the number of filers who itemize their deductions from 45 million to 13 million.

In another new detail, Trump said U.S.-based manufacturers would be allowed to fully write off the costs of new plants and equipment from their taxes, to encourage investment, though if they chose to do so they would give up their ability to deduct interest expenses.

Many other components of the plan appear unchanged from Trump’s most recent iteration of the proposal. It would reduce the number of federal tax brackets from seven to three, with rates of 12 percent, 25 percent and 33 percent, accordingly.

Tankersley reported from Washington.


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Author: Naomi Dunbar

The UK has a new tallest mountain. No, we didn’t miraculously sprout a new mountain from the ground in this sudden cold snap of weather. Mount Hope, however, is a mountain located in a part of the Antarctic claimed by the UK, and it has recently been re-measured, only to discover that it towers above the previous title holder (Mount Jackson) by a hearty 50m.

Due to concerns over the safety of pilots flying over the Antarctic, map technicians at the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) took another look at the height of the mountains in order to make flying safer. “In Antarctica there are no roads, so you if need to get around you have to fly planes. And if you’re flying planes, you really need to know where the mountains are and how high they are,” Dr Peter Fretwell, Geographic Information Officer at the BAS, explained when recently speaking to the BBC.

After the re-measure, it was discovered that Mount Hope is now a whopping 3,239m high (more than twice the height of Ben Nevis), in comparison to Mount Jackson which measures in at 3,184m. To make the new assessment, the technicians at the BAS used a combination of elevation models built from satellite information to achieve their calculations.

Mount Hope, Antarctica
Photo: Euphro

Extremely high-resolution photos were taken from the orbit by the America WorldView-2 spacecraft, which allowed for an incredibly detailed view of both Mount Hope and Mount Jackson. Dr Fretwell and his team call this process ‘photogrammetry’. They know the position of the satellite so well, that if they use two images of a mountain that are very slightly offset from one another, they can use simple trigonometry to work out that mountain’s height.

Sounds pretty simple doesn’t it? (No, don’t worry, I don’t have a clue how it all works either). Anyway, this ‘photogrammetry’ process is remarkably accurate and only holds an uncertainty of 5m either way. Therefore, there is no argument over Mount Hope’s new reining title.

While Mount Hope is not actually a mountain situated in the UK, technically speaking, it is part of the UK’s sovereign territory. This is why the mountain is now being named the UK’s highest mountain over the likes of Ben Nevis in Scotland.

Being in Antarctica, it’s probably not one we’ll tick off our UK bucket list anytime soon, but hey – it’s definitely on there. So, what are your thoughts of Mount Hope being claimed as the UK’s highest mountain? Let us know in the comments section below.

Featured image: Euphro


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[Read this article]
This article examines how second–generation Filipino Americans’ educational experiences and school racial context influence their sense of Asian American identity. Drawing on fifty in–depth interviews, I discuss how many Filipino Americans negotiate their individual and collective experiences in relationship to Asian American panethnicity, a process that shifts between high school and college. Within existing research on children of immigrants, studies focus primarily on mechanisms shaping ethnic or national origin identity, while saying relatively less about the factors affecting orientations toward panethnic categories.6 Interdisciplinary perspectives within ethnic studies and cultural studies have addressed the social construction of Asian American identity more directly. Previous scholars have highlighted Filipino Americans’ cultural and political marginalization since the inception of pan–Asian identity in the 1960s, citing their distinct colonial history and socioeconomic patterns as explanations.7 Others have discussed how this schism opens the possibility for Filipino Americans to panethnically align themselves with groups beyond Asian America, including Pacific Islanders, Latinos, and people of color more broadly.8 Ultimately, this article focuses on the educational arena as a key site of Filipino American racial formation. Specifically, I argue that the micro–level interactions and racial stratification of educational spaces mitigate how second–generation Filipino Americans negotiate their panethnic ties with Asian Americans, as well as other racial groups.


Cats domesticated themselves

In many, animal species are domesticated when humans bring them into their homes whether they want to be there or not. For example, it's mostly accepted that humans domesticated wolves, breeding them in captivity until they became the modern dogs we love today. Now, a new study of cat genetics reveals that cats just kind of hung around humans for thousands of years before they were domesticated. From Casey Smith's article in National Geographic:

Mice and rats were attracted to crops and other agricultural byproducts being produced by human civilizations. Cats likely followed the rodent populations and, in turn, frequently approached the human settlements.

“This is probably how the first encounter between humans and cats occurred,” says study coauthor Claudio Ottoni of the University of Leuven. “It’s not that humans took some cats and put them inside cages,” he says. Instead, people more or less allowed cats to domesticate themselves.

A second lineage, consisting of African cats that dominated Egypt, spread into the Mediterranean and most of the Old World beginning around 1500 B.C. This Egyptian cat probably had behaviors that made it attractive to humans, such as sociability and tameness.

The results suggest that prehistoric human populations probably began carrying their cats along ancient land and sea trade routes to control rodents.

"Cats Domesticated Themselves, Ancient DNA Shows" (National Geographic)


Applying conflict sensitivity in emergency response: Current practice and ways forward

How can emergency response be delivered in a more conflict-sensitive manner? To what extent should this be a priority for the sector? What practical tools and approaches have aid agencies used to better understand their contexts of intervention and minimize conflict risks?As these issues become increasingly prominent in regions of the world as diverse as the Horn of Africa, Afghanistan and Libya, Network Paper 70 offers insights to these pressing questions.Drawing on field research from Haiti, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, this paper maps the current state of conflict-sensitive practice in emergencies. It identifies good practices which can be built upon, key gaps, and points out practical ways to integrate conflict sensitivity more strategically across the emergency programme cycle.One of the key conclusions from this study is that there are clear opportunities for synergy between conflict sensitivity integration and the emergency capacity-building initiatives currently ongoing within many agencies. Significant improvements can be achieved through relatively simple steps which complement existing tools, standards and efforts to improve programme quality. The paper suggests six minimum standards for conflict sensitive emergency response which, if applied, would not only help minimize harm and reduce conflict risks but also increase the overall effectiveness of humanitarian response.This paper is based on research commissioned by CARE International UK and CAFOD on behalf of theConflict Sensitivity Consortium with the participation of World Vision InternationalPeace and Community ActionCatholic Relief ServicesActionAid International and Plan International.


Public Release:

Invasive forage grass leads to grassland bird decline

University of Illinois College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences

IMAGE: Dickcissels, small grassland birds, are more likely to experience nest failure when nests are surrounded by high amounts of invasive tall fescue grass, according to University of Illinois research. view more

Credit: Scott Maresh Nelson, University of Illinois

URBANA, Ill. - The prairies of North America once covered vast stretches of land, with towering grasses creating ideal nesting and forage habitat for grassland birds. But the deep, rich soil and treeless expanse also represented the ideal conditions for farming - both row crops and cattle grazing - in the eyes of settlers. Today, largely thanks to agricultural conversion, a mere 1 percent of tallgrass prairie remains. And what's left is now being threatened by invasive species and forest encroachment.

"With grasslands in steep decline, the birds that depend on them are also disappearing. Therefore, it is urgent that we understand how these more recent changes - invasive species and landscape shifts - influence grassland bird reproduction," says Scott Maresh Nelson, a doctoral student advised by Professor Jim Miller in the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences (NRES) at the University of Illinois.

In a recent study published in Landscape Ecology, Maresh Nelson and his colleagues found that a common cattle forage grass, tall fescue, is associated with nest failure in dickcissels, small grassland birds similar to sparrows.

"Despite its name, tall fescue is actually a lot shorter than native grasses. It takes over and makes the landscape more uniform," says Jaime Coon, also a doctoral student in Miller's group and a co-author on the study. "Whereas the vegetation was very structurally diverse before, with some tall plants and some short, now you have a mat. It changes the vegetation structure quite a bit."

"We were interested that tall fescue had such strong ecological effects, in part because fescue is a very polarizing plant," Coon says.

Her comment is based on extensive landowner surveys in the area, which revealed that while some respondents liked a high abundance of fescue, a majority would prefer less fescue on pasture land. Although it is palatable and drought tolerant, the grass hosts a fungus that can stress grazing cattle.

"The fact that fescue came out as one of the main drivers of nest failure means it might be a situation where removing an invasive grass might benefit wildlife and people's livelihoods," she says.

But why does fescue contribute to nest failure? The researchers point to earlier studies demonstrating that tall fescue hosts fewer insects than other types of vegetation. With less food around their nests, birds may be forced to make more feeding trips, attracting the attention of potential predators with every flight.

Fescue was also associated with nest parasitism by cowbirds, the most common avian parasite in North American grasslands. Cowbirds never build their own nests; instead, they lay their eggs in existing nests of other bird species. When a mother dickcissel finds a cowbird egg in her nest, she cares for it as one of her own, leaving fewer resources for her biological offspring. The researchers aren't sure why fescue affected parasitism, but parasitized nests in the study had fewer dickcissel eggs, failed more frequently, and produced fewer dickcissel fledglings.

Zooming out, the researchers looked at the role of large-scale landscape changes on nest survival. They mapped the presence of row crops and forested areas near their study sites, and found that dickcissel nests near forested areas were less likely to be parasitized.

"We think the cowbirds were laying their eggs in the nests of woodland birds instead. It was surprising, because dickcissel nests are usually their favorite," Maresh Nelson says.

Nests near row crops were slightly more at risk of failure, possibly due to greater nest predation by mammals such as raccoons that spend time near crop fields as a food source. But Maresh Nelson says that result wasn't entirely clear. "It seems like vegetation right around the nest is more important for survival than the large-scale context."

That ability to rank the relative importance of habitat factors influenced by human activity is one of the things that makes the study unique. And it allows the researchers to make nuanced recommendations to landowners and land managers.

"For people investing in land for conservation purposes, the landscape around the grassland may not be quite as important as what's actually in it, in terms of nest survival. But if they have the option to invest in land near a woodland, that could reduce nest parasitism and benefit the grassland species, although that's complicated since some predators may be more abundant near woods," Maresh Nelson says. "It's really important that we maximize the ability of the few remaining grasslands to provide for the species that depend on them."

The article, "Contrasting impacts of invasive plants and human-altered landscape context on nest survival and brood parasitism of a grassland bird," is published in Landscape Ecology [DOI: 10.1007/s10980-018-0703-3]. Authors include Scott Maresh Nelson, Jaime Coon, Courtney Duchardt, James Miller, Diane Debinski, and Walter Schacht. The research was supported by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the USDA's National Institute of Food and Agriculture, the Garden Club of America, and Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, North-Central Region.


SPONSOR: Schneider (Hosmer)

COMMITTEE ACTION: Voted "do pass" by the Committee on Criminal Law by a vote of 16 to 0.

This substitute makes changes to laws concerning crimes and punishments. In its major provisions, the substitute:

(1) Specifies that a state offense cycle number (OCN) must be supplied or approved by the Highway Patrol, and defines the "Missouri charge code" as a unique number assigned by the Office of State Courts Administrator to each offense for tracking purposes. The substitute requires the Department of Corrections to supply the central repository with all legal name changes, in addition to information that must already be updated (Sections 43.500, 43.503, RSMo);

(2) Makes gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) a Schedule I controlled substance, except in circumstances where GHB or its derivatives have been approved for medical use, in which case it is a Schedule III controlled substance. The substitute also makes ketamine and its derivatives a Schedule III controlled substance and removes it from the list of Schedule IV substances (Section 195.017);

(3) Establishes an affirmative defense to the crimes of abandonment of a child in the first degree and endangering the welfare of a child in the first and second degree if a parent leaves a newborn in the custody of a licensed medical facility, the newborn is no more than 30 days old, and the newborn has not been abused (Section 210.950);

(4) Requires the State Board of Probation and Parole to provide probation services for offenders convicted for criminal nonsupport when charged as a class A misdemeanor. Currently, the board only provides probation services for criminal nonsupport offenders when charged with class D felonies (Section 217.750);

(5) Allows regional jail district commissions to submit an order for an additional sales tax to provide jail services, court facilities, and equipment for the region if voted on by the district (Section 221.407);

(6) Requires a check for outstanding warrants of all prisoners about to be released. If outstanding warrants exist, the prisoner may not be released and the jurisdiction issuing the warrant must be informed (Section 221.510);

(7) Clarifies that "secure facilities" for persons acquitted due to mental disease or defect include the Marshall Habilitation Center. The substitute also states that parents or guardians of committed persons may appeal any transfer to the Marshall Habilitation Center (Sections 552.020 and 552.040);

(8) Includes juvenile officers among those protected under provisions concerning the crime of tampering with a judicial officer (Section 565.084);

(9) Makes it a class D felony to knowingly engage in sexual conduct with an animal, or knowingly cause another to engage in sexual conduct with an animal for sexual gratification (Section 566.111);

(10) Creates the crime of leaving a child unattended in a motor vehicle. The crime is committed in the first degree when a child who is 10 years old or younger is knowingly left unattended in a motor vehicle and fatally injures another person with the vehicle. The crime is committed in the second degree if the child injures another person with the vehicle. Knowingly leaving a child unattended in the first degree is a class C felony. In the second degree, the crime is a class A misdemeanor (Section 568.052);

(11) Creates the crime of an unlawful drug transaction with a child, defined as a person less than 17, and makes it a class A felony. Ignorance as to the age of the child is not a defense (Section 568.072);

(12) Makes it a class B felony to buy or sell or attempt to buy or sell any person less than 18 years of age (Section 568.176);

(13) Increases the penalty for aiding in the escape of a prisoner being held in custody or confinement on the basis of a felony charge or conviction from a class D to a class B felony (Section 575.230);

(14) Allows the court, after considering all the circumstances, to close to the general public and law enforcement agencies certain criminal and juvenile records. Knowingly failing to close or releasing closed information is a class B misdemeanor. Knowingly using closed records is a class D felony (Sections 610.122, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6);

(15) Requires the Highway Patrol to develop, operate, and maintain an information system for the storage and analysis of Highway Patrol and other, self-reported, law enforcement agency incident and arrest reports. Data included must also address activity relating to the distribution of methamphetamine and other illegal drugs (Section 650.400); and

(16) Requires the Highway Patrol to provide information to the national systems and annually publish a report to the Governor and the Department of Public Safety. The penalty for violation of these provisions is potential ineligibility for state and federal funds (Section 650.403).

FISCAL NOTE: Estimated Net Cost to General Revenue Fund of $2,296,323 to Unknown in FY 2001, $1,978,281 to Unknown in FY 2002, and $2,020,830 to Unknown in FY 2003. Estimated Net Cost to Criminal Record System Fund of $284,118 in FY 2001, $598,198 in FY 2002, and $613,187 in FY 2003.

PROPONENTS: Supporters of SB 530 say that there are presently facilities in Marshall that are available for housing defendants who are acquitted due to mental disease or defect. Transferring these defendants would be beneficial because other facilities in the state are not as secure, and communities often do not want to house the defendants.

Testifying for the bill were Senator Schneider; ARC of Missouri; and Office of the Attorney General.

OPPONENTS: There was no opposition voiced to the committee.

Sarah Madden, Legislative Analyst