Mapping the blockchain project ecosystem

    Blockchain innovation, cryptocurrencies, and token sales are all the rage today. Nel 5+ years Ive been operating in the VC market, this is by and big the fastest Ive seen any location of innovation remove in regards to brand-new business( or job)development.

    It wasnt too long ago that vcs and creators were generally concentrated on central exchanges, business or personal blockchain options, wallets, among numerous other popular blockchain start-up concepts that controlled the marketplace from 2012 to someplace around 2016.

    però, as I discussed a couple of months earlier, the increase of Ethereum with its Turing-complete scripting language and the capability for designers to consist of state in each block, has actually led the way for wise agreement advancement. This has actually caused an increase of groups developing decentralized jobs looking for to make the most of the most important residential or commercial property of blockchainsthe capability to reach a shared fact that everybody settles on without intermediaries or a central authority.

    There are lots of interesting advancements pertaining to market both in regards to enhancing existing blockchain performance along with the customers experience. Offered the quick rate at which jobs are coming to market, io’ ve discovered it to be challenging to keep track of each and every job and where each one fits into the community.

    inoltre, esso ’ s simple to miss out on the forest for the trees without a thorough view of exactly what the proverbial forest appears like.

    As an outcome, Qui’ s a put together a list of all the decentralized blockchain-based tasks that I have actually been following, and had the ability to collect through research study, together with suggestions from good friends in the community.

    A fast disclaimer: While its challenging to pigeonhole a number of tasks into one classification, I did my finest to determine the primary function or worth proposal of each job and classify them. There are definitely lots of tasks that fall under the gray location and might suit several classifications. The hardest ones are thefat procedureswhich use performance in more than a few locations.

    Below is a summary of each more comprehensive classification Ive recognized, discussing a few of the subcategories that comprise them:

    For the a lot of part, these tasks were developed with the objective of constructing a much better currency for different usage cases and represent either a shop of worth, circulating medium, or a system ofaccount.

    While Bitcoin was the very first and is the most popular jobin the classification, a number of the other tasks set out to surpass a specific element of Bitcoins procedure or customize it to a particular usage case.

    The Privacy subcategory might most likely fall under either the Payments or Base Layer Protocols classifications, however I chose to break them out independently offered how essential confidential, untraceable cryptocurrencies (specifically Monero and ZCash)are for users who want to hide a deal since they choose not to transmit a specific purchase for one factor or another, or for business who weart wish to expose trade tricks.

    Developer Tools

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    Projects within this classification are mainly utilized by designers as the foundation for decentralized applications. In order to permit users to straight communicate with procedures through application user interfaces(for usage cases besides monetary ones), a lot of the present styles that lie here have to be shown out at scale.

    Protocol creates around scaling and interoperability are active locations of research study that will be necessary parts of the Web3 advancement stack.

    In my viewpoint, this is among the more fascinating classifications at the minute from both an intellectual interest and a financial investment perspective.

    In order for much of the blockchain usage cases weve been assured to come to fulfillment such as totally decentralized self-governing companies or a Facebook option where users have control of theirown information, fundamental, scalable facilities has to develop and grow .

    Many of these tasks focus on doing simply that.

    inoltre, these jobs aren ’ t in awinner take alllocation in the exact same method that state a cryptocurrency may be as a shop of worth.

    Per esempio, constructing a decentralized information market might need a variety of Developer Tools subcategories such as Ethereum for wise agreements, Truebit for faster calculation, NuCypher for proxy re-encryption, ZeppelinOS for security, e Mattereum for legal agreement execution to guarantee security when it comes to a disagreement.

    Because these are procedures and not centralized information silos, they can talk with one another, and this interoperability makes it possible for brand-new usage cases to emerge through the sharing of information and performance from several procedures in a single application.

    Preethi Kasireddy does a fantastic task of describing this vibrant Qui .

    This classification is relatively simple. Quando tu ’ re engaging with a variety of various procedures andapplications(such as in the Developer Tools example above ), numerous might have their own native cryptocurrency, and hence a variety of brand-new economies emerge.

    In any economy with several currencies, Là ’ s a requirement for tools for exchanging one system of currency for another, assisting in financing, accepting financial investment, and so on

    The Decentralized Exchanges(DEX)subcategory might perhaps have actually been classified as Developer Tools.

    Many tasks are currently beginning to incorporate the 0x procedure and I expect this pattern to continue in the future. In a world with the capacity for an outrageous variety of tokens, extensive adoption of applications utilizing a number of tokens will just be possible if the intricacy of utilizing them is abstracted awayan advantage offered by decentralized exchanges.

    Both the Lending and Insurance subcategories take advantage of economies of scale through threat aggregation.

    By opening these markets and enabling individuals to now be priced in bigger swimming pools or on a separated, private basis(depending upon their danger profile), expenses can reduce and for that reason customers must in theory win .

    Blockchains are both immutable and stateful so due to the fact that previous interactions are kept on chain, users can be positive that the information that comprises their private history hasnt been damaged.

    As the group at Blockstack explains in their white paper:

    Over the last years, noi ’ ve seen a shift from desktop apps(that run in your area)to cloud-based apps that keep user information on remote servers. These central services are a prime target for hackers and regularly get hacked. ”

    Sovereignty is another location that I discover most fascinating at the minute.

    While blockchains still struggle with scalability and efficiency concerns, the worth supplied by their trustless architecture can supersede efficiency problems when handling delicate information; the safekeeping which were required to count on 3rd parties for today.

    Through cryptoeconomics, users weart have to rely on any private or company however rather in the theory that human beings will act reasonably when properly incentivized .

    The tasks in this classification offer the performance required for a world where users arent required to rely on any private or company however rather in the rewards executed through cryptography and economics.

    Value Exchange

    An essential style of the Bitcoin procedure is the capability to have trust among numerous various celebrations, regardless of there being no relationship or trust in between those celebrations beyond the blockchain. Deals can be developed and information shared by numerous celebrations in an immutable style.

    esso ’ s extensively thought about reality that individuals start to arrange into companies when the expense of collaborating production through a market is higher than within a company separately.

    But exactly what if individuals could arrange into this proverbialcompanywithout needing to rely on one another?

    Through cryptoeconomics and blockchains, the time and intricacy of establishing trust is abstracted away, which permits a great deal individuals to share and team up in the earnings of such cooperationwithout a hierarchical structure of a conventional company .

    Oggi, intermediaries and lease candidates are an essential evil in order to keep order, preserve security, and implement the guidelinesof P2P markets. In numerous locations, these cryptoeconomic systems can change that trust, and cutting out intermediaries and their charges will permit users to exchange items and services at a considerably lower expense.

    The jobs in the subcategories can be broken down into 2 primary groups: non-fungible and fungible. Markets that permit users to exchange products and services that are fungible will commoditize things like storage, calculation, web connection, bandwidth, energy, and so on. Business that offer these items today contend on economies of scale which can just be displaced by much better economies of scale.

    By opening hidden supply and permitting anybody to sign up with the network(which will end up being simpler through tasks like 1Protocol ) this not ends up being a complicated job, when again collapsing margins to no.

    Non-fungible markets weart have the exact same advantages although they still permit service providers to make exactly what their great or service is in fact worth instead of exactly what the intermediaries believes its worth after they take their cut.

    Shared Data

    One method to consider the shared information layer design is to take a look at the airline company markets Global Distribution Systems(GDS ’ S). GDSs are a central information storage facility where all the airline companies press their stock information in order to finest coordinate all fill out, consisting of paths and rates.

    This permits aggregators like Kayak and other business in the area to displace conventional travel representatives by developing a front end on top of these systems that users can negotiate on.

    Typically, markets that have actually been most appealing for intermediary aggregators are those where there is a considerable barrier to entry in completing straight, however where technological advances have actually developed a driver for an intermediary to aggregate incumbents, associated metadata, and customer choices(as held true with GDS ’ S).

    Through monetary rewards supplied by blockchain based jobs, noi ’ re experiencing the single most impactful technological driver which will open various markets, other than the worth not will accumulate to the aggregator however rather to the people and business that are supplying theinformation.

    In 2015, Hunter Walk composed that a person of the greatest missed out on chances of the last years was eBays failure to open their track record system to 3rd parties which wouldve put them at the center of P2P commerce.

    I ’d even take this an action even more and argue that eBays single most important property is credibility information which is developed over extended periods of time, requiring user lock-in and approving eBay the power to impose high taxes on its usersfor the assurance that they are negotiating with great stars. In shared information blockchain procedures, users can take these kinds of datasets with them as other applications hook into shared information procedures, decreasing barriers to entry; increasing competitors and as an outcome eventually increasing the rate of development.

    The other method to consider shared information procedures can be finest explained utilizing a central business, such as Premise Data , as an example. Property Data releases network factors who gather information from 30+ nations on whatever from particular food/beverage usage to products utilized in a particular location.

    The business utilizes maker discovering how to draw out insights and after that offers these datasets to a series of consumers. Instead of finding and employing individuals to gather these datasets, a job might be begun that permits anybody to gather and share this information, annotate the information, and develop various designs to draw out insights from the information .

    Contributors might make tokens which would increase in worth as business utilize the tokens to buy the networks datasets and insights. In theory, the outcome would be more factors and greater quality datasets as the marketplace sets the going rate for info and compensates individuals appropriately relativeto their contribution.

    There are lots of comparable possibilities as theopen information platformhas actually been a popularstart-up concept for a couple of years now with numerous business discovering fantastic success with the design. The obstacle I anticipate will remain in sales and company advancement.

    Most of these business offer their dataset to bigger companies and it will be fascinating to see how decentralized tasks disperse theirs in the future. There are likewise chances that werent successful or formerly possible as a standalone, personal company to pursue, considered that the economics weart work for a personal business.

    Ultimately, cryptocurrencies are simply digital possessions belonging to a particular blockchain and&tasks in this classification are utilizing these digital possessions to represent either real life products(like reasonable&tickets )or information.

    The immutability of public blockchains enables network individuals to be positive in that the information composed to them hasnt been damaged or altered in any method which it will be available and readily available far into the future .

    Hence why, for delicate information or markets for items which have actually generally been swarming with scams,it would make good sense to utilize a blockchain to guarantee the user of their stability.

    While theres a great deal of development taking place throughout all these classifications, the tasks simply getting going that Im most thrilled about are allowing the web3 advancement stack by supplying performance thats needed throughout various usage cases, sovereignty through user gain access to control of their information, along with fungible worth exchange.

    Given that beyond monetary speculation weve yet to see traditional cryptocurrency usage cases, facilities advancement and usage cases that are greatly remarkablefor users in either expense, personal privacy, and/or security in incredibly fragile locations(such as identity, credit report, VPNs among others)appear to be the most likely prospects to catch substantial worth.

    Longer-term, io ‘ m delighted about jobs allowing whole communities to take advantage of shared information and the bootstrapping of networks(non-fungible worth exchange). io ’ m rather sure there are a number of other locations that Im not looking at properly or sanctuaryt been dreamt up!

    As constantly if youre structure something that fits these requirement or have any remarks, concerns or points of contention, I ’d love to speak withyou.

    Thank you to Jesse Walden , Larry Sukernik , Brendan Bernstein , Kevin Kwok , Mike Dempsey , Julian Moncada , Jake Perlman-Garr , Angela Tran Kingyens e Mike Karnjanaprakorn for all your assistance on the marketplace map and article.

    disconoscimento: Compound is a financier in Blockstack and 2 other jobs discussed in this post which have actually not yet been revealed.

    * This short article initially appeared on Medium and has actually been republished thanks to Josh Nussbaum.

    Leggi di più: https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/16/mapping-the-blockchain-project-ecosystem/


Janet Yellen on Unconventional Monetary Policy
Mark Thoma's Frustration

Christina Romer: Empiricists and Theorists on Federal Reserve Policy

I would have put it differently--and less politely.

The Inflation Debate That’s Muting the Fed’s Response : Monetary policy makers are all hawks now. Even those who most emphasize the Fed’s role in fighting unemployment oppose policies that would raise inflation noticeably above the Fed’s implicit target of about 2 percent. The real division is not about the acceptable level of inflation, but about its causes, and the dispute is limiting the Fed’s aid to the economic recovery. The debate is between what I would describe as empiricists and theorists.

Empiricists... put most weight on the evidence... that the main determinants of inflation are past inflation and unemployment. Inflation rises when unemployment is below normal and falls when it is above normal. Though there is much debate about what level of unemployment is now normal, virtually no one doubts that at 9 percent, unemployment is well above it. With core inflation running at less than 1 percent, empiricists are therefore relatively unconcerned about inflation in the current environment.

Theorists... assume people are highly rational in forming expectations of future inflation.... Fed actions that call its commitment to low inflation into question can cause inflation expectations to spike, leading to actual increases in prices and wages. For theorists, any rise in an indicator of expected or future inflation, like the recent boom in commodity prices, suggests that the Fed’s credibility is at risk....

Now, not every monetary policy maker fits neatly into these categories. Most empiricists care about expectations of inflation and would hesitate to take extreme actions for fear that they would damage the Fed’s credibility. Some theorists oppose monetary expansion on other grounds, like the fear of setting off asset price bubbles. But the main division is between the empiricists who say “inflation is unlikely at 9 percent unemployment” and the theorists who say “inflation could bite us at any moment.”...

Most monetary policy makers agree that quantitative easing can stimulate the economy.... The fight over quantitative easing is about the costs. The empiricists say the policy won’t cause inflation because the economy remains so weak. The theorists argue that a small gain in growth could come at the price of a rapid rise in inflation.... As a confirmed empiricist, I am frustrated that the two sides have been able to agree only on painfully small additional aid for a very troubled economy. For a sense of how much more useful monetary policy could be, one can look to the Great Depression....

Franklin D. Roosevelt took the United States off the gold standard in April 1933, and rapid devaluation led to huge gold inflows and a large increase in the money supply. Roosevelt also made it clear that the monetary expansion would not be reversed. Expectations of deflation, which had been enormous, abated quickly. As a result, with nominal rates at zero, real interest rates (the nominal rate less expected inflation) plummeted. The first types of demand to recover were ones that were sensitive to interest rates. Automobile production, for example, jumped 42 percent from March to April in 1933. Inflation did pick up somewhat in the mid-1930s, in part because of other New Deal measures like the National Industrial Recovery Act. But the inflation was modest, and after the crushing deflation of the early 1930s, widely celebrated.

THE triumph of hawkish views on inflation means that there is no appetite today for a Roosevelt-style, inflationary monetary policy. But that doesn’t mean the Fed couldn’t be more aggressive if the empiricists were willing to risk a split with the theorists.

In a strongly worded article and speech several years ago, before he was Fed chairman, Ben S. Bernanke provided a user’s manual for responsible but unconventional monetary policy. Mr. Bernanke focused on Japan in the 1990s, but his recommendations could apply just as well to the United States today. The Fed could engage in much more aggressive quantitative easing, both in size and in scope, to further lower long-term interest rates and value of the dollar. It could more effectively convey to markets its intentions for the funds rate, which would also lower long-term rates. And it could set a price-level target, which, unlike an inflation target, calls for Fed policy to take past years’ price changes into account. That would lead the Fed to counteract some of the extremely low inflation during the recession with a more expansionary policy and lower real rates for a while.


Sister Paulanne Held spearheads Our Lady of Perpetual Help's The Needy Family Fund, which helps people going through a crisis.
Sister Paulanne Held spearheads Our Lady of Perpetual Help's The Needy Family Fund, which helps people going through a crisis. (Charlie Kuhn)

Sister Paulanne Held teaches seventh and eighth grade students at Our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic School. She spearheads the parish’s The Needy Family Fund, which was started 33 years ago by Father Myles McDonnell. The parish held a fundraiser dinner Dec. 2 and raised approximately $4,200 for the fund. A Glenview Announcements reporter volunteered at the event.

Q: What is the purpose of The Needy Family Fund?

A: (Father McDonnell) suggested we start this fund to help people in our parish and community. It helps families in crisis, people who have lost their job, people dealing with illness. We’ve paid for several funerals, and several were children of the community. It really is a hands-on (effort) helping people move forward in crisis.

Q: Why should people donate to the fund?

A: Because when people are in crisis they have nowhere to go. People get overwhelmed when they are in crisis … and they don’t know what to do. They don’t know where to go. Churches really need to have an outreach program that responds to people in the parishes and in the community.

Q: What is an example of the impact the fund has had?

A: A single mom who has four boys and she has a brain tumor, and she can only work part-time. She’s not always able to work so she can’t pay all her bills. We respond to that to help her to get through this. We had a dad with cancer, and he had four children. He died, and those children were young. So to help that mom … was really important.

Q: What do you enjoy about being in charge of the fund?

A: To see people able to move forward. That’s really a good feeling.

Q: What does your daily routine consist of?

A: The routine starts early in the morning. I start with sitting at my desk writing notes to people who have been generous. I set up for the church Mass every morning. I am in school by 7:15 a.m. In the evening sometimes there are meetings, otherwise doing more writing and doing lesson plans. The day goes fast.

Q: What do you enjoy about teaching?

A: The children. They are great inspiration. I tell them they have to change the world. They have to make it better. They have to care about people.

Q: Looking back on your time teaching, is there a memory that sticks out the most?

A: When a child struggles and feels success. That’s certainly a great satisfaction for a teacher.

Q: Do you have any words of wisdom for the community?

A: We have to remember that we can make a difference. We can change the world. Our influence has great value to help people to do that.

Shout Out is a weekly feature in which we get to know and introduce our readers to their fellow community members and local visitors throughout suburban Chicago.

Twitter @AKukulka11


Bacteria. A class of microorganisms that cause infections.

Beta blockers. A widely prescribed class of drugs to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) that can trigger psoriasis.

Chronic. Long lasting, ongoing.

Coal tar. A thick, black liquid used as a topical treatment for psoriasis.

Contact dermatitis. A condition resulting from contact between skin and some allergy-causing substance, or an irritant, such as detergent, fragrances, or jewelry.

Corticosteroids. Also called steroids. These steroids are similar to hormones that your body produces. They can reduce inflammation.

Cortisone. A natural hormone that can be made synthetically for use as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Dandruff. Skin cells that grow and die off too fast.

Dead Sea Salts. A blend of minerals found in the Dead Sea in Israel used as a bathing treatment.

Dermatitis. Inflammation of the skin.

Dermatologist. A medical doctor who specializes in skin conditions.

Epsom salts. Used in the bath to relieve the aches, pains, and itch of psoriasis.

Erythrodermic psoriasis. (eh-reeth-ro-der-mic pso-ri-a-sis). The least common type of psoriasis, it can cover your entire body with a red peeling rash that can itch and burn.

Exfoliate. To remove dead skins cells from the surface of the skin.

Flare-ups. Sudden outbreaks.

Guttate (guh-tate) psoriasis. Psoriasis that shows up as red, drop-like spots on the skin.

Immune system. The body’s natural defense against foreign substances and organisms that could lead to illness.

Inflammation. A process by which the body’s immune system malfunctions.

Inverse psoriasis. Smooth, red patches may appear in skin-folds in the armpits, groin, under the breasts and around the genitals. Sweating and friction can make things worse.

Lesions. A wound or injury to the skin.

Light therapy. The use of ultraviolet (UV) light to slow the rapid growth of new skin cells. Also called phototherapy.

Lithium. A medication used to treat bipolar disorder and other mental illnesses; can trigger psoriasis.

Mild psoriasis. Psoriasis that covers less than 3 percent of the body.

Moderate psoriasis. Psoriasis that covers 3 to 10 percent of the body.

Oatmeal bath. An alternative treatment for psoriasis that eases itching and reduces redness.

Oral medications. Medicines taken by mouth.

Phototherapy. The use of ultraviolet (UV) light to slow the rapid growth of new skin cells. Also called light therapy.

Plaque (plak) psoriasis. A common type of psoriasis, which causes dry, red patches (also known as plaques) with silvery scales.

Plaques. Patches of red, rough skin covered with silvery scales caused by psoriasis.

Psoriasis. A chronic skin condition caused by an overactive immune system.

Psoriatic (pso-ri-a-tic) arthritis. An immune system disorder that includes both inflamed, scaly skin and inflamed joints. They don’t necessarily happen at the same time.

Pustular psoriasis. A rare type of psoriasis that causes skin to become red and painful with raised, pus-filled bumps.

Pustules. Small blisters or pimples on the skin containing pus.

Recurring symptoms. Symptoms that return.

Salicylic acid. An ingredient that exfoliates skin and improves its texture and color.

Scaling. Abnormal shedding or build-up of an upper layer of skin.

Skin biopsy. A small sample of skin that is removed (biopsied) and examined under a microscope.

Steroids. Synthetic drugs that decrease inflammation and reduce activity of the immune system.

Systemic treatment. Medicines that affect the entire body.

Topical. On the surface of the body.

Topical treatments. Medicines applied on the surface of the skin.

Triggers. Things that make psoriasis symptoms worse or cause flare-ups. Common psoriasis triggers include emotional stress, injury to the skin, certain drugs, and infections.

Ultraviolet light. Also called phototherapy; exposure to ultraviolet light slows the rapid growth of new skin cells.

Zinc PCA Complex. The unique moisturizing ingredient in Dermarest® that combines zinc PCA, panthenol, and white tea extract.


You are here:Home/News/ Rethinking Empire

Rethinking Empire

Posted On August 10, 2017 | 16:30 pm | by baileyt | Permalink
The 2017 Byzantine Studies symposium

Published a little more than a century ago, C. P. Cavafy’s haunting allegorical poem Waiting for the Barbarians is a particularly malleable elegy.

Set in a nebulous, vaguely imperial state on the day it is to be turned over to an encroaching barbarian horde, the poem describes the pendulous moment of transition when the pomp of rhetoric and glamor of an empire ascendant have given way to uncertainty, hollow dread, and ceaseless, destabilizing questioning. The purpose, meaning, and identify of the particular state is no longer the important concern; rather, the notion of empire itself, once so solid and a priori, has come into question. The poem might very well serve as a shorthand description for the aims of Dumbarton Oaks’s most recent Byzantine Studies symposium.

“Rethinking Empire,” held at Dumbarton Oaks between April 21 and 22, 2017, sought to situate Byzantine studies within a broader historical discussion, taken up by scholars of other hegemonic civilizations in recent years, about the nature of empire and imperialism as they’ve existed across different periods and geographical areas. Primarily, the symposium was aimed at interrogating Byzantine culture and imperial institutions, relations between core and periphery, and questions of ethnic diversity and territoriality. Coinciding with the centenary of the First World War, it was also concerned with comparisons over time and across space, and the competitive dynamics of imperial powers.

Former Director of Byzantine Studies Elena Boeck set the course for the symposium’s proceedings, describing their focus on the manner in which imperial identity was articulated and the mechanism of authority, and, on the other hand, the substructure beneath it all—the bureaucrats, image-makers, and lecturers who supported the empire.

The day’s lectures began with two brief presentations delivered by cosymposiarchs Paul Magdalino, of the University of St Andrews, and Dimiter Angelov, of Harvard University. Magdalino’s talk sounded the necessity for rethinking empire, calling it a “necessary step in the exploration of Byzantine political identity.” Examining the political states, or empires, that existed in the years leading up to the First World War, Magdalino teased out the remnants of the Roman conception of empire as they manifested in, among other things, architectural presentation.

The monumental architecture of capital cities was, and still is, dominated by triumphal columns and arches, and imperial leaders still claimed descent from Rome in their titles, like kaiser and czar, that are vernacular derivatives of caesar. As Magdalino attested, successful definitions of empire tend to involve comparison, and in that vein, he contended that kingship and empire are inseparable. The ritual consecration and establishment of heirs central to kingship are a first step in the establishment of empire.

Dimiter Angelov’s talk followed by attempting to define empire in a much more literal sense. His lecture analyzed the conceptual vocabulary of statehood. Examining the relative prominence of terms like arche and basileia, Angelov asserted that the diversity of appellations, and the lack of consensus on which to use and when, is revealing. Among the nuances of usage discussed by Angelov were the rise in frequency of basileia in the ninth century as a response to Charlemagne’s rule in the west, the relative rarity of autokratoria, and the perennial popularity of arche—used by Thucydides to describe the Athenian Empire, the persistence of arche in Byzantium marked a desire to claim continuity with the ancient world.

The symposium’s proceedings were divided into five thematic sections, the first of which, on “The Roman and Late Antique Matrix,” was chaired by John Duffy, of Harvard University. Emma Dench, also of Harvard University, examined contemporary scholarly approaches to understanding how the “premodern empire” of Rome functioned. Limning the history of traditional thought that viewed the Roman Empire as a singular belief system—and empire itself as a conversion process—Dench described the consequences of these theories. When one considers the Roman Empire as a belief system, with individual buy-in, rather than as a top-down model of ruling, Dench explained, the distance between rulers and subjects is minimized, and the importance of power structures is downplayed.

The next lecture, delivered by Sylvain Destephen, of the University of Paris, sought to analyze the effect of the gradual sedenterization of Byzantine emperors on imperial authority. Over time, Destephen explained, the figure of the peripatetic emperor—continuously travelling across the empire for diplomatic purposes and to reinforce hegemony visually—began to disappear, as imperial sojourns after 450 were limited more and more to the areas directly surrounding Constantinople. Various developments in the administrative structure of the empire, including a complex system of grants and privileges that helped to bolster authority in the provinces, led to the obsolescence of showy manifestations of dynastic legitimacy. In effect, as Destephen concluded, the emperor went unseen because there was no longer a need to be seen.

Ruth Macrides, of the University of Birmingham, chaired the next session, on “Territoriality and Ethnicity.” John Haldon, of Princeton University, began the afternoon’s talks by asking whether the realities of the Byzantine Empire’s geographical layout corresponded with how the empire perceived its borders. Haldon argued that eastern Romans understood their empire as a territorial entity with fluctuating boundaries whose mission was to reclaim lands lost to other powers and, in so doing, extend the territorial sway of Christianity. Over time, as the empire contracted, it still made concerted efforts to fit its conception of its imperial self to the territorial circumstances it found itself in.

Tapping into a subject that would recur throughout the symposium—the status and role of the Byzantine Empire’s provincial elite—Vivien Prigent, of the French National Center for Scientific Research, outlined the ways in which Byzantium, using local elites, managed a relatively small pool of resources and ever-decreasing territorial holdings. The lynchpin of imperial control, as Prigent argued, was the locally supreme, nonaristocratic official who most likely would have held little sway in Constantinopolitan society. Using surviving seals to gauge the proliferation of titles and the number of provincial elites from the seventh to the eleventh century, Prigent described the complex relationship between local elites—who wanted their property protected and their power legitimated—and the imperial center of Byzantium, which linked an increasingly state-dependent elite to destabilization of the empire.

Questions of identity—the identity of an empire, and the identities of groups living within and constituting the empire—were central to the symposium. Accordingly, Anthony Kaldellis, of the Ohio State University, delivered the final lecture of the day, which asked a simply worded, though difficult to solve, question: Was Byzantium a multiethnic empire? Positing that one of the best methods for inserting Byzantine studies into the broader imperial turn in historical studies is to focus on the concept of ethnicity, Kaldellis began by outlining some of the difficulties in discussing ethnicity in Byzantium.

Previous studies documenting an alleged ethnic diversity, Kaldellis argued, in reality simply pointed to nonresidential communities as evidence of this diversity: prisoners of war, foreign ambassadors, itinerant merchants, and a small Muslim community, also possibly mercantile. Once this “Potemkin diversity” is brushed aside, Kaldellis claimed, it becomes clear that Byzantium, as a culture, has been denuded of its ethnic connotations—the Romans of Byzantium, as contemporary sources make clear, were once seen as an ethnic group.

Michael McCormick, of Harvard University, served as commentator for the first day of the symposium, leading a nearly hour-long discussion session on the day’s proceedings.

The second day of the symposium was given over to comparative approaches. Derek Krueger, of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, chaired the day’s first thematic section, on early medieval empires in the Roman world. Jennifer Davis, of the Catholic University of America, began with a talk entitled “Rethinking Empire: The Carolingian Perspective.” Charlemagne’s reign, Davis contended, was shaped by the process of empire itself—rather than imposing policies from a center onto a periphery, Charlemagne employed a heuristic approach to empire, starting from pragmatics and developing policy from there. In the realm of political economy, for instance, there is little to no evidence of consistent, direct taxation in the Carolingian world. Rather, Davis said, the Carolingians combined multiple sources of irregular income, including tributes and plunder, that only became significant when aggregated.

Angel Nikolov, of the University of Sofia, continued to expand the territorial reach of the symposium, examining the conversion of Bulgaria into an Orthodox empire at the turn of the tenth century. His talk centered around Symeon I, the Bulgarian emperor who oversaw an escalation of military and political conflicts with the Byzantine Empire. Nikolov traced the origins of Symeon’s policies to those of his father, Boris-Michael, who converted the Bulgarians to Christianity, and the formative years he spent as a youth in Constantinople in the 870s.

As Nikolov demonstrated, Symeon was driven by a desire to supplant Byzantium as the center of eastern Christendom, a goal that manifested in such initiatives as the construction of churches and the prolific translation of patristic texts. Ultimately, Nikolov contended, a reinterpretation of the imperial project of Symeon I is overdue. For Symeon I, empire was not simply an instrument to abet the expansionist policies of his forebears, but a method of formalizing Bulgaria’s status as a religious center and, thereby, laying claim to the reins of the Eastern Roman Empire.

The next thematic section, chaired by Ioli Kalavrezou, of Harvard University, examined the culture of empire. Neils Gaul, of the University of Edinburgh, returned to one of the well-trod legends of Byzantium: its sprawling, top-heavy, and hopelessly complex bureaucracy. Analyzing the roles civil servants played as “agents of empire,” Gaul discussed the recruitment and educational practices that helped to develop the bureaucracy from the seventh century on. Trained in the basics of rhetoric and classicizing grammar (and aided in this process by schedography, the learning of impromptu rhetoric), budding civil servants were often put to display their learning in both written and oral form. Indeed, as Gaul explained, surviving evidence suggests that students were subject to elaborate and ceremonial oral entrance exams before they were allowed to enter the ranks of officeholders. Such contests, at least by the twelfth century, were even presided over by the emperor—though it’s likely, Gaul ceded, that a senior civil servant was tasked with the actual examination.

Civil servants were relied upon to link the empire, and to some degree, as Gaul attested, their reach defined the rather porous borders of the eastern Roman politeia. In this vein, the day’s proceedings continued with a more focused rumination on the nature of borders, delivered by Annabel Wharton, of Duke University. Centering her talk on the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and attempts, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, to replicate it in the form of texts, diagrams, drawings, and models, Wharton interrogated the significance of imperial peripheries, positing that these liminal spaces, rather than simply offering up their resources to imperial centers, can in fact define and challenge them.

In particular, Wharton analyzed the drawings of the Franciscan father Bernardino Amico, whose elaborate and precise architectural renderings of the Holy Sepulchre amounted to a printed walking tour. Employing craftsmen in Bethlehem, Amico even produced three-dimensional models of the structure, made of polished olive wood and camel bone and inlaid with mother-of-pearl—exploring the scaled models was, in a way, a surrogate pilgrimage. Throughout her talk, Wharton sought to draw parallels between the mimetic possession of the Holy Sepulchre, as offered by Amico’s artifices, and the general Christian desire to reclaim the Holy Land—a desire manifested, from time to time in history, by the violence of the crusades.

The symposium’s final thematic section was chaired by Robert Ousterhout, of the University of Pennsylvania, and focused on comparative contexts. In his talk, “The Long and Winding Road to Empire,” Cemal Kafadar, of Harvard University, looked at evidence for the gradual transformation of the Ottoman state into an empire over the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. Kafadar began his exploration by analyzing transformations in the usage, over time, of the epithet “Rumi,” which denoted an individual from Rûm—that is, Rome.

With time, as Kafadar explained, “Rumi” began to be used to refer Muslims living in the (former) lands of Rûm; by the early thirteenth century, it was being used to describe Turkish-speaking Muslim urbanites and to distinguish them from Turks who had remained, so to speak, “ethnic.” As Kafadar made clear, his analysis arose from instances of Ottoman self-representation. Around 1500, he pointed out, Ottoman authors began to write collective biographies of the poets and artists of Rûm—in their own critical discourse, they began to speak of concepts like Rumi temperament, Rumi nature, Rumi manner, and Rumi comportment. As Kafadar argued, the development of the sense of empire was tied to this emotional and affective relation to the inhabited lands themselves.

Continuing the emphasis on comparative contexts, Michael Puett, of Harvard University, delivered an analysis of a rarely considered pairing of empires: those of Chinese late antiquity and the early Byzantine Empire. While comparisons between the Roman Empire and the Han dynasty of China have long fascinated scholars, Puett argued that subsequent regional empires, though less studied comparatively, share striking similarities, not the least of which is a traditionally skewed historical perspective. Just as the narrative of the fall of the Roman Empire has resulted, in part, from a later dominant western Europe reading history backward, so the history of China’s other regions has been elided by the latterly dominant southern coastal regions.

Running through a sketch of Chinese imperial history, Puett touched upon a number of familiar strategies in the consolidation of power, including the creation of a bureaucratic class to undercut aristocratic power. Eventually, as the imperial system overtook China, a new cosmological and ritual viewpoint superseded the paradigm of the divine right of kings; the ruler, rather than being a divine figure, was demoted, and became simply a son of heaven. Consequentially, as Puett explained, in a move redolent of the Byzantine emperors’ gradual confinement to Constantinople, rulers could no longer move through the entire realm or offer sacrifices in the provinces; this practice was instead enacted by local elites.

Paul Magdalino delivered the final lecture of the symposium, a wide-ranging reflection on the religious dimension of empire entitled “Rethinking Theocracy.” As Magdalino contended, the development of theocracy required monotheism; while countless political regimes throughout history have acknowledged the sovereignty of supernatural power, it is only beneath the brace of monotheism that the political articulation of obedience to an all-powerful deity is truly exemplified—and, thus, theocratic. Centering his discussion on the conversion of Constantine and his attempts to Christianize the cult of the Roman emperor, Magdalino described the “ideological repackaging” of the Roman state within an aura of sacredness, and the rhetorical articulation of this process.

The development of Byzantine theocracy, as Magdalino evinced, amounted to a repackaging of empire as an anticipation of the kingdom of God. It was deeply eschatological, an orientation that had its strengths in maintaining order but that lost its appeal when the end of the world lost its urgency. For theocratic Byzantium, inheriting the kingdom was more important than conquering the world.

Hearkening back to his previous talk, which had opened the symposium, Magdalino closed by reflecting on the concept of the “elect nation,” its remarkable success, and its cultural and historical survival into the modern age. In doing so, he touched upon nationalism, the perpetual play of borders, and the motifs developed by the Byzantine theocratic regime that have been redeployed, time and again, to justify empires.

Following Magdalino’s lecture, Maya Jasanoff, of Harvard University, served as commentator, leading a discussion that, while focusing on the second day’s talks, ranged over the entirety of the symposium’s proceedings—that is, centuries, continents, and empires.


No Man's Sky Wiki Guide

Center of the Galaxy (Ending)

The Center of the Galaxy is the end-game scenario for No Man's Sky's primary campaign. While players are free to explore the galaxy at their leisure and to their heart's content, the ultimate goal of the single-player mode is to reach the elusive center and the main story ending of No Man's Sky.

Potentially enormous spoilers exist below.  If you do not want to know what will be discovered at the Galaxy's center, you should not read any further.

Spoilers below!

No Man's Sky Ending[edit]

The Center of the Galaxy exists a one way portal leading to new galaxy in different dimension, an element in a potential megaverse. After a brief, starry cinematic with no narration, the player emerges on the edge of a new galaxy. This new galaxy initially appears to be similar, but may or may not differ substantially from the original.

The new galaxy appears in most ways to be functionally identical to the previous. The center of the galaxy is usually around 180,000 light years away and with a regular hyperdrive which has 100 light years per jump max, you can get there in at least 1800 jumps, but that's with the standard hyperdrive. If you get the Warp Reactor Sigma (300 ly/jump), then you can get there in around 600 jumps. If you have the Warp Reactor Tau (500 ly/jump), it takes at least 360 jumps to get there. If you have the Warp Reactor Theta (900 ly/jump), it will only take around 200 jumps. Apparently you can even combine them to get even more, for example you can do Tau + Theta to get a maximum of 1300 ly/jump, meaning you could reach the center in about 139 jumps.

You can find the different type of Warp Reactor upgrades by either talking to aliens and helping them out successfully, in which case they will gift you with a random upgrade, or by finding broken pods on a planet's surface that contain random ship upgrades. When doing this, it's best to fly along the surface of the planet and look out for any burning pods with a blinking blue light. It's also recommended that you fly to a planet with little life, as trees and fauna might make it difficult to find the pods.

Alternate ending (Atlas Path)

There is alternate ending in No Man's Sky - You just got to follow the Atlass Path while collecting Altass Stones. This way uncovers story of Atlas and is alternate way of completion - "My journey is complete. A great sense of fulfilment washes over me..."

Just like after the main ending your'e free to explore the universe or reach the centre of it. To fully complete the Atlas path we need milestone Maggelan reached (50 of total journey milestones)

Full video below shows all effects after reaching the Centre of Universe (Main ending)


Hans Asperger assisted Nazi regime of euthanasia, report claims

Asperger’s Syndrome named after paediatrician who was a pioneer of autism research

A man stands in front of the “Arbeit macht frei” (Work sets you free) gate in the former Nazi death camp Auschwitz, Poland. Photograph: Kacper Pempel/Reuters

Hans Asperger, the respected Austrian paediatrician whose name describes a form of high-functioning autism, actively assisted in the murder of disabled children by the Nazis, a new report claims.

Asperger’s Syndrome, marked by an impaired ability to interact socially with others, tends to affect people of average or above average intelligence.

It was first identified by Professor Asperger in 1944 who used the term “autistic psychopathy” to describe the condition of four children under his care.

In 1981, the British psychiatrist Lorna Wing, who helped establish the National Autistic Society in the UK, introduced the diagnosis of “Asperger’s Syndrome” in honour of her predecessor.

But according to new evidence, the pioneer of autism research whose reputation is that of a strong opponent of Nazi ideology, had a hidden dark past.

Documents uncovered by an Austrian medical historian suggest that Prof Asperger ingratiated himself with the Nazi regime to the extent of participating in its murderous euthanasia programme.

Asperger is said to have referred profoundly disabled children to the notorious Am Spiegelgrund clinic, where their “unworthy” lives were snuffed out.

An estimated 789 children, many with severe mental problems, were systematically killed at the Vienna clinic, mostly by lethal injection and gassing.

Others died from disease and starvation, or were subjected to harsh medical experiments.

“Aktion T4,” the horrific euthanasia programme, personally authorised by Adolf Hitler, set out to cull the incurable and severely disabled.

Up to 300,000 victims, including children, were exterminated at clinics in Germany, Austria, Poland and the Czech Republic between 1939 and 1945.

Herwig Czech, from the Medical University of Vienna, set out the claims against Prof Asperger after trawling through previously unexamined documents from the Nazi era including personnel files and patient records.

He said: “These findings about Hans Asperger are the result of many years of careful research in the archives.

“What emerges is that Asperger successfully sought to accommodate himself to the Nazi regime and was rewarded with career opportunities in return.

“This is part of a broader effort by historians to expose what doctors were doing during the Third Reich.”

‘Abhorrent eugenics’

The allegations are reported in the journal Molecular Autism, whose two editors explained why they believed Prof Asperger to be guilty as charged.

One of them, leading British autism expert Professor Simon Baron-Cohen, from Cambridge University, said: “We are aware that the article and its publication will be controversial.

“We believe that it deserves to be published in order to expose the truth about how a medical doctor who, for a long time, was seen as only having made valuable contributions to the field of paediatrics and child psychiatry, was guilty of actively assisting the Nazis in their abhorrent eugenics and euthanasia policies.

“This historical evidence must now be made available.”

Co-editor Professor Joseph Bauxbaum, from Mount Sinai Medical School in New York City, said: “We are persuaded by Herwig Czech’s article that Asperger was not just doing his best to survive in intolerable conditions, but was complicit with his Nazi superiors in targeting society’s most vulnerable people.”

Another point of view was presented by Canadian expert Anthony Bailey, Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of British Columbia.

He said the accusations against Prof Asperger should be seen “in context”.

Prof Bailey said: “Virtually all doctors in Germany at that time were members of the Nazi Party and there was almost no opposition to the euthanasia programmes for the mentally ill and handicapped, except from one or two heads of asylums and a very small number of Catholic bishops. ”

Carol Povey, from the National Autistic Society, said: “We expect these findings to spark a big conversation among the 700,000 autistic people in the UK and their family members, particularly those who identify with the term ‘Asperger’.

“Autism affects everyone differently and people often have their own way of talking about autism. We will be listening closely to the response to this news so we can continue to make sure the language we use to describe autism reflects the preferences of autistic people and their families.

“Obviously no-one with a diagnosis of Asperger’s Syndrome should feel in any way tainted by this very troubling history.”


Blood Donation: Tips For Female Donors

Donating blood is a safe and simple act which can make a significant difference to people who have suffered accidents, are undergoing surgery, fighting cancer, etc. People are encouraged to donate whenever they can, no matter what blood type they have.

Aside from age and certain health conditions, gender can also be a factor if you are donating. Here are some tips for female donors who may have to take extra precautions:

How long should I wait between blood donations?

Healthy donors are eligible to donate every 56 days, according to recommendations. If you are pregnant, you should not donate blood as it could put your or your baby at risk for complications.

The exception in some cases is when your doctor asks you to provide blood if they think you might require a transfusion at the time of delivery. They will also let you know how long to wait after childbirth before you are eligible to donate again.

Should I take precautions if I am a teenager?

Depending on your state, you should be at least 16 or 17 years old to donate blood. While it is safe and encouraged for the most, a recent study highlighted how female donors in the 16-18 age group are at higher risk of iron deficiency and associated anemia.

There are rules in place to protect young donors such as the minimum weight requirements as revealed in this chart by the American Red Cross. For additional precautionary steps, you may also speak to a healthcare provider about taking iron supplements or increasing the time between donations.

Is there anything I should eat or drink?

It is a good idea to include iron-rich foods in your diet prior to donation — meat, leafy greens, seafood, and sweet potatoes to name a few. Also, do not skip any meals as regularly eating is what keeps your blood sugar levels stable.

You should be well-hydrated before donating blood so make sure you drink enough water. Alcohol, on the other hand, should be avoided before and after donation due to the risk of dehydration.

Is it safe to donate blood when I am on my period?

If you are in good health, it may be fine to donate during your menstrual cycle. If you are experiencing symptoms like cramps or tiredness, losing blood could make you feel worse so it may be better to delay the donation till after your period ends.

Ebony Dunkley of NHS Blood and Transplant advises against donating if you are having a particularly heavy period. "This is because any form of blood loss can reduce the iron levels in your body and potentially make you feel unwell for a short time," she told Cosmopolitan UK.


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cfa考试1、单项选择题(本题型共5小题，每小题20分，每小题只有一个正确答案，请从每小题的备选答案中选出一个你认为正确的答案，在答题卡相应位置上用2B铅笔填涂相应的答案代码，答案写在试题卷上无效)1、Earlier this year, Barracuda Company issued 5,000 employee stock options. Recently, 2,000 options were exercised at a price of $10 per share. To avoid dilution, Barracuda purchased 2,000 shares at an average price of $12 per share. Barracuda reported both transactions as financing activities in its cash flow statement. For analytical purposes, what adjustment is necessary to better reflect the substance of the stock repurchase?

Operating cash flow Financing cash flow

A. Decrease $4,000 No adjustment

B. No adjustment Increase $4,000

C. Decrease $4,000 Increase $4,000

2、If a lessee enters into a finance lease rather than an operating lease, it can expect to have a:

A. higher return on assets.

B. higher debt-to-equity ratio.

C. lower debt-to-equity ratio.

3、Which of the following statements regarding a direct financing lease is least accurate?

A. The principal portion of the lease payment is a cash inflow from investing on the lessor';s cash flow statement.

B. Interest revenue on the lessor';s income statement equals the implicit interest rate times the lease payment.

C. The lessor recognizes no gross profit at the inception of the lease.

4、Which of the following statements about the impact of leases on the financial statements of the lessee is least accurate?

A. Net income is lower in the early years of a finance lease than an operating lease.

B. A finance lease results in higher liabilities compared to an operating lease.

C. Cash flow from investing is higher for a finance lease than an operating lease.

cfa一级5、Interest expense is reported on the income statement as a function of:

A. the market rate.

B. the coupon payment.

C. the unamortized bond discount.

answer：Barracuda reported a $4,000 net outflow from financing activities [2,000 options* ($12 average market price-$10 exercise price)]. However, since the options are a form of compensation, the $4,000 outflow should be reclassified as an operating activity for analytical purposes. This is accomplished by increasing financing cash flow $4,000 and decreasing operating cash flow $4,000.

answer：Leasing the asset with an operating lease avoids recognition of the debt on the lessee’s balance sheet. Having fewer assets and liabilities on the balance sheet than would exist if the assets were purchased increases profitability ratios (e.g., return on assets) and decreases leverage ratios (e.g., debt-to-equity ratio). In the case of a finance lease, the assets are reported on the balance sheet and are depreciated.

answer：Interest revenues are calculated by multiplying the implicit interest rate by net receivables at the beginning of the period.

answer：Cash flow from investing is not affected by a lease being either a finance or an operating lease. Finance leases reduce cash flow from operations by only the portion of the lease payment attributed to interest expense. Cash flow from financing is reduced by the rest of the finance lease payment which is the principal part of the payment.

answer：Interest expense is always equal to the book value of the bond at the beginning of the period multiplied by the market rate at issuance.


Being Bilingual in Spanish a discrimination against job seekers

Bilingual in spanish or any other language shouldnt be a qualification unless its a translator job, oppurtunity for all

Bilingual in Spanish or any other language shouldnt be a requirement in a job unles sits a translator job, if its a skilled job like Nursing, banking, teaching (general), engineer, lab tech, health, I dont need to be able to be fluent or speak spanish, since my primary job isnt to speak spanish but my skill.

It is discrimatory, against non speakers , it is not a skill to speak Spanish uless it is a translator job.


The french revolution and the 3rd estate

The french revolution and the 3rd estate

Footer About Us School History is a growing library of premium quality history worksheets, teaching resources and online history courses for use in the classroom. This was especially true of day laborers, who were not allowed to organize unions and who turned to badly led strikes.

What did the third estate want

Part of the trouble lay with such economic fundamentals as backward methods of farming, the shortage of land, and overpopulation. Before , wages had risen by around 20 percent, however, food prices and rents had increased by 60 percent in the same period resulting in the struggles they faced. In Finland, this legal division existed until , still drawing on the Swedish constitution of On these occasions deputies from the States of the various provinces as the counties, prince-bishoprics and duchies were called asked for more liberties. Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet, and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages. If the clergy and nobility wanted a voice in shaping the future of France, they must sit in the National Assembly as equals with the Third Estate. The Riksdag, and later the Diet of Finland was tetracameral : at the Riksdag, each Estate voted as a single body. Makeup of the Estates The Third Estate was thus a vastly larger proportion of the population than the other two estates, but in the Estates General , they only had one vote, the same as the other two estates had each. Each were free men, and had specific rights and responsibilities, and the right to send representatives to the Riksdag of the Estates. As in Sweden, the nobility has not been officially abolished and records of nobility are still voluntarily maintained by the Finnish House of Nobility. This book was not the only expression of this idea as there was a flood of similar pamphlets and essays circulating the nation in early The only way the wealthiest of the bourgeoisie could gain nobility was by buying it through venal offices, though by the s this was becoming very expensive.

Because the Parliament of Scotland was unicameral, all members sat in the same chamberas opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons. The clergy was represented by the independent prince-bishopsprince-archbishops and prince-abbots of the many monasteries. The Riksdag, and later the Diet of Finland was tetracameral : at the Riksdag, each Estate voted as a single body.

You will note, however, that this time he does not offer any supporting evidence for his statement.

estates general

Free course French Revolution 2. Their representatives to the Diet were elected indirectly: each municipality sent electors to elect the representative of an electoral district.

first estate clergy
Rated 9/10 based on 94 review
The Third Estate Facts, Information & Summary


How to write a coursework planets

The entire course syllabus is a disaster and meant to create issues and confrontation. It was poorly written, dreamed up, and executed.

How to write a coursework planets

Astronomy Terminology In this tutorial WorldWide Telescope is used to demonstrate the how to write a coursework planets behind some of the most commonly used terms in astronomy.

Also ensure View from this location is not selected in the View pane. Objects in the sky are located using right ascension RA and declination Dec.

Right ascension in space is equivalent to longitude on the Earth. Longitude is an east-west bearing from the Greenwich Meridian, right ascension is the east-west bearing from an equally arbitrary point in space - the point where the Sun crosses the celestial equator on the March equinox.

how to write a coursework planets

The equinox is chosen because at this point the Earth is neither tilted towards or away from the Sun, but instead is vertically aligned with the Sun the solstices occur when the tilt is at a maximum.

The celestial equator is none other than the Earth's equator projected out into space, and the north and south celestial poles are simply our own poles projected out indefinitely. Where the Sun crosses the celestial equator both right ascension and declination are zero. Declination is similar to latitude on Earth, measuring a north-south bearing.

Objects above the celestial equator have a positive declination, objects below it a negative declination. The track of the Sun across the sky is known as the ecliptic. The First Point of Aries should now be in the middle of your view.

Why Pluto is No Longer a Planet - Universe Today

The right ascension and declination of celestial objects do not change, unless the position of the objects changes relative to the coordinate system which of course they do, but very slowly, so slowly that it is only necessary to revise the coordinate system every 50 years.

Each time a coordinate system is fixed, it is called an epoch. The current epoch, and the only one supported in WorldWide Telescope, is the J epoch - namely the position of the celestial objects and coordinate system at Noon on January 1st in the yearat the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England.

The change to the J epoch was made inas the positions of stars can be predicted accurately in advance of the actual year. There may of course be a change to the J epoch, perhaps sometime after the year Of course stars and all other objects do appear to move in the sky, as a result of the rotation and orbit of the Earth.

At any one moment the position of an object in the sky can be referenced by its azimuth and altitude. Azimuth is similar to longitude or right ascension, in that it is an east-west bearing from true north.

Altitude is an angle rather than a distance, it is the angle up or down from the horizon. By convention positive azimuth is to the east, negative to the west, and positive altitude is up from the horizon.

Unlike right ascension and declination, azimuth and altitude change continuously. For example, open the Search panel, then enter Sirius in the search text box.

When the bright star Sirius appears, zoom away from it until the view is from Earth that is, minimize the zoom completely.

how to write a coursework planets

Right-click on Sirius in the sky to bring up the Finder Scope. Note that the seconds values for the Altitude Alt and Azimuth Az of Sirius are changing, even when you look at the star in real time. The altitude and azimuth will now change quite quickly. Altitude and azimuth are very useful values when aligning a physical telescope from Earth to locate a particular star or planet.

The values are different for every view point on Earth, hence the usefulness of right ascension and declination as a fixed coordinate system. The Magnitude entry on the Finder Scope refers to the apparent magnitude of the brightness of Sirius.

For a description of what this means refer to the Stellar Brightness section, or work through the Tutorial: Visiting the Neighbors tutorial. The Distance entry on the Finder Scope is the distance to the object in light years. A light year is an enormous distance. The speed of light in a vacuum is ,Accounting.

UCLA > Courses | Summer Discovery

Astronomy coursework is a frequent one which requires immense efforts from the side of the students but sometimes in spite of the good astronomy coursework, students are not able to gain good marks, the reason is the choice of topic and even if they are able to devise a good topic but still they miss some important aspects that should be the.

Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays. reviews of American Military University written by students. Write out all the important aspects you can easily recollect.

A good outline will ensure that you don't deviate from your topic and stick to the point. When you are done with that, think about your paper on a bigger scale.

Essay Writing Service #1 | Custom Papers -


Short E And Long Worksheets O Sound Vowel Sounds For Kindergarten

short e and long worksheets o sound vowel sounds for kindergarten

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BP403 - Buddhist Logic and Epistemology

The course is designed as a systematic study of the system of epistemological logic developed by Dignāga and Dharmakirti during the 6-7th century A.D. Topics of discussion will include: forms of syllogism, essence of judgment, impact of names and inference, theory of -sense-perception, validity of knowledge, and the reality of the external world.


• $2.99

Publisher Description

What is manipulation, how is it used in our everyday lives, and why is it such a prevalent force in our society? Whether you consciously realize it or not, you use this tactic and have it used on you very often. Although some people have a negative association with the word, it isn’t always a bad thing, and can in fact help you a lot in life. Here are some of the concepts you will learn about in this book:
Automatic Mental Processes: Every single human on the planet has been conditioned to behave in certain ways as a response to particular stimuli. This is what makes us suggestible to influence and manipulation. Once you understand this process, you can use it to your benefit, and also to protect yourself from others.
 Positive vs. Negative Manipulation: There are different types of manipulation, some which are beneficial to all involved, and others which are harmful and detrimental. In this book, you will learn to tell the difference between the two.
 The Benefits of Positive Manipulation: Ethical manipulation, also known as persuasion or influence, is one of the most important social skills you can develop. When you master this, an entire new world opens up to you professionally, personally, and otherwise.
 Protecting yourself from Negative Manipulators: There are always people out there who try to prey on others and use them for their own benefit. Once you become aware of the tactics they use, and why, you can effectively protect yourself from this happening to you. When you know what to watch for, you will never fall victim to a person like this.

April 14
Ryan James
Draft2Digital, LLC

More Books by Ryan James

Other Books in This Series


why are local numbers coming up international instead

My daughter is having issues with making calls.  She tried to call someone yesterday that is local but came up you do not have international calling.  She tried again this morning, the same number came up the persons name, but number in Brazil.  Is this problem her phone, (iPhone 7) or Verizon?

Any help is appreciated.

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Re: why are local numbers coming up international instead

Community Manager
Community Manager

Damom111, I would be just as concerned with not being able to call out to local numbers as well. We are here to help assist with your daughter's phone. This issue likely stems from a phone setting, which is causing the device to not configure the number correctly. However, let's ensure we look at this from a few angles.

Does this only happen with one contact or all numbers that she dials. If she deletes that contact, and then adds them as a new contact does the same issue occur?

Just in case, have her look into Settings > Phone > Dial Assist > Is this setting set to ON or OFF?

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Comparison Of Falling Into Place And The Perks Of Being A Wallflowers (Essay Sample)

You will have one major composition project in this course. You will write a comparison/contrast paper about our two novels (5-6 pages). You will incorporate evidence from the novels and from outside sources.
These two novels are Falling into Place and The Perks of Being a Wallflowers.

Death As Seen In Two Different Sets of Eyes
Cowardly. That's what they say about the act or even the thought of suicide. But how much do people really understand about its nature? Charlie and Liz, despite having very different personalities both struggle with thoughts of suicide among other pains associated with growing up. Charlie identifies as a “wallflower”, introverted and shy while Liz is a popular kid. But depression does not discriminate between popular kids and wallflowers. In Stephen Chbosky's The Perks of Being a Wallflower and Amy Zhang's Falling Into Place, both these young adults go through these excruciating moments in their lives. Stories like Liz' and Charlie's are important pieces of literature that would help in opening people's eyes to what it is really like to deal with such thoughts and perhaps, one day, end the stigma around it.
To start with, Charlie in The Perks of Being a Wallflower is introverted, shy, and quite unpopular while Liz in Falling Into Place is popular and well-respected. Charlie struggles, as any normal teenager does, in his journey to young adulthood but finds a few friends that he's comfortable with. He had a loving family except that one member of that trusted group of people abused him in his childhood. This trauma stayed with him for a long time and had been a major trigger or stressor for him toward the end of the story. It is easy to relate to Charlie if you are someone who has not always been understood by many. Liz, on the other hand appears to have it easy being the well-loved kid that she is. However, she also found herself in the hospital after an attempt to take her own life. Perhaps, one thing that is strikingly similar in both of these young people's worlds is loneliness. Both authors showed us the very nature of loneliness and that no matter what your current situation is, it can strike and strike hard.
Charlie narrates his story by writing to a stranger about his attempts to “participate” in life which shows readers that this boy doesn't have a lot of people to talk to. Chbosky's style is so effective that one can feel precisely how lonely Charlie is. Like Charlie once wrote to the stranger in his diary, “I just need to know that someone out there listens and understands” (Chbosky, 9). While Falling Into Place is narrated in the third person perspective, we are given a clear view into Liz' struggles and pains despite the seeming glamour in her life. Zhang was very creative in her use of integrating theories in physics to capture her readers' attention and show how gravity, velocity, and acceleration among others have become part of and accentuated the story. "She was tired. Gravity pulled at her more aggressively than usual” (Zhang, 177). Both stories have quite sad undertones but have been enjoyable to read because of the captivating storytelling. On the note of loneliness, perhaps both books can teach us that it is not true that loneliness only happens when one is alone. A person can be surrounded by lots of people and still feel lonely. This loneliness can drive one to extreme behavior even to the point of committing suicide, though we must be careful not to hastily point to only one reason why a person may have suicidal ideations. Suicide is not caused by only one thing, rather a combination of many issues internally and externally, one of which is loneliness. Certain studies have shown that emotional pains can sometimes be recognized by the brain as being similar to that of physical pains. The pain of losing a loved one registers in the brain as an extreme physical pain. This is why many people find themselves in a state of shock after a painful separation. “Social and physical pain might rely on overlapping neural processes” (Eisenberger, Lieberman, 298). Charlie feels that he is...

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The Crystarium is a city of the First reflection of Hydaelyn from Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers. It serves as the new hub city for players in the expansion.

A bustling city that developed around the Crystal Tower in the years following its sudden appearance in Lakeland. It serves as a safe haven for people of all races and creeds as they join hands in the struggle against the merciless sin eaters.

Landmarks and servicesEdit

Musical themesEdit

  • The Crystarium is a near identical recreation of the unnamed city that first appeared in the Rapture demo from 2005.


Tree of Savior Forum

Backmasking - Cast Animation

Considering Backmasking’s main use it to Rewind magic circle duration, i suggest making backmasking animation and effect be almost instantaneous.

Right now it takes slightly more than 1 second to be cast, and considering the entire skill is meant to be used to rewind duration of magic circles when they are about to expire, being able to use it on the very last moment to double the duration would feel more amusing and meaningful than having to use it 1-2 seconds beforehand just because the animation takes too long.

Thanks for your attention.


Low Blood Pressure Home Remedies

Submitted by Thiruvelan on Tue, 06/20/2017
Hypotension Home Remedies

Raise your blood pressure without medication, using these effective home remedies to improve your low blood pressure.

10 Effective Home Remedies for Low Blood Pressure

  1. Raisins are a traditional remedy excellent for treatingac hypotension. Soak 30 to 40 raisins in a cup of water overnight. Eat them first in the morning on an empty stomach. You can discard the water in which the raisins soaked, because raisin skin may have pesticide residues. You can additionally soak two to three dates for improved efficiency.
  2. Almonds milk is another traditional home remedy for low blood pressure. Soak five to seven almonds in water overnight. In the next morning, peel off the skin, grind it with water and drink a cup of this nut milk every morning to prevent your blood pressure from falling. It is rich in Omega-3 fatty acids.
  3. Holy Basil or Tulsi is beneficial for low blood pressure by help balancing the mind and reduces stress. Additionally, Tulsi leaves are rich in potassium, magnesium, and vitamin C, which help to regulate your blood pressure. Chew four to five Tulsi leaves every morning.
  4. Licorice root is a popular home remedy to normalize your low blood pressure caused by low cortisol level. It helps increase cortisol by blocking the enzyme that breaks down cortisol. Additionally, it supports healthy adrenalin function. Licorice tea recipe: Steep one teaspoon of licorice powder in a cup of boiling water for about five minutes. Alternatively, you have 400 to 500 mg of licorice root capsules per day.
  5. Beetroot Juice helps both low and high blood pressure. Drink a cup of raw beetroot juice twice daily improves your blood pressure (low as well as high). Other natural fruit juices are also helpful to improve your blood pressure.
  6. Rosemary is useful in normalizing your low blood pressure by stimulating the central nervous system and improve circulation. Take up to 10 ml of rosemary tincture per day. Alternatively, for aromatherapy benefit, you can add three to four drops of rosemary essential oil in your diffuser.
  7. Carrot Juice is an easy way to improve low blood pressure. Wash the 3 to 4 fresh carrots, peel & chop it, use a blender to blend it into a smooth juice along with two teaspoons of honey or raw sugar and drink it twice daily in the morning & evening.
  8. Lemon Juice is useful for low blood pressure, especially if the cause is dehydration or poor digestion. It energizes your body by stimulating the liver and digestion. Squeeze ½ lemon in a glass of water, add a pinch of salt, add 1 or 2 teaspoons of raw honey, and drink for the first time in the morning.
  9. Ginger is useful for both low and high blood pressures. Ginger has anti-oxidant, anti–clotting, anti–spasmodic, and anti–inflammatory property that stimulates your blood circulation and improves blood pressure. Wash an inch of ginger, peel the skin, grated it, boil with a cup of water, taste it with a spoon of honey or raw sugar and ½ lemon, and drink it twice in the morning and evening.
  10. Siberian Ginseng is an adaptogen, which helps strengthen your body and increase your resistance to stress. Siberian ginseng is useful for heart problems, high blood pressure, and low blood-pressure problems. Take 1 to 2 teaspoons of sliced Siberian ginseng root, boil it with a cup of water, steep for about 15 minutes, strain the liquid, sweeten with raw sugar, and drink twice daily.

It’s important to keep your blood pressure at a healthy range. Unfortunately, there is no quick fix for hypotension. Support these natural home remedies by changing to low blood pressure lifestyle choices that help improve low blood pressure.


Earl Finkler

There is a new book out about a fairly long-standing psychological disorder for American veterans: “The Evil Hours. A Biography of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.”

The author—former Marine and journalist David J. Morris—says the disorder has likely been around since the Civil War and World War I, but then it was just thought of as cowardice.

But then a group of Vietnam vets opposed to the war started speaking up and demanded more attention and treatment for PTSD. “Without them, PTSD as we know it would not exist,“ Morris writes.

What is it? According to the book, it is “a condition characterized by hyper arousal, emotional numbness and recurring flashbacks.” Also that it is “a complex condition that affects the entirety of a person’s life and social support system.”

“Why does the world seem so different since I got back from Iraq?” he asks. “Why do I feel so out of place now? What does one do with the knowledge gleaned from a near-death experience?”

He talks about how soldiers in combat try to deal with a life-threatening situation—through dissociation. They told him, “It was like I was watching a movie.”

Eventually, trauma becomes routine: “As long as we exist, the universe will be scheming to wipe us out,” he wrote, explaining a PTSD mind-set. Even now, back home, he still has difficulty taking a shower, getting into an elevator, or going somewhere there is smoke.”

The difficulties he describes with PTSD are widespread, he said. “According to the latest estimates, nearly 8 percent of all Americans—twenty-eight million people—will suffer from post-traumatic stress at some time in their lives.”

According to the Veterans Administration, which spends more annually on PTSD than any organization in the world, PTSD is the number-one health concern of American military veterans, regardless of when they served.”

And how will Morris keep going? I had a chance to interview him recently, and he outlined his philosophy:

“To fully appreciate the joys of this world one must understand how temporary they are and how fragile human existence is.”


The ability to escape one's world is something we all long for from time to time, and as a child he did exactly that, through the medium or art and drawing.

Duncan's parents always supported his interest, bough him plenty of materials and gave him books and stories about fantasy worlds. These books filled his imagination with ideas and the belief that he could create such worlds by drawing them, it still influences him today. The pencil was what he stopped on. His mind began to wonder even more after discovering the ability to make patterns and shapes far more detailed, and so for years to come that is all he remembers using.

He discovered watercolour after years of fearing the technique, when he was 15. His art teacher coached him and built up his confidence in using this approach. While at school he was a minimalist when it came to studying, even with the subject of art and learning about other artists, but maybe it helped him try and see what he could do without being inspired by other artists.

His mind just seemed to inspire itself.

He left school, a young man with just two minor art related qualifications, and his hope to make a living through art felt weak. Nearly 20 years later he's picked up a paintbrush once again and he loves it more than ever. He likes his paintings to be like molecules in the human body, where every single cell of the subject has an important part to play. In lots of ways, he feels like what and how he paints nowadays perfectly depicts the moment he transitioned the transition from pencil to his first brushstroke how he felt then and how he feels now.

See more of Duncan's work here.


Filing a Civil Suit Against Police

filing a civil suit against police

A police officer’s job is important for preserving law and order in any given community. Law enforcement officers in Orlando have a duty to protect and serve the city’s residents, and in the course of their duties face unpredictable and sometimes threatening situations. Encounters between police officers and citizens can be highly stressful, particularly when citizens are caught breaking the law or being pursued in connection to a crime. Sometimes, police officers trying to get a situation under control go too far.

Police misconduct is a growing concern amongst communities nationwide. A person who has been hurt during a police encounter may have grounds for a civil suit against police who take matters into their own hands. Victims of excessive force may also hold officers accountable for hurting them. If you believe you may have a claim against law enforcement officers in Orlando, be sure to discuss your case with an attorney.

Understanding Police Misconduct and Excessive Force

Instances of police misconduct, which may include the excessive use of force, can cause unnecessary physical and emotional damage. An officer commits misconduct when he or she violates a citizen’s civil rights during the course of his or her duties. The use of excessive force occurs when police use more than the minimum amount of force necessary to protect themselves or others from harm.

Instances of police misconduct, of which excessive force is one example, are grounds for a civil suit against police officers. Law enforcement personnel may also be held accountable if they cause an accident or commit another negligent act that causes a person to sustain an injury. A competent personal injury lawyer who understands the necessary process to pursue a claim against government officials can help you determine the appropriate course of action to receive justice.

What is a “Notice of Claim?”

If you decide to pursue a civil suit against a police officer or department for a personal injury claim, you must first notify them. A notice of claim is a tort claim that lets the police officer or department against whom you seek to file a claim that you will be pursuing legal action in regards to your incident. This notice provides the details of your accident, injuries, and request for damages.

Sometimes, the police or government agency responsible for your injury attempt to settle the matter with a monetary offer. Individuals offered a settlement should discuss the award with their attorneys before accepting any offers. Remember, the police are looking out for their own best interests and want to resolve your matter as quickly as possible.

Standard of Proof for Injury Claims Against Police Officers

The standard of proof for injuries incurred from a police encounter are no different from that of any other injury claim. To demonstrate that an officer is responsible for your injury, you must show:

  1. The officer had a duty of care
  2. The officer failed to meet the duty of care
  3. Your injury was a direct result of the officer’s failure to abide by the duty of care

It may be more difficult to hold a police officer responsible for his negligence simply because police officers have some leeway in their performance of their duties. If the officer was acting within the normal scope of his or her responsibilities when you got hurt, he may not be liable for your injuries.

Other Actions You May Take Against Police

Aside from pursuing a claim against an individual police officer in Orlando, you may need to file a complaint with the police department he or she works for and a report with the state Attorney General or the Department of Justice. It might be beneficial or even necessary to take these actions before pursuing your personal injury claim. Talk to your personal injury lawyer before filing a claim so you can pursue the best course of action.

If you have been hurt by a police officer in Orlando, you have the right to hold him or her accountable for going beyond the call of duty and causing you pain and suffering. You have the right to pursue compensation for your injuries. Contact the Umansky Law Firm to work with an attorney who has considerable experience filing government injury claims. Call (407) 228-3838 at any time.


As we near the end of the death march between Labor Day weekend and Thanksgiving break, motivation is at its lowest (just when we need it to be at its highest, of course.) Like many students, I find my ways of prolonging the time between study sessions. This week is one of those weeks when it's both a blessing and a curse to have not one, but two musical instruments (aka homework distractions) in my dorm room. Neither my piano skills nor my GPA are perfect, but hey, here's to procrastination.


"Non-Zero Sum Game Graphs: Applications to Reactive Synthesis and Beyond"

Reactive systems are computer systems that maintain a continuous interaction with the environment in which they operate. Such systems are nowadays part of our daily life: think about common yet critical applications like engine control units in automotive, plane autopilots, medical devices,… Clearly, any flaw in such critical systems can have catastrophic consequences. Yet, they exhibit several characteristics, like real-time constraints, concurrency, parallelism, etc., that make them difficult to design correctly.

To ensure the design of reactive computer systems that are dependable, safe and efficient, researchers and industrials have advocated the use of so-called formal methods, that rely on mathematical models to express precisely and analyse the behaviours of those systems. A very popular formal method is model checking: it amounts to comparing a model of a system to its specification in order to find design errors early in the development cycle.

Another challenging method, called synthesis, is to propose techniques (models, algorithms and tools) that, given a specification for a reactive system and a model of its environment, compute (synthesise) a correct system, i.e., one that enforces the specification no matter how the environment behaves.

The synthesis problem is the central topic of this project, driven by the Verification and formal methods’ team (Computer Department, Faculté des Sciences).

Jean-François Raskin
Verification and formal methods’ team
Faculty of Sciences

Created on August 31, 2018