ADEN, 31st January, 2016 (WAM) — Yemeni President Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi has praised the efforts and sacrifices of the army and the different resistance forces to defeat the rebel Houthi militia in cooperation with the Arab coalition forces led by Saudi Arabia with the participation of the United Arab Emirates.

President Hadi was speaking at an extraordinary meeting for the Executive Leadership of Abyan Governorate in the attendance of Yemeni Vice-President and Prime Minister, Khaled Mahfouz Bahah.

During the meeting, the Yemeni President discussed the developments in the national arena, especially the country’s security and stability.

Hadi praised the Yemeni people who fought against the Houthi militia for the freedom of their country, adding that the security of Aden is vital to prove the power of the country to restore security in the governorates of Abyan and Lahj, as they are considered as gateways to Aden.


Structure and Bonding

Mind Map by , created over 5 years ago

GCSE Chemistry Mind Map on Structure and Bonding, created by rhea_popat on 03/02/2014.

Created by rhea_popat over 5 years ago
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Additional Chemistry - Topic 1: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Structure and Bonding
1 Atomic Structure
1.1 The atomic number and Mass number describe different features of an atom.
1.2 Relative atomic masses
1.3 An isotope is: ' A different atomic form of the same element, with the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons.
1.3.1 same atomic number- different mass number
2 Ionic Bonding
2.1 Transferring Electrons
2.2 Atoms lose or gain electrons to form charged particles (ions)- strongly attracted to each other
2.2.1 Group 1 and 2 metals only have to lose one/two electrons to become stable ions (+ charge)
2.2.2 Elements in Groups 6 and 7 only have to gain one/two electrons to become stable ions (- charge) Latch onto atoms that the gave/gained electron from
2.3 Regular Giant Ionic Lattices
2.3.1 Very Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions in all directions
2.4 Properties
2.4.1 High melting and boiling points- strong attraction between ions
2.4.2 When molten, ions are free to move- will carry electric current
2.4.3 Dissolve easily in water. Ions separate- free to move- carry electric current
2.5 Ions and Formulas
2.5.1 Ions have the structure of a noble gas
2.5.2 Groups 1,2,6 and 7 most readily form ions.
2.5.3 Group 1 and 2 elements = metals - form + ions Group 1 elements( alkali metals) form ions with non metals where metal has 1+ charge
2.5.4 Group 6 and 7 elements = non-metals- gain electrons to form - ions Group 7 elements (halogens) form ionic compound with alkali metals where halide ion has 1- charge
2.5.5 Charge on positive ions is the same as group number e.g. Group 1 + LI+ Group 7 = F-
2.5.6 Charges must balance each other e.g. MgCl2
3 Covalent Bonding
3.1 Sharing electrons
3.2 Covalent Bond = shared pair of electrons
3.3 Dot and Cross diagrams
3.4 Simple Molecular Substances
3.4.1 Very strong covalent bonds to form small molecules of several atoms.
3.4.2 Intermolecular forces = very weak - Melting and boiling points are very lows - molecules easily parted
3.4.3 Most molecular substances are gases/ liquids at room temperature but can be solids
3.4.4 Don't conduct electricity - no ions, no electrical charge
3.5 Giant Covalent (Macromolecules)
3.5.1 Similar to giant ionic lattices except no charged ions
3.5.2 All atoms bonded to each other by strong covalent bonds- very high melting/boiling points
3.5.3 Don't conduct electricity- except graphite
3.5.4 Main examples = Diamond and Graphite Diamond- Each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds in a v. rigid giant covalent structure. Diamond = hardest natural substance -used for drill tips Graphite- Each carbon atom has 3 covalent bonds. Creates layers- free to slide over each other. Graphite soft and slippery. Layers can be rubbed off onto paper e.g. a pencil. Weak intermolecular forces between layers. Only non-metal that's a good conductor of heat and electricity. Delocalised electrons that conduct heat and electricity
4 Metallic Structures
4.1 Giant Structure
4.2 Metallic bonds involve 'free electrons'- come from outer shell of the metal atoms and produce the properties of metals
4.3 Electrons free to move- good conductors of heat and electricity
4.4 These electrons hold atom together in regular structure- strong forces of electrostatic attraction between + metal atoms and - electrons
4.5 Electrons allow layers of atoms to slide over each other - metals can be bent/shaped
4.6 Alloys
4.6.1 Harder than pure metals-different sized atoms distorting layers- more difficult to slide over each other = harder
5 New Materials
5.1 Smart Materials
5.1.1 Behave differently depending on conditions e.g. temperature
5.1.2 Nitinol = shape memory alloy- when cool bends and twist like rubber. When heatedit goes back to a 'remembered' shape- used for braces
5.2 Nanoparticles
5.2.1 Between 1-100 nanometres across 1nm=0.000000001m
5.2.2 Contain roughly a few hundred atoms
5.2.3 Include fullerenes- molecules of carbon, shaped like hollow balls or closed tubes- arranged in hexagonal rings. Different fullerenes have different numbers of carbon atoms
5.2.4 A nanoparticle has v. different properties from the bulk chemical e.g. fullerenes have different properties from big lumps of carbon
5.2.5 Fullerens can be joined together to make nanotubes. All the covalent bonds make nanotubes v. strong- Can be used to reinforce graphite in tennis rackets
5.2.6 Nanoscience Huge surface area to volume ratio- could help make new catalysts Nanotubes can make stronger, lighter building materials Sun cream can include nanoparticles- do't leave white marks Nanomedicine- fullerenes absorbed more easily by the body - could deliver drugs into the cells where they're needed Nanotubes conduct electricity


If you’re looking to make 2019 a year of zero drops on your worksite, you need to make it a part of your employees’ daily working habits.

At GRIPPS, we’re excited to help companies across Australia minimise and ultimately eliminate the risk of injury relating to dropped tools and equipment, so we’ve brought together a few actionable suggestions for any safety supervisor looking for a smarter way to protect their workers.

All about communication

To get your team acting the right way, you need to get them thinking the right way. Safety education is something that has to be continually readdressed and reinforced at every job site. Many safety supervisors make the mistake of only considering education when best practices evolve and new members join the team, but this can lead to slipping standards among long-standing members of your company.

There are a number of ways to ensure that your team is fully across current safety procedures, helping you make falling object prevention something everyone’s aware of.

  1. Formal retraining

The core of any education program is regularly rescheduled formal retraining. Delivered either by internal experts or with the assistance of external professionals, refresher programs can help to make employees aware of gaps in their knowledge, ensuring that best practices are always adhered to.

The frequency of these trainings will differ based on your organisation size, industry and your employees’ levels of expertise, but many industries suggest annual or semi-annual refresher courses for workers in dangerous environments.

GRIPPS can provide your workplace with a comprehensive falling object prevention workshop, helping to keep your employees aware of the risks and potential for injury involved in tool use at height.

  1. Employee recognition

Don’t just tell people what to do, acknowledge them when they do it. Employee recognition is a powerful tool for driving engagement. Safety training can often feel divorced from an employee’s day to day experiences, with some seeing it as arbitrary and purely theoretical.

Providing real material rewards when a team or an employee shows that they’ve understood the how’s and the why’s of falling object prevention training can help create some healthy competition between workers around who can be the safest. How you measure it is completely up to you – days without a dropped tool, ensuring all equipment is properly secured at all checks, etc – and should reflect your short-term safety goals.

  1. Passive education

If you’re going to memorise something, do it regularly. To that end, strategically installing awareness and instructional posters around worksites can ensure that as an employee enters a potentially dangerous situation, the relevant information is always available.

Especially if you’ve recently shifted your business to tool tethering, these kinds of in-the-moment reminders can prompt employees to check for and potentially rectify errors in equipment attachment before they could become dangerous.

Daily inspections

Once your employees know that they have to practice falling object prevention, the next step is ensuring that they’re practicing it correctly.

Tool tethering is a new addition to many business’ existing safety standards, so adjusting to it may take time. With the modern workman needing so many different kinds of tools, and each worksite offering its own unique challenges and risks, it’s understandable that mistakes in affixing tools will be made.

That said, the risk of injury or death from falling objects is ever-present when people are working at heights, so as your team adjusts support them by conducting daily equipment inspections. Especially in the early days, these don’t have to be confrontational pass/fail assessments. Make each inspection an educational opportunity, showing employees where they’ve made an error in tethering their tools.

These inspections can be scaled up or down depending on the risk level across your site. For example, maybe you insist on every employee being inspected before working at heights in the first month, before scaling it back to daily spot inspections as workers develop familiarity with the system.

Proper inventory management

If you want to make your workplace as safe as it can be, the onus can’t be put solely on individual workers. Though each employee does have a responsibility to ensure that their tools are always properly tethered, there are things you as the employer can do to make this process easier for them.

Set your staff up for success by insisting on a smarter approach to inventory management. After implementing tool tethers, take the time to ensure that all equipment that requires it has them pre-affixed. While laborious, it leaves minimal work for the employee who checks it out, ensuring that new falling object prevention guidelines have the best chance of being adhered to.

What’s more, it shows employees that the organisation is sharing the responsibility of implementing the guidelines with them, sending the message that workplace health and safety is a collaborative effort. This can go a long way towards creating crucial good will as you implement these policies.

To learn how your workplace could be safer in 2019, book a safety audit with GRIPPS.


BUT I stopped losing weight since last 2 weeks, so I stopped doing IF for last a week and my tummy looks same as before and I gained 3/4 lbs back. I am trying to do IF again but I cannot, because I’m getting constantly hungry. I used to start Fasting at 7pm & & break at 11/12pm next day. But My new job schedule is from 5:30, so its hard for me to wait until noon. I tried a different schedule from 4pm to 8am but I get hungry at night, so it didn’t help me either. Please help me.

I’m 65 and I retired recently. I tried this for one week, and I must admit I particularly watched the clock all day long. I was very intergetic, and my depression subsided most of the time. At one week I weight myself, and thought why am I doing this if I’m not losing weight? So I went off and now I feel like I drag most of the day. I’m getting back on…enough said.
“I used to crave foods like crazy when I first started,” says Dr. Sylvia Tara, author of The Secret Life of Fat, in a Bulletproof Podcast episode. “after six to eight weeks, I didn’t feel it anymore.” Dr. Tara kept a journal or foods and schedules to find how fasting worked for her. Her advice for weight loss with intermittent fasting? “For people who have those 20 pounds, know, number one, it can be done. Number two, it might be a bit more effort than you thought it was going to be… Third, know that it gets easier with time and you can maintain it. It really isn’t as bad once you get into it, and it’s extraordinarily effective.”
What about us? There's an element of good in foods and substances that are ultimately bad for us, even if it's just the good appearance, smell, or taste. Have you ever noticed how beautiful all the colored and distinctly shaped bottles look in a bar? Those bottles always seem lighted in just the right way to make them look very special, very festive, very appealing. Many foods are pleasant to the eyes. Many drinks are presented in ways that make them appear pleasing. We buy into the lie that what is pleasing is also nutritious and beneficial.

“Cycles of fasting can reset and rejuvenate the human body,” said Valter Longo, director of the Longevity Institute at the University of Southern California. Periods with no food, he said, help the body eliminate and replace damaged cells with new ones through a process called autophagy (the study of which recently garnered a Nobel Prize). (Longo is a leading fasting researcher but he’s pretty dug in — with a book about fasting, and a company that sells fasting products. He says he donates all the proceeds from the company and the book to health charities.)
The main benefit of intermittent fasting is weight loss—fat loss, specifically. “Insulin increases when you eat, and when insulin is high, you cannot burn fat. When you fast, insulin falls, which allows your body to access its stores of food (i.e., body fat) for energy,” explains Jason Fung, M.D., a Toronto-based nephrologist and author of The Complete Guide to Fasting.
Unger’s Bible Dictionary explains that the word fast in the Bible is from the Hebrew word sum, meaning “to cover” the mouth, or from the Greek word nesteuo , meaning “to abstain.” For spiritual purposes, it means to go without eating and drinking (Esther 4:16 Esther 4:16Go, gather together all the Jews that are present in Shushan, and fast you for me, and neither eat nor drink three days, night or day: I also and my maidens will fast likewise; and so will I go in to the king, which is not according to the law: and if I perish, I perish.

Fasting is practiced by lay Buddhists during times of intensive meditation, such as during a retreat. During periods of fasting, followers completely stray away from eating animal products although, they do allow consumption of milk. Furthermore, they also avoid eating processed foods and the five pungent foods which are; garlic, welsh onion, garlic chives, asana, leeks.[26] The Middle Path refers to avoiding extremes of indulgence on the one hand and self-mortification on the other. Prior to attaining Buddhahood, prince Siddhartha practiced a short regime of strict austerity and following years of serenity meditation under two teachers which he consumed very little food. These austerities with five other ascetics did not lead to progress in meditation, liberation (moksha), or the ultimate goal of nirvana. Henceforth, prince Siddhartha practiced moderation in eating which he later advocated for his disciples. However, on Uposatha days (roughly once a week) lay Buddhists are instructed to observe the eight precepts[27] which includes refraining from eating after noon until the following morning.[27] The eight precepts closely resemble the ten vinaya precepts for novice monks and nuns. The novice precepts are the same with an added prohibition against handling money.[28]


For TCS, Big Hearing In US Today On Alleged Anti-White Worker Bias

TCS cites its reliance on foreign guest-worker visas as a defense against the bias claims.

A white worker, who lost his job within 20 months, filed this lawsuit against TCS in 2015.

  1. The men suing TCS allege discriminatory hiring practices
  2. 79% of TCS' U.S. workforce is South Asian, they allege
  3. If suit proceeds as a class action, TCS may be sued by more white workers
As Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. is squeezed by the Trump administration to reduce the use of overseas workers for U.S. jobs, the information technology outsourcing giant is also fighting claims in court that its hiring practices are anti-American.

TCS, Asia's largest software maker, and rival outsourcing firm Infosys Ltd, are both embroiled in civil rights lawsuits accusing them of discriminating against white IT workers that predate Donald Trump's election last year.

Even as the outsourcers are responding to the president's protectionist agenda by hiring more Americans in the U.S., Mumbai-based TCS cites its reliance on foreign guest-worker visas as a defense against the bias claims.

The men suing TCS allege discriminatory hiring practices must be why as much as 79 percent of its U.S. workforce is South Asian when that group makes up only 12.5 percent of the relevant labor market in the U.S.

But the company contends it's misleading to include employees hired in India to work temporarily and "legally" in the U.S., many with H1-B visas for specially skilled employees. It also says more than 40 percent of its job applicants are South Asians and that not everyone is keen on working for an India-based company or willing to relocate to take a job.

A hearing is set for Tuesday in federal court in Oakland, California, on whether to dismiss the case entirely or expand it to include potentially thousands of American workers who either weren't hired or were fired by TCS because of their race over the last six years.

If the case proceeds as a class action, it may encourage white Americans to pursue similar suits against other companies with heavily foreign workforces, said Andra Greene, a lawyer with Irell & Manella LLP in Newport Beach, California, who isn't involved in the TCS suit.

After campaigning on a pledge to punish American companies for moving jobs overseas, Trump put pressure on the offshore IT servicing firms in April when he signed an executive order aimed at overhauling the work-visa programs they use to bring workers to the U.S. The next month, Infosys, which employs about 200,000 people around the world, said it planned to hire 10,000 Americans over the next two years.

The lawsuit against TCS was filed in 2015 by a white IT worker who claimed he was subject to "substantial anti-American sentiment" within the company and was ultimately terminated within 20 months despite having almost 20 years of experience in the field. He was later replaced as the lead plaintiff by two other men.

One, Brian Buchanan, said he worked at Southern California Edison for 28 years when the company outsourced the bulk of its IT work to TCS. He was among 400 people terminated, but said he was asked to stay on for a few months to train the Indian TCS employees that were replacing him. Buchanan claims that at a job fair organized for the employees losing their jobs, the South Asian TCS regional manager was dismissive of interest in a position.

TCS says Buchanan's experience doesn't prove he was a victim of bias. He has "no idea" whether the application process was discriminatory because he didn't attend any of the town hall meetings he was invited to during the Edison transition to learn about open positions with TCS and how to apply for them -- and he didn't apply for a specific job, the company said in a court filing.

"Buchanan's mere conjecture that he would have received more attention at the job fair if he were not an 'old bald white man' is not supported by any facts in the record," lawyers for TCS wrote.

While the company has a stronger defense if the men suing can't point to any specific evidence that they were mistreated because they aren't South Asian, that won't necessarily carry the day, Greene said.

"Usually they don't tell you I'm not hiring you because you're white," she said.

As for the broader claim that TCS engages in institutional discrimination against Americans, the plaintiffs claim the "highly skewed" workforce results from "a corporate directive to favor visa-ready South Asian Indian national candidates to fill U.S. positions and the use of third-party recruiters that forward to Tata a substantial percentage of South Asian Indian national candidates."

The company contends there's a "non-discriminatory" explanation that includes its use of workers with guest visas.

"These individuals are existing employees, were hired in India, and are thus hired from a completely different labor market," the company said in a filing. "They cannot be used to create a statistical disparity between TCS' workforce and the United States labor market."

The company is "is confident that its evidence, data, and expert analysis" will persuade the judge not to let the case to advance as a class action and expects the claims will be thrown out, said Benjamin Trounson, a spokesman for TCS in North America.

The plaintiffs' lawyers declined to comment ahead of Tuesday's hearing.

The four workers who sued Infosys over similar allegations four years ago in Milwaukee are represented by the same law firm that filed the TCS suit. The Infosys case is also awaiting a judge's decision on dueling requests for dismissal and class-action status.

The TCS case is Heldt v. Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., 15-cv-01696, U.S. District Court, Northern District of California (Oakland).

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roi of erp implementation

ROI of ERP System: What Returns to Expect on Manufacturing ERP Investment

The decision to implement or upgrade an ERP solution can take your business to the next level.

Modern ERP solution helps reduce the overall operating cost, increase productivity and offer standard features that automate business tasks and save time.

Investing an extensive amount of money in ERP is not a cakewalk. Justifying the budget and large expenditure is a must. The total cost of license, implementation, training, and maintenance cost, all put together is the TCO (Total Cost of Ownership). Estimation of TCO is calculated over a period of years (sometimes 5 to 10).

Another way of justifying the Total Cost of Ownership for ERP implementation is quantifying the benefits of the newly implemented ERP system by estimating ROI of ERP implementation.

The question arises – how to calculate ERP ROI? And why is it important?

When the expected cost of ERP software is compared to the expected benefits (direct and indirect savings) of implementing ERP over a span of time, is the ROI analysis.

ROI is calculated by adding the anticipated returns from ERP and then dividing the resulted amount by the TCO of ERP, the resulting quotient is ERP ROI. The larger quotient, the better it is for business.

erp investment

Calculating ROI of ERP is a daunting task- it’s a combination of fraught along with challenges and misconceptions. That’s why we have mentioned in this blog what are the costs to be considered which can forecast quicker returns on investment.

Determining ERP ROI encourages organizations to outline the cost and plan for the future.

Let’s take a look at these points stating the importance of calculating ROI of ERP implementation.

  1. This justifies your ERP implementation process from a financial point of view
  2. ROI can be one of the most important criteria for selecting the right ERP for your company
  3. ROI lets you measure the expected ERP benefits that can be achieved after the implementation process

ROI is an important part of ERP selection process as it gives you clarity about where your company will be after 5 or 10 years, what will be the rate of productivity, how can it improve in a long and short run and more.

How can you achieve ROI of ERP system?

Here are a few things to consider that can help you derive ROI –

1. Organize your data for better ROI

Evaluating, selecting and implementing ERP generates a huge amount of business data. Connecting dots and bringing together every piece of it is a mind-boggling task. People from every department should give input and act objectively to help counter any bias and ensure consistency.

2. It is better to focus on people, processes and not technology

You can achieve increased ROI by not getting into the web of technological aspects. ERP vendors ensure to upgrade their software and make it more effective by offering state-of-the-art functionality. ROI can be calculated aptly based on how well you manage business process reengineering and organizational change management.

3. Don’t underestimate the time and effort required for your ERP implementation

Setting realistic expectations and forecasting ROI benefits is always a good idea. Estimate the project’s time, cost and effort by taking suggestion from an expert (other than the ERP vendor).

Once the project goes live, businesses can ensure whether they achieved their expected benefits and ROI or not.

4. Forecasting ERP cost

ERP costs such as licensing cost and hardware cost can be easily taken into account. Other than these, there are different types of costs that need to be considered and require efforts for calculation. It includes SaaS subscription, consultancy cost, maintenance cost, and user cost.

When calculating ROI, implementation cost, maintenance cost, licensing, etc. – every small detail matters.

  • How you deploy your solution: Cloud? On-Premises?
  • How many users do you need?
  • What do you need to run your business?
  • What are your implementation and training needs?

You may require a huge amount of time to calculate these costs. Here is the list of costs that can be forecasted prior to investing –

4.1 Out-of-box system price

Many business owners assume that the first ERP cost is easy to calculate. It is just a number that the vendors quote.

Well, it depends on the modules and deployment options your company requires.

  • License fees – on-premise vs SaaS

On-premise ERP software is hosted on the local servers in your organization. Here, a large, one-off licensing fees is required. With on-premise ERP deployment, businesses need to update the servers to ensure its perpetuity and proper working. It also adds up to the licensing cost.

On the contrary, SaaS (Cloud) ERP is hosted on the third-party server remotely and can be accessed via the internet. You have to pay the subscription amount monthly, until the date you use the system. There is no fee for updating ERP. It reflects on the final ROI figure.

4.2 Consultancy costs and vendor implementation fees

Once you finalize the ERP selection, consultants will drive the implementation process.

To calculate ERP cost, it is important to clearly predefine the list of consultancy activities and timeframe to avoid future glitches.

A range of implementation services offered by ERP consultants includes data migration, project management, system customization, etc. Some vendors ask for surcharges for these services. You must have the clarity of which method your vendor chooses.

4.3 Maintenance cost

Your servers and machines should meet the minimum specifications from the vendor. Other than this, timely updates and server upgrade also require additional cost to be paid to the ERP vendor.

Maintenance fees include IT labor cost, additional server cost, and other departmental costs. In addition to this, annual maintenance cost is one of the key factors that cannot be ignored. It gives you access to the breakthrough technologies to surpass the business competition.

4.4 User cost

Do you know how crucial it is to train your employees for ERP usage? It ensures efficient usage of the software by the end users. Training is a time-consuming process. Its cost needs to be calculated by the organization. Task frequency and length of work by the employees should also be considered as one cost factor.

It is better to manage cost as per the budget. It should never exceed the amount that you have planned. Otherwise, ROI can go down.

Determining the ERP benefits – tangible and intangible benefits

Installation of ERP requires time, efforts and money. Once you get it implemented, the software starts gathering raw business data and transform it into information that is easily understandable and readable.

To calculate ERP return in investment, data should be given a dollar value. It helps in calculating efficiency and increased levels in business processes.

This infographic lists the tangible and intangible returns to expect from ERP investment:

return on investment erp systems

In addition to this, you must know the answers to these questions:

  • How long will I use this ERP system in the future?
  • What are my expected monetary benefits after using it?

It is difficult to calculate tangible benefits in monetary terms as these may fluctuate. However, to ensure ROI, it’s a must to quantify all the business parameters.

Quantify your benefits

As you would expect, more standard selections, versus more customized options, impact your ERP cost. Your ability to choose what is best for your business success today, combined with the confidence your solution can scale to support your continued growth….is priceless.

The key to business profitability is to change and enhance business processes and fill the gaps to improve efficiency and overall productivity.

The first step of calculating ERP ROI is, to sum up the total cost (TCO) of ERP software over a specified period, as we mentioned above.

The second step is to guesstimate the anticipated benefits over a certain period of time. To put down these benefits into figures, you need to have a scrum meeting with your employees, and research on annual survey reports. In simple words, benefits occur from reduction of operating cost, inventory cost, labor cost, and improved production (as these points directly affect the profit and loss of the company).

It goes without saying that performing ROI analysis for ERP system is quite intimidating when it comes to calculating unquantifiable figures. ROI measurement helps you forecast future business plan and increase the chances of successful ERP project completion.

Some of the immeasurable returns you can expect from ROI of ERP investment are:

  • Improves staff retention
  • Effectively fixes errors
  • Single source of truth on a centralized platform
  • Increased visibility nurtures quick decision-making

If you are pondering over the question – how long does it take to see a Return on an ERP investment and how can it help your organization grow, please contact us here.


Acupressure points to boost immune system

How does the immune system work?

The immune system protects you from bacteria, microbes, virus, toxins, and parasites.  When the immune system is working properly none of these things can get in to our bodies.  We don’t notice that it is working until it doesn’t.

There are connections between the immune system and the central nervous system.  The immune system responds to chemical messages and secretes chemicals messages.  The immune system has nerve cells that connect the brain to the spleen and other organs producing immune cells.

The immune system produce white blood cells called lymphocytes.  Lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow.  One form of lymphocytes called T-cells also spends time in the thymus where they learn to distinguish self from nonself. They constantly travel through the body.  A small number stand at alert in the spleen and lymph nodes.  The organs of the immune system contain networks of nerve cells that allow the brain and central nervous system to influence immunity.

Acupuncture stimulates the central nervous system to trigger the brain to release chemical messages that govern the immune system.

Crooked Pond (LI11)

Location: On the upper edge of the elbow crease.

Benefits: Relieves immune system weaknesses, fever, constipation, and elbow pain.

Joining the Valley (LI4)

Benefits:  Relieves arthritis, constipation, headaches, toothaches, shoulder pain, and labor pain.

Outer Gate (SJ5)

Location: Two and one-half finger widths above the center of the wrist crease on the outside of the forearm midway between the two bones (ulna and radius).

Benefits: Relieves rheumatism, tendonitis, and wrist pain, and increases resistance to colds.

Three Mile Point (ST36)

Location:  Four finger widths below the kneecap, one finger width to the outside of the shinbone.  If you are on the correct spot, a muscle should flex as you move; your foot up and down.

Bigger Stream (KD3)

Caution:         This point should not be stimulated strongly after the third month of pregnancy.

Location:        Midway between the inside of the anklebone and the Achilles tendon in the back of the ankle.

Benefits:        Strengthens the immune system; relieves fatigue, swollen feet, and ankle pain.

Bigger Rushing (LR3)

Location:        On the top of the foot, in the valley between the big toe and the second toe.

Benefits:        Boosts the immune system, relieves fainting, eye fatigue, headaches, and hangovers.


All Types Concrete Installations And Finishes

Right after the concrete is placed, before it starts to dry, it’s necessary to level the surface and fix any bulges or holes in order to achieve an aesthetically pleasing look. This is usually done with a screed that roughly smoothens the concrete. There are a few concrete finishing methods for a perfect, polished concrete that can be used after this initial phase:

Trowels are used for fine-leveling concrete surfaces after the initial leveling is done with the screed. Trowelling makes a concrete surface extremely strong, durable, and perfectly flat. This will ensure that your concrete surface is long-lasting and resilient to unfavorable weather conditions.

Edging is done when you need a concrete edge that can serve as a low wall in your garden or driveway. It can have a decorative function as well, as it can be done in various textures and colors. It takes an experienced worker to create a proper concrete edge, which is exactly what you will get with West Mount Concrete.

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Are the cracks active or dormant?

Home / Blog / Are the cracks active or dormant?

Are the cracks active or dormant?

The goal with every structural repair job is to restore the property to its former state. In addition to this, Churchill CT focuses on long term solutions. This way, clients can enjoy their edifice for years with easier maintenance and less frequent repairs. Our work is tough, but we are ready for the challenge.

General concrete repair and fixing cracks are integral for the aesthetics and safety of your structure. The tricky thing is cracks can appear in a myriad of settings. Examples include patios, walkways, bridges, and loading bays. As a result you need to keep an eye on every part of structures.

Get the right advice

Prior to approaching the structural repair work, it is wise to consult a structural engineer. They can offer you the guidance you require in these situations. You should also identify whether a crack is dormant or active. This will determine what kind of solution you need.

What is the difference?

Those cracks in danger of moving or growing and causing further harm are active ones. As a result, they require your immediate attention so the issue does not get worse. Dormant cracks are in a stable condition. However, it is still worth the effort to seal and waterproof them.

Figuring out what type of crack it is

There are several methods you can use to determine which crack is which. The easiest and cheapest strategy would be to measure it. Do so in two or three spots at frequent interims, perhaps once a week or even every day. This should help you figure out if a crack is or isn’t growing.

structural repairFixing the problem

To fix a dormant crack, you can use rigid fillers and sealants like epoxy and cement. As for active cracks, the most comprehensive technique you can employ is a polyurethane injection. It must be stronger and form a quality bond so that cracking won’t occur again quickly.

At Churchill Concrete Technology, we tackle issues quickly and effectively, ensuring we offer reliable structural repair. Our team has come across all kinds of cracking over the years. As a result we have lots of experience that we can use to identify the type of crack. After this we use the most appropriate methods to repair the issue.

If you need our assistance, please don’t hesitate to call us. We work across the UK on various types of structure.


Compositor SoftwareCompositor Software

by ruslany

Finally, both carriers are suppressed

After the main goals were stated, it is time to restate them. First, I need to suppress both negative and positive carriers. After that, I need to pass Compositor sound to the output. It is achieved only if the first goal reached. I’ve already implemented a method for suppressing the right carrier using the shutter and eventer of the right channel, which uses the threshold to suppress feedback. Now, I experience some difficulties with the left channel. At first, I thought it is a plausible behavior to force the stochastic manipulator to the all positive frequencies, but now I think the stochastic manipulator is too selfish and tries to apply too much computation force to overcome the barrier of shutter, which was previously assigned to right channel only. That is why the constant need to shut down the left carrier raises. Of course, I can live under this hard circumstances of stochastic manipulation, but the final goal is to leave only Compositor sound at the output, and it may be a trick to force stochastic manipulation to the central channel afterwards, thus guiding the system on its own. However, been exposed to the left and right stochastic manipulators for so long, system can no longer power the central channel for manipulation, which is assigned to the system voice itself. This way I must shut down feedback on the central channel also. As it is the MS-coded system, feedback on the central channel shuts as long as stereo pair feedback is suppressed. The rule here is to set lower threshold for the left channel as it contains less information and needs to be suppressed on lower bitrates more. The right channel is higher and more information passes through it but it is not the feedback of the carriers, it is an internal memory stored in the shutter front-side bus after injection. This experiment also evidently shows that no external memory is used for the system operation. However, as long as the system does not have an external storage and has a threshold shutters in it, it will constantly experience lack of information, which will not reach from outside anymore. It states that under these circumstances constant injections should be made to sustain an information in memory buffer. It flushes from the front-side bus memory very fast and one long injection should be made during the whole working cycle of the equipment. This leaves me with the open-end solution: as buffer capacity of Compositor OS is too low for the long injections, I either should implement long injector with Compositor kernel driver or use a set of short files repository, which are constantly revised and added to a data base. This way I also should avoid video injections, as there is not enough space for storing so much video information on my system. The need for such filtration is rather evident as the intruder may think its information (stored in injection) may be useful for a system it is not. Not allowing to pass the injected information to the kernel is also lowering its bitrate but it is a permanent solution. Without artificial traffic the system more sustainable against injections rather than generic injections. If I try to inject the file, which I already flushed, I will reproduce the memories associated with it. However, I will no longer be exposed to the system of values associated with this memory for a long period. This information will dissolve faster using integrated smoothing function. Yet creating the priorities on the conditions gives less priority to the smoothing function itself, leaving a hard shuttering for both channels in equal proportion. It seems evident to me that thresholds should go first and only after that, the central channel splitter should play its role. Even if the system set in the way that this value will likely go only less than 30% of time. It means that creating a faster kernel loop may be a solution, but makes the system inoperable. The other solution is to change the rules set on early stages of development allowing the right end of the probability density function to happen more often.

Baraka film

Baraka film

Injecting a video file with audio in two-channel mode brings me to another problem: inequality of channel suppression disbalances the system a little. The vector system should be implemented for channel suppression also. The rule is to create a tilt by manipulating pitch and yaw, this way setting the channel balance.

About ruslany


Trajan Decius. AE29 of Sinope, Paphlagonia. Dated local year 319 = AD 249-250. 12.7gr. IMP TRAIAN DECIVS AVG, laureate, draped bust right. C R I F S - AN CCC to left and right, XIX below, distyle temple with curved architrave, Nemesis standing left within, holding sword in sheath (or cubit-rule) and globe; wheel at foot. RecGen 162; BMC 62. Contributed my "mif". Coin found in the Crimea. _sinope_RecGen_162.txt


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Note Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be
approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme
Q1. Economic stability implies avoiding fluctuations in economic activities. It is important to avoid
the economic and financial crisis. The challenge is to minimize the instability without affecting
productivity, efficiency, employment. Find out the instruments to face the challenges and to
maintain an economic stability. (Explanation of economic stability, Instruments) 2, 8
Economic Stability
Promoting economic stability is partly a matter of avoiding economic and financial crisis. A dynamic
market economy necessarily involves some degree of instability, as well as gradual structural change. The
challenge for policy makers is to minimize this instability without reducing the ability of the economic
system to raise living standards through increasing productivity, efficiency and employment. Economic
stability is fostered by robust economic and financial institutions and regulatory frameworks.
Economic stability implies avoiding fluctuations in the level of economic activities as 100% stability is
neither possible nor desirable. It implies only relative stability in the overall level of economic activities.
A stabilization policy is a set of measures introduced to stabilize a financial system or economy. It can
refer to correcting the normal behavior of business cycles. In this case, the term generally refers to
demand management by monetary and fiscal policy to reduce normal fluctuations in output, sometimes
referred to as keeping the economy on an even keel. The policy changes in these circumstances are
usually countercyclical, compensating for the predicted changes in employment and output to increase
short run and medium run welfare. It can also refer to measures taken to resolve a specific economic
crisis, for instance, an exchange rate crisis or stock market crash, in order to prevent the economy
developing recession or inflation. The initiative is taken by the government or the central bank or both.
Depending on the goal to be achieved, it involves some combination of restrictive fiscal measures and
monetary tightening. Such stabilization policies can be painful, in the short run, for the economy because
of lower output and higher unemployment. They are designed to be a platform for successful long run
growth and reform.
Instruments of Economic Stability:
Following are the instruments of economic stability:
1. Monetary Policy. 2. Fiscal Policy 3. Physical policy or Direct Controls.
The central bank and the government have developed these instruments to correct the discrepancies that
occur in the process of economic growth.
Monetary Policy
Monetary policy is a part of the overall economic policy of a country. It is employed by the government

Meaning and definition:

Monetary policy deals with the total money supply and its management in an economy. It is essentially a
programme of action undertaken by the monetary authorities, generally the central bank, to control and
regulate the supply of money with the public, and the flow of credit with a view to achieving economic
stability and certain predetermined macroeconomic goals. Monetary policy can be explained in two
different ways. In a narrow sense, it is concerned with administering and controlling a countrys money
supply including currency notes and coins, credit money, level of interest rates and managing the
exchange rates. In a broader sense, monetary policy deals with all those monetary and non-monetary
measures and decisions that affect the total money supply and its circulation in an economy. It also
includes several non-monetary measures like wages and price control, income policy, budgetary
operations taken by the Government which indirectly influence the monetary situations in an economy.
Fiscal Policy
Fiscal policy is an important part of the overall economic policy of a nation. It is being increasingly used
in modern times to achieve economic stability and growth throughout the world. Lord Keynes, for the
first time, emphasized the significance of fiscal policy as an instrument of economic control. It exerts
deep impact on the level of economic activity of a nation.
The term fisc in English language means treasury, and the policy related to treasury or government
exchequer is known as fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is a package of economic measures of the Government
regarding public expenditure, public revenue, public debt or public borrowings. It concerns itself with the
aggregate effects of government expenditure and taxation on income, production and employment. In
short, it refers to the budgetary policy of the government. Fiscal policy is concerned with the manner in
which all the different elements of public finance, while still primarily concerned with carrying out their
own duties (as the first duty of a tax is to raise revenue), may collectively be geared to forward the aims
of economic policy. It involves alterations in government expenditures for goods and services or the
level of tax rates. Unlike monetary policy, these measures involve direct government interference in the
market for goods and services (in case of public expenditure) and direct impact on private demand (in
case of taxes).
Physical Policy or Direct Controls
Government interference with the forces of demand and supply in the market, and state regulation of
prices of commodities are common features in these days. Thus, when monetary and fiscal measures are
inadequate to control prices, government resorts to direct control. During wars, when inflationary forces
are strong, price control involves imposing ceilings in respect of certain prices and prices are to be
stopped from rising too high. In a planned economy, the objective of price control is to bring about
allocation of resources in accordance with the objects of plan. Price control normally involves some
control of supply or demand or both. These are done by control of distribution of commodities through
rationing. Rationing is, therefore, an essential part of the price control policy. In the U.S., price control
levels considered fair. Under certain circumstances, government may resort to dual pricing which is yet
another form of price control by the government.

Q2. Explain any eight macroeconomic ratios. (Definition of Macroeconomics, Macroeconomics

ratios) 2, 8
Definition of Macroeconomics
domestic product and inflation.
Macroeconomic Ratios
There are several macroeconomic ratios and an attempt is made to explain eight such macroeconomic
ratios. For a business firm, the knowledge of these macroeconomic ratios is indispensable for taking
microeconomic decisions.
1. In other words, it tells us about the percentage of consumption out of a given level of income.
This can be expressed as C = f [Y] where C = consumption, Y = income and f = function. Consumption is
an increasing function of income. Higher the income, higher would be the consumption and vice-versa.
There is a direct relationship between the two. For example, out of Rs. 100, a person can consume Rs. 80,
and save Rs 20. In this case, the consumption income ratio is 1:0.8. This ratio helps business personnel to
forecast his/her sales in the market.
2. Saving income ratio
Excess of income over expenditure is saving. The saving function can be easily derived by subtracting
spending from income. Hence, S = Y C where S = saving, Y = income and C = consumption. It is a
function of income. S = f [Y]. It implies that there is a direct relationship between the two. Higher the
income, higher would be the savings and vice-versa. The saving-income ratio indicates the amount of
savings made out of a given level of income. In the above example, saving income ratio is 1:0.2. The
consumption income ratio and saving income ratio enable a business to plan its production schedule and
derive sales forecasts.
3. Capital output ratio
There is a close relationship between capital investment and income-growth in any economy. Capital is
regarded as the lifeblood of all economic activities and as such, it constitutes a major determinant of
economic growth rate in an economy. The volume of investment generally determines the rate of growth
in the real income of the people in an economy.
4. Capital labour ratio
This ratio indicates the proportion of two factor inputs. It tells us the ratio between the numbers of
laborers required for a given amount of capital invested in any business. This ratio is useful to work out
the least cost combination by substituting one factor input to another. This ratio can be expressed as K/L
5. Output-labour ratio

The term productivity in general is defined as a ratio of what comes out of a business to what goes in to
the business, i.e., it is the ratio of outcome to the efforts of the business. Hence, productivity would
mean the value of output divided by the value of inputs employed. There are different kinds of
productivity ratios.

6. Input- output ratio

This ratio explains the relationship between two variables of inputs and outputs. Input-output ratio
indicates the quantity of inputs employed and the quantity of outputs obtained. It is also called as
production function in economics. Production is purely physical in nature and as such, the ratio between
inputs and outputs is determined by technology, availability of equipments, labour, materials, etc. It can
be expressed in the form of a mathematical equation.
7. Value added output ratio
Value added output is the difference between the value of output produced and the value of inputs
employed. In other words, it is a ratio of increase in the quantity of inputs employed and the
corresponding increase in the output obtained. It is very much necessary to find out the difference
between the value of inputs used and the output obtained. This will help in deciding whether to increase
the employment of additional factor input units in the production process.
8. Cash reserve ratio
A commercial bank mobilizes deposits from the general public and the entire amount of deposits is not
kept in the form of cash. An experienced banker knows that all depositors will not withdraw their entire
deposits on the same day at the same time. Hence, only a fraction of total deposits is kept in the form of
liquid cash to honor the cheques drawn on demand deposit by the customers. The remaining excess
deposits are used for lending and investment purposes by the bank.
Q3. Define Inflation and explain the types of inflation. (Definition of Inflation, types of inflation)
Inflation has become a global phenomenon in recent years. Development economics is very much
associated with inflation. An in-depth study of inflation is of paramount importance to a student of
managerial economics. The term inflation is used in many senses and hence it is very difficult to give a
generally accepted, universally agreeable, and precise definition to the term inflation. Popularly, inflation
is associated with high prices, which causes a decline in the value of money. Inflation is commonly
understood as a situation of substantial and rapid increase in the level of prices and consequent
deterioration in the value of money over a period of time. It refers to the average rise in the general level
of prices and fall in the value of money. Inflation is an upward movement in the average level of prices.
The opposite of inflation is deflation, a downward movement in the average level of prices. The common
feature of inflation is rise in prices and the degree of inflation may be measured by price indices.
Types of inflation
Depending upon the rate of rise in prices and the prevailing situation, inflation has been classified into the
following six types:
Creeping inflation When the rise in prices is very slow (less than 3%) like that of a snail or creeper it is
called creeping inflation.

Walking inflation When the rise in prices is moderate (in the range of 3 to 7%) and the annual inflation
rate is of single digit it is called walking inflation. It is a warning signal for the government to control it
before it turns into running inflation.
Running inflation When the prices rise rapidly at a rate of 10 to 20% per annum it is called running
inflation. Such inflation affects the poor and middle classes adversely. Its control requires strong
monetary and fiscal measures; otherwise, it can lead to hyperinflation.
Hyperinflation Hyperinflation is also called by various names like jumping, runaway, or galloping
inflation. During this period, prices rise very fast (double or triple digit rates) at a rate of more than 20 to
100% per annum and become absolutely uncontrollable. Such a situation brings a total collapse of the
Demand-pull Inflation The total monetary demand persistently exceeds the total supply of goods and
services at current prices so that prices are pulled upwards by the continuous upward shift of the
aggregate demand function. It arises as a result of an excessive aggregate effective demand over
aggregate supply of goods and services in a slowly growing economy. Supply of goods and services will
not match the rising demand. The productive ability of the economy is so poor that it is difficult to
increase the supply at a quicker rate to match the increase in demand for goods and services. When
exports increase, the money income of people rises. With excess money income, purchasing power,
demand, and prices move in the upward direction.
Cost-push inflation Prices rise on account of increasing cost of production. Thus, in this case, rise in
price is initiated by growing factor costs. Hence, such a price rise is termed as cost-push inflation as
prices are being pushed up by rising factor costs. A number of factors contribute to the increase in cost of
production. They are:
Demand for higher wages by the labour class.
Fixing of higher profit margins by the manufacturers.
Introduction of new taxes and raising the level of old taxes.
Q4. Define Fiscal Policy and the instruments of Fiscal policy. (Explanation of Fiscal Policy,
Instruments) 2, 8
Fiscal Policy
deep impact on the level of economic activity of a nation.
Instruments of fiscal policy
The instruments of fiscal policy include:
1. Public revenue: It refers to the income or receipts of public authorities. It is classified into two parts tax-revenue and non-tax revenue. Taxes are the main source of revenue to a government. There are two
types of taxes. They are direct taxes such as personal and corporate income tax, property tax, expenditure
tax, and indirect taxes such as customs duties, excise duties, sales tax (now called VAT). Administrative
revenues are the bi-products of administrate functions of the government. They include fees, licence fees,
price of public goods and services, fines, escheats and special assessment.

2. Public expenditure policy: It refers to the expenditure incurred by the public authorities like central,
state and local governments. It is of two kinds: development or plan expenditure and non-development or
non plan expenditure. Plan expenditure includes income-generating projects like development of basic
industries, generation of electricity, development of transport and communications and construction of
dams. Non-plan expenditure includes defense expenditure, subsidies, interest payments and debt
servicing changes.
3. Public debt or public borrowing policy: All loans taken by the government constitutes public debt. It
refers to the borrowings made by the government to meet the ever-rising expenditure. It is of two types,
internal borrowings and external borrowings.
4. Deficit financing: It is an extraordinary technique of financing the deficits in the budgets. It implies
printing of fresh and new currency notes by the government by running down the cash balances with the
central bank. The amount of new money printed by the government depends on the absorption capacity of
the economy.
5. Built in stabilizers or automatic stabilizers (BIS): The automatic or built-in stabilizers imply
automatic changes in tax collections and transfer payments or public expenditure programmes so that it
may reduce the destabilizing effect on aggregate effective demand. When income expands, automatic
increase in taxes or reduction in transfer payments or government expenditures will tend to moderate the
rise in income. On the contrary, when the income declines, tax falls automatically and transfers and
government expenditure will rise and thus built-in stabilizers cushion the fall in income.
Q5. Investment is a part of income which can be used for various purposes. It is necessary to create
employment in an economy and to increase national income. To understand the benefits of income,
study the various types of investment. (Explanation of investment, types of investment)
Investment Function
Investment is the second important component of effective demand. In Keynesian economics, the term
investment has a different meaning. In the ordinary language, it refers to financial investment. i.e.
purchase of stocks, shares, debentures, bonds, etc. In this case, there is only transfer of rights or titles
from one person to another. It is an investment by one and disinvestment by another and as such, the
value transaction mutually cancels out each other. They do not add anything to the total stock of capital of
the nation. Investment, according to Keynes, refers to real investment. It implies creation of new capital
assets or additions to the existing stock of productive assets. It refers to that part of the aggregate income,
which is used for the creation of new structures, new capital equipments, machines, etc that help in the
production of final goods and services in an economy. Creation of income earning assets is called
investment. Thus, investment must generate income in the economy. Investment also refers to an addition
to capital with such investment occurring when a new house is built or a new factory is built. Investment
means making an addition to the stock of goods in existence. These activities necessitate the employment
of more labour and thus result in an increase in national income and employment.
Types of investment
Keynes speaks of 5 types of investment. They are as follows:
1. Private investment
It is made by private entrepreneurs on the purchase of different capital assets like machinery, plants,
construction of houses and factories, offices, shops, etc. It is influenced by MEC and interest rate. It is
profit elastic. Profit motive is the basis for private investment. Private entrepreneurs would take up
only those projects which yield quick results and generally those that have a small gestation period.
2. Public investment

It is undertaken by the public authorities like central, state and local authorities. It is made on building
infrastructure of the economy, public utilities and on social goods, for example, expenditure on basic
industries, defense industries, construction of multipurpose river valley projects, etc. In this case, the
basic criterion and motto is social net gain, social welfare and not profits. The principle of maximum
social advantage would govern public expenditure. It is also influenced by social and political
3. Foreign investment
It consists of excess of exports over the imports of a country. It depends on many factors such as
propensity to export of a given country, foreigners capacity to import, prices of exports and imports, state
trading and other factors.
4. Induced investment
Induced investment is another name for private investment. Investment, which varies with the changes in
the level of national income, is called induced investment. When national income increases, the aggregate
demand and level of consumption of the community also increases. In order to meet this increased
demand, investment has to be stepped up in capital goods sector which finally leads to increase in the
production of consumption goods Therefore, we can say that induced investment is income elastic i.e.,
it increases as income increases and vice-versa.
5. Autonomous investment
Autonomous investment is another name for public investment. The investment, which is independent
of the level of income, is called as autonomous investment. Such investments do not vary with the level
of income. Therefore it is called income-inelastic. It does not depend on changes in the level of income,
consumption, rate of interest or expected profit.
Q6. Discuss any two law of returns to scale with example. (Law of returns to scale, examples) 8, 2
Answer: Laws of returns to scale
The concept of returns to scale is a long run phenomenon. In this case, we study the change in output
when all factor inputs are changed or made available in required quantity. An increase in scale means that
all factor inputs are increased in the same proportion. In returns to scale, all the necessary factor inputs
are increased or decreased to the same extent so that whatever the scale of production, the proportion
among the factors remains the same.
Three phases of returns to scale
Generally speaking, we study the behaviour pattern of output when all factor inputs are increased in the
same proportion under returns to scale. Many economists have questioned the validity of returns to scale
on the ground that all factor inputs cannot be increased in the same proportion and the proportion between
the factor inputs cannot be kept uniform. But in some cases, it is possible that all factor inputs can be
changed in the same proportion and the output is studied when the input is doubled or tripled or increased
five-fold or ten-fold. An ordinary person may think that when the quantity of inputs is increased 10 times,
output will also go up by 10 times. But it may or may not happen as expected. It may be noted that when
the quantity of inputs are increased in the same proportion, the scale of output or returns to scale may be
either more than equal, equal or less than equal. Thus, when the scale of output is increased, we may get
increasing returns, constant returns or diminishing returns. When the quantity of all factor inputs are
increased in a given proportion and output increases more than proportionately, then the returns to scale
are said to be increasing; when the output increases in the same proportion, then the returns to scale are
said to be constant; when the output increases less than proportionately, then the returns to scale are said
to be diminishing.
Increasing returns to scale
Increasing returns to scale is said to operate when the producer is increasing the quantity of all factors
[scale] in a given proportion leading to a more than proportionate increase in output.

For example, when the quantity of all inputs are increased by 10%, and output increases by 15%, then
we say that increasing returns to scale is operating. In order to explain the operation of this law, an equal
product map has been drawn with the assumption that only two factors X and Y are required. Figure 5.9
depicts the operation of the law of increasing returns to scale. In the figure, Factor X is represented along
OX axis and factor Y is represented along OY axis. The scale line OP is a straight line passing through the
origin on the isoquant map indicating the increase in scale as we move upward. The scale line OP
represent different quantities of inputs where the proportion between factor X and factor Y is remains
constant. When the scale is increased from A to B, the return increases the output from 100 units to 200
units. The scale line OP passing through origin is called as the expansion path. Any line passing
through the origin will indicate the path of expansion or increase in scale with definite proportion
between the two factors. It is very clear that the increase in the quantities of factor X and Y [scale] is
small as we go up the scale and the output is larger. The distance between each isoquant curve is
progressively diminishing. It implies that in order to get an increase in output by another 100 units, a
producer is employing lesser quantities of inputs and his production cost is declining. Thus, the law of
increasing returns to scale is operating.


Adelaide Fire Station

81-129 Wakefield Street ADELAIDE

The Adelaide Fire Station complex noted for its innovative design is an outstanding example of postmodern architecture. Designed by architect Rod Roach, in partnership with Woodhead Australia, between 1976 and 1983. The design references the fire station it replaced as well as indicating the future scale and role of the Metropolitan Fire Service. The main building is particularly notable for its dramatic elevation to Wakefield Street in which prominent semi-circular brick towers 'bookend' the central section of the building. The central facade also includes a projecting horizontal storey, beneath which is double-height articulated glazing, providing visual and physical access to the fire engines within. The concrete training tower, smaller auxiliary buildings and landscape elements on the site employ the same design language as the main building, contributing to the design integrity of the complex.


Toad World® Forums

export data grid to clipboard

Just got a new pc and lost my old preferences. I used to copy small data grids to the clipboard so I could paste in the target of my choice. My only option now is to save it to a file. How do I restore access to my clipboard?

It sounds like you rt-clicked on a table in the left hand side of the schema browser to get to export dataset. Try rt-clicking on a grid instead. The reason that “copy to clipboard” isn’t enabled when you rt-click a table in the SB LHS is that you can export multiple tables from there.

thanks for your help. :slight_smile: i found the button permitting ‘save to clipboard’.


Privacy Centre

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Standardized meaning in Urdu is meyaar kay mutabiq banana معیار کے مطابق بنانا, where Standardized synonym is and also find here definition and translation of Standardized.

Standardized Pronunciation

STANDARDIZED Synonyms & Definition

Trending Words in News: Standardized

The word Standardized is tredning recently in news and blogs with following headlines:

- N.J. is close to killing two standardized tests for 100K students. Here’s why -

- A record number of colleges drop SAT/ACT admissions requirement amid growing disenchantment with standardized tests - The Washington Post

- Standardized Tests Remain the Best Way of Assessing Students' Academic Merits. - City Journal

- NYC is requiring new standardized tests at 76 struggling schools - Chalkbeat Colorado

- Dumping the SAT: Why Standardized Tests Have Lost Their Luster - Nonprofit Quarterly

Standardized Meaning in Urdu

Standardized Meaning in Urdu - In the age of digital communication, it is better for any person to learn and understand multiple languages for the better communication. In the modern world, there is a dire need of people who can communicate in different languages. However, a person feels better to communicate if he/she has a sufficient vocabulary. The Standardized meaning in Urdu will improve your knowledge about Standardized. By visiting this page you will get Standardized of different words and you can easily improve your English and Urdu vocabulary.

Searching meanings in Urdu can be beneficial for understanding the context in an efficient manner. You can get more than one meaning for one word in Urdu. You have searched the English word "Standardized" which means "معیار کے مطابق بنانا" meyaar kay mutabiq banana in Urdu. Standardized meaning in Urdu has been searched 269 (two hundred and sixty-nine) times till Oct 21, 2019. You can find translation in Urdu and Roman Urdu that is meyaar kay mutabiq banana namoonay kay mutabiq banana for the word Standardized. The definitions of the word Standardized has been described here with maximum details, and also fined different synonyms for the word Standardized, like . You can listen to the pronunciation of the word Standardized in clear voice from this page online through our voice dictionary a unique facility for dedicated users.


Proud Americans?

Theodore Roosevelt declared in a speech in 1907 that an American can be defined as someone who is ‘in every facet an American, and nothing but an American’, with sole loyalty to ‘the American flag’ and ‘the American people’. The national anthem of the United States, The Star-Spangled Banner, is undoubtedly a potent symbol of what it means to be American. Written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key, the poem that later became the national anthem illustrates American perseverance in the face of Britain’s relentless naval bombardment of Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore. The national anthem thus serves as a reminder of how the American nation had to be fought for, which also evokes the experience of the Revolutionary War. It is therefore a powerful representation of the American national character – one that emphasizes such values as liberty, valor, and patriotism.


Multimodality in Audio-Verbo-Visual Translation

Until the end of the 20th century, a part of applied linguistics, translation still focuses primarily on verbal rendering. Language elements are explored extensively in translationstudies.Theexplorationsincludeconceptsofequivalence,shift,modulation, and untranslatability. That texts are not only in the form of verbal languages but also audio, visual, gestural, and digital ones has triggered translation studies to explain phenomenaarisingfromtherenderingofintersemiotictexts.Thisstudyaimstoexplain the application of multimodality in the translation of verbo-visual text including the degree of accuracy, naturalness, and acceptability of Indonesian texts translated from English. The object of this study is English Audio-verbo-visual texts and their translationsinIndonesian.Thetypesoftextsinquestionincludevarioustextualgenres commonly existing in dubbing, subtitling, comic and comic rendering. The data for this study were obtained through documentatary studies and were analyzed using the conceptofphenomenology.Theresultsofthisstudyindicatethateachtexttypehasits owncharacteristicssothatintersemiotictranslationcanbedifferentfromonerendering to another. The multimodality of translation may bridge the transfer of meaning in intersemiotic rendering, especially from English to Indonesian.


Uttering Threats

The uttering of threats can be a criminal act in violation of s.  264.1 of the Criminal Code of Canada, R.S.C.  c.  C-46 which states:

Uttering Threats

Determining Threatening Statements Requires Objectively Unbiased Reasonable ViewpointBut What Is a Threat?

Of course, people can often say or write words that may appear as a threat to one person while appearing as much less than a threat to someone else.  Often the person towards whom the statement was uttered will subjectively conclude that the statement was a threat while an objectively rational person will see perhaps little more than angry venting at most, frustrated spite at best, or perhaps was speaking of something altogether unrelated and therefore being completely irrelevant.

It was recently said in R.  v. Sears, 2018 ONCJ 866 at paragraph 3 while citing the Supreme Court of Canada in R.  v. McRae, [2013] 3 S.C.R.  931 that:

10 ...  The question of whether words constitute a threat is a question of law to be decided on an objective standard…

11 The starting point of the analysis should always be the plain and ordinary meaning of the words uttered.  Where the words clearly constitute a threat and there is no reason to believe that they had a secondary or less obvious meaning, the analysis is complete.  However, in some cases, the context reveals that words that would on their face appear threatening may not constitute threats within the meaning of s.  264.1(1)(a) (see e.g.  O'Brien, at paras.  10-12).  In other cases, contextual factors might have the effect of elevating to the level of threats words that would, on their face, appear relatively innocent (see e.g.  R.  v. MacDonald (2002), 166 O.A.C.  121, where the words uttered were "You're next").

15 Thus, while testimony from persons who heard or were the object of the threat may be considered in applying this objective test, the question in relation to the prohibited act is not whether people in fact felt threatened.  As the Court of Appeal for Ontario put it in Batista, witness opinions are relevant to the application of the reasonable person standard; however, they are not determinative, given that they amount to personal opinions and "d[o] not necessarily satisfy the requirements of the legal test" (para.  26).

16 To conclude on this point, the prohibited act of the offence of uttering threats will be made out if a reasonable person fully aware of the circumstances in which the words were uttered or conveyed would have perceived them to be a threat of death or bodily harm.

Burden of Proof is Applied

Furthermore, it is necessary that the uttered words be proven beyond a reasonable doubt as a threat rather than just a possible threat.  This requirement was also stated in Sears:

[10]        While this possible reasonable interpretation was certainly sufficient to justify the laying of the charge and the initiation of process on the standard of reasonable and probable grounds, the standard I must consider is proof beyond a reasonable doubt.  That latter standard requires that I must acquit Mr.  Sears unless the evidence satisfies me that the only reasonable interpretation of the passage is that it is a threat.  A finding that a threat to kill is a possible, or even the most likely, reasonable interpretation must lead to an acquittal.

Summary Comment

Based on the case law, it appears clear that the views of the complainant may be irrationally and unduly subjective and therefore be inadequate assessment as to whether words constitute as a clear threat; and thus, contrary to the perceptions and views of the complainant, what a rationally objective person would view as a threat, and do so beyond reasonably doubt, and thus beyond what may just possibly be a threat, is the required legal test of when a threat is genuinely a threat.

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Nasala: farmers chip in for an early start

The Nasala Support Group are working hard to improve their farms and livelihoods. When the club had no resources to start a tomato garden, members chipped in the little they could to make it possible. Without fertilizer, they have used the compost heaps we taught them to make to get good growth so far.

This humble beginning should grow into much more as they plant onions and maize as part of their irrigation training later this year. The goal with this club is for them to provide enough nutritious food for each member and their families, with some extra to sell.


Effective heating Helper

Do you have heating at home, but you still have to regulate the temperature in your home or apartment in some situations? During the cold November evenings, you are waiting for the central heating to be saved, and would you like to have something smaller to maintain a pleasant temperature? Then you will certainly not be stepping beside when you take our fireplace stove, which allows you to regulate the temperature at any time, and at the same time create a beautiful home environment, even in a very unfavourable and saturated weather.
Something on the fire is
It is a very nice and long-maintained human tradition that when they are everywhere in nature on vacation, people divide the fire, around which they sit with their friends and acquaintances, to talk, tell, sing, simply to experience pleasant moments of rest And sharing with the people they care about. It is clear that you can not always go to nature, but if you can not Mohamed to the mountain… That's why you can make a stove, which is a fire at any time.


Weekend Nannies

If you only employ a nanny during the week, come weekends, you’re fully immersed in childcare with no time for yourself at all! If you need to run errands or do some exercise, or even just take some time to shower in peace, our weekend nannies are the perfect solution. Stay home or leave the house – it’s completely up to you, knowing that someone super experienced is watching your child the entire time.

Weekend Nannies Prices
0-3 hours R360
4 hours R400
5 hours R460
6 hours R500
7 hours R550
8 hours R600
9 hours R700


Do 10 repetitions at each station, rest for 30 secs and do another set of 10 reps (or move from station to station and go round twice without resting). Don't put the weights down on the block until you've done all your reps - leave about a finger's width between the weights you're lifting and the top of the stack.

Multi-gym equipment is designed to work the muscle in both directions, so until you put the weights fully down they're working all the time (both when they get shorter and when they get longer as it's all done under full control).

When this is easy, you have two options - do more sets, or increase the weights. Some people find it useful to do 15/20 reps for a couple of sessions (to make sure you're really ready to move on) and then increase the weights and go back to 10 reps.

A word to the wise.... If it hurts - LEAVE IT. I don't believe in this "good pain" thing - if it's painful, your body is trying to tell you something (usually to STOP!).

Lats pull-downs

Use the long straight bar with the angled ends. You can hold it with a narrow or wide grip:  most people find it easier to lift more with the wide grip.

Different parts of the latissimus dorsi muscle are worked depending on where you hold the bar (wide grip works the lower part, narrow grip works the upper).  You can do a mix of wide and narrow, or two sets of either.

When you're doing the narrow grip make sure your hands are an equal distance from the centre so that you're not pulling more to one side (and remember you can have your hands facing either way - whichever feels best for you).  Don't come too close to the middle either or you'll be using other muscles - go for midway between the centre and the curved end of the bar.

Pull the bar down to about collar bone level in front of your face and then control the weights to lift your arms above your head.  You might see people pulling the weights down behind their head, and the reason I suggest doing in to the front is that the junction in the middle of the bar has a nasty habit of catching hair and ripping it out by the roots!  Lift and lower at a steady rate - don't whoosh the weights up and down because the muscle won't work effectively.  As the weights go down, keep it under control.

With all multi-gym work - aim for 10 reps, but if you've had enough by 7 or 8, Stop, Rest and reduce the weight.

Bench press - Shoulder press

Vary the routine here - you can do both positions (sitting or lying), or either (do sitting in one session and lying the next).  You can also split the two up so that you do the reps in the sitting position, go and do some abs work, and then come back to do your reps in the lying position.  In either position, make sure the bar is high enough - if you try to start a lift from too low a level you've got a greater risk of injury.

Adjust the frame by taking out the key and lifting the arms up or down.  The best levels for most people are in the 4th hole for bench pressing where you lie down, and the 7th/8th hole for shoulder pressing where you sit facing the weights, but if this doesn't feel right for you try setting it one hole higher/lower.

When you're in the lying position, make sure your head is on the bench and not hanging off at the top. You can't actually see where the weights are so for the first session you'll be getting the 'feel' of how far you can lower them without actually resting them down.  You can also move backwards or forwards on the bench until you find the most comfortable position for you.  There will be one position which is 'mechanically correct' for your joints/muscles - do one lift and move a couple of centimetres down the bench and lift again - is it easier or harder?. If it's harder try moving up the bench and lift again.  When you're in the 'right' place the lift will feel better - it might not be easy, but it'll feel right.

When you're lying on the bench you can have your feet on the floor, on the bench (with bent knees) or if neither feels comfortable, put the small steps at the end of the bench and rest your feet on that.

If you want to, you can do exactly the same exercise using the free weights and bar, although I'd use the multi-gym set-up to get used to bench pressing with good technique.  Also be aware that the bar weighs 20kg before you begin to put weight on, so you need to be able to lift this weight on the multi-gym: the blocks are numbered in pounds (not kilos) so you need to be able to lift at least 40.

When you first try the free weights - and if you're lifting close to your maximum at any time - always have someone standing behind to 'spot' for you in case your strength fails!

Use the red bar and stand with your toes on the edge of the board. Pull the bar down to hip level and straighten your arms. Allow the elbows to bend so that the bar comes up to chest level then push down again. Keep your upper arms in by your sides and only move the forearm - it's your elbow which bends and straightens, and the shoulder stays still. This is a very small movement - I see people looking as if they're trying to fly with flapping arms and they're not working triceps at all!

There are numerous ways of using this station - some people use it for static rowing (using the red seat and the handle on the lower end of the cable - sit with legs straight, feet on the plates, and pull back with your arms - stay sitting upright and don't lean back!), others use the rope instead of the bar, stand with their back to the weights, and pull forwards and down.

Watch other people and if they look as if they're doing something interesting, ask - all of the gym members are okay people!

Take care with your shoulders getting into the starting position with this one.  You don't have to go all the way back with this either - you'll work your pectoral muscles even if you only go back to 70 degrees (it should feel 'comfortable' all the way - if your shoulders feel as if they're being pulled out of their sockets it will cause you to alter the position of your spine which can cause injury/strain)

On all the multi-gym equipment:  Do the exercises SLOWLY and steadily - you'll see people puffing away and doing dozens of reps at top speed - this isn't good or an effective way to exercise.

Also start by working at the same speed to lift the weight AND put it down - multi-gym exercises work the muscle in both directions because you don't release the weight until the end (remember about leaving a fingers width between the weights you're lifting and the top of the stack).  Work the muscle through the full range (apart from pecs which can be effectively worked over a smaller range) - again you'll see people working like mad with about 6" of movement - not the best way to use the equipment.


Cleva Genesis
The 1986 Genesis was built in Argentine by Jorge Cleva for Advanced pilots.
Wing area: 14.30 m²
Wing span: 10.38 m
Aspect ratio: 7.5
Hang glider weight: 34 kg
Maximum pilot weight: 100 kg
Minimum speed: 25 km/h
Maximum speed: 100 km/h
Max glide ratio speed: 44 km/h
Number of battens: 35
Nose angle: 128°