Writing A World History Comparative Essay In 10 Steps

A world history comparative essay can be done by choosing to compare and contrast two points in history that may have similarities or differences that will interest the members of the audience. Here are some steps for you to remember to write a comprehensive comparative exposition on world history.

Detailed Steps to Take

  1. First, you have to gather all the details that you need for each topic that you would discuss. Since there is most likely going to be two topics, make sure to develop a system of investigation that will not hamper the quality of your work.
  2. Make sure that you get the right kind of resources for this particular exposition topic. It is important for you to be as accurate as possible in your account of world history.
  3. In addition to this, it is imperative that you adopt the correct writing style when writing historical accounts. Be as sensitive as possible when it comes to the words that you are going to use. Otherwise, your essay will sound contrived.
  4. Refrain from expressing a personal opinion too much within the exposition itself. This should be an accurate portrayal of two comparative points in history. If you include your opinion explicitly within the document, it might contaminate the details of your writing.
  5. However, you should be able to express your opinion subtly within the course of the paragraphs. If possible, include it in the last portions of the composition.
  6. Ask for more information about certain historical accounts from other people as well. Do not hesitate to ask your professor for more information about certain aspects of world history that you might want to explore, but do not understand fully.
  7. Do an Internet search for the most compelling topics that you can discuss in relation to world history. I am sure that you will be able to get online samples easily with the use of the web.
  8. Be as straightforward as possible when writing your own account of events in world history. Usually, expositions have a certain word limit. Therefore, you have to make sure not to exceed this particular limitation in the future.
  9. Use words that will be easy to understand. Your aim is to reach as many audience members as possible. If you use highfaluting words in your exposition, then you will end up defeating the purpose.
  10. Lastly, you have to remember to write a short but direct conclusion. Choose your vocabulary carefully and allow yourself to explain why you concluded the exposition in such a way.

These are just some of the many ways for you to write a comparative essay on world history. When doing this, it is best for you to be as balanced as possible. This will put your writing in a fair and concise light for sure.

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We build the biggest (moving) Wifi network in Germany.
Our mission is to provide Seamless Connectivity throughout the entire travel, connecting stations, regional- and long-distance trains. For millions of customers every day.
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We at Deutsche Bahn AG are looking for an experienced Product Owner(f/m/d) in Berlin who is passionate about the future of mobility.

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* You will take part in the whole product development lifecycle from ideation to product definition, conceptualization, validating hypotheses, iterative implementation, go-live, and continuous improvement while staying focused on our user's needs throughout each of the phases.
* You will define, discuss and document product requirements, keep them up-to-date during product development and take care that the product vision comes to life.
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* You should have experience in building digital products from idea to launch and beyond, ideally in the mobility sector
* You have a strong focus on involving users in the product development workflows
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* You embrace modern ways to build digital products such as Lean UX, Design Thinking and Extreme Programming
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The Educated Youth Unemployment Debacle in Zimbabwe: An Evaluation of the Impact of Intervention Programmes

This study was an evaluation of the intervention programmes which were put in place by the Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) and its cooperating partners to address youth unemployment with specific reference to educated youths. Such a study was viewed as critical because it informs policy on what needs to be done correctly or improved in future endeavours to avoid repeating the same mistakes given that educated youth unemployment continues to rise in Zimbabwe. The study took the form of a survey in which 955 unemployed educated youths selected from the country’s ten provinces using multi-stage sampling techniques were used as respondents. The study found out that the intervention programmes did not achieve the desired impact as judged by most of the respondents who were supposed to be beneficiaries. Most respondents indicated that they had never heard about the existence of most of the fifteen intervention programmes identified in this research. The study recommended transparency through marketing initiatives which targeted youths in their final years of full-time education. The study found out that the intervention programmes were not adequately funded and this caused the selection of beneficiaries difficult leading to lack of trust with most intended beneficiaries suspecting corruption. Given the magnitude of the unemployment problem among educated youths, it was also recommended that Government and its cooperating partners should adequately fund the intervention programmes so that they achieve the desired impact of reducing the educated youth unemployment debacle.

Keywords: Intervention Programmes, Unemployment, Youth Unemployment

Article Review Status: Published

Pages: 78-103 (Download PDF)

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“Writer’s Block Isn’t Real,” Says This Prolific Author

Does writer’s block exist?

Prolific writer and marketing guru Seth Godin doesn’t think so. And I agree with him.

On a recent episode of The Moment with Brian Koppelman, Seth explained why he doesn’t believe in Writer’s Block (the quote is from around 19:45):

Writer’s block is merely the combination of two things: one, bad habits someone else who is not on the journey is going say to you. When those two things combine in your head, it’s easier to be paralyzed – it’s easier to do nothing.

Or, in other words, writer’s block is an excuse we’ve invented to explain why we’re not writing. Ultimately, it comes down to fear.

Later, in the discussion, Seth and podcast host Brian Koppelman (a writer, producer, and generally creative guy) have an intellectual argument about whether writer’s block really exists. Is it just a pressure of not manifesting this thing we want to create? Is it a feeling of letting ourselves down? And how do we barrel through and get to the other side? Is being a stuck writer better than someone who writes something they aren’t proud of? And how do we get through our insecurities and create while battling our insecurities?

If you have an hour, this episode is filled with gems from experienced writers who know how to create worthwhile and successful art. I’ve embedded it below, but you can listen to the entire episode on Stitcher.

Here’s the entire episode description:

Back for his third appearance on the show, New York Times best-selling author and entrepreneur Seth Godin joins Brian this week to talk about his upcoming book, What Does It Sound Like When You Change Your Mind? (3:00). You can preorder Seth’s book by clicking here. To start things off, Seth and Brian discuss the concept of “certainty” in creation (11:00), whether writer’s block really exists (20:00), and why Seth used to ask the question “How many gas stations are there in the United States?” when interviewing potential employees (36:00). The two also reflect on different artists and how they approached their work (40:00) and why fear is a signal that you’re doing something right (54:00).

Source: The Moment with Brian Koppelman on Stitcher, Slate, or iTunes

Photo by Bjorn Amundsen via Slate


II – Résistance passive, résistance active : vitalité linguistique et revitalisation

The effects of grammatical proscription on morphosyntactic change: Auxiliary variation in Franco-American French

  • Louis E. Stelling

…plus d’informations

  • Louis E. Stelling
    Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts

Couverture de Identités linguistiques, langues identitaires : à la croisée du prescriptivisme et du patriotisme, Numéro 1, mars 2011, Arborescences

Corps de l’article

1. Introduction

In this paper[1] we explore the influence of grammatical proscription on morphosyntactic change (or lack thereof) in two Franco-American[2] communities. Our data was gathered through sociolinguistic interviews with sixty-nine French-English bilinguals including thirty-five informants from Southbridge, Massachusetts and thirty-four from Woonsocket, Rhode Island between June of 2002 and August of 2003.

French is endangered everywhere that it is spoken in the United States. If Franco-American were to follow the path of a great many other language varieties in decline, we would expect rapid linguistic change (e.g., structural simplification) to occur as the shift from French to English advances in New England (Rottet 2001; Russo and Roberts 1999; Mougeon and Béniak 1991; King 1989; Dorian 1981, 1989).

In the French verbal system, 17 intransitive verbs call for être as the auxiliary in compound tenses such as the passé composé; otherwise avoir is used. Since from a functional perspective only one auxiliary is needed, structural simplification would be expected to encourage the spread of avoir and its eventual employ as the only auxiliary verb in the Franco-American variety. Because the use of avoir in cases where the standard language calls for être also represents a usage that is linguistically proscribed, an examination of its distribution in Franco-American provides the opportunity to consider whether linguistic proscription can slow or even stop qualitative changes which might otherwise add to the stigmatization of this variety.[3]

We begin with a brief historical overview of French-Canadian immigration to Southbridge and Woonsocket followed by an explanation of the sociolinguistic field methods we used to gather our data. Next, a discussion of previous research on auxiliary variation in North American French provides the basis for the selection of the linguistic and sociolinguistic variables that we include in our multivariate analysis. Finally, a detailed presentation of the results of the analysis and a discussion of our findings in the light of what has been reported elsewhere lead us to conclude that Franco-American French is not undergoing the rapid morphosyntactic change predicted by its current situation. Our results suggest that the Franco-American communities of Southbridge and Woonsocket stand out as a unique case of language shift.

2. The communities

The Franco-American communities of Southbridge, Massachusetts and Woonsocket, Rhode Island have much in common historically. The francophone immigration of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries drew relatively homogenous populations from the same geographical region of Canada to both locations over roughly the same time period. The first French Canadian family to settle in Woonsocket came as early as 1814 or 1815 (Bonier 1920: 95). Southbridge, which was incorporated in 1816, saw the arrival of French Canadian immigrants in 1832 (Gatineau 1919: 15; Brown 1980: 26). In both locations, these Franco-Americans were joined by friends and family who filled the towns to work in bustling factories. In each community, the majority of families came not only from the same rural region of Quebec, but from many of the very same small towns (Brault 1986). In the 1830’s for example, immigrants from the town of St. Ours in the Richelieu valley settled in high numbers in both locations (Brault 1986: 56).

In 1900, Franco-Americans already made up 60% of the populations of both Southbridge and Woonsocket (Brault 1986: 54-55). Their numbers continued to grow until the 1930’s when the Depression and changing immigration laws ended the arrival of new Francophones (Roby 2000, 1990; Brault 1986). By that time, Southbridge and Woonsocket had become two of New England’s oldest and most well known Franco-American centers.

As the Franco-Americans of Southbridge and Woonsocket profited from the social mobility made possible by their majority status and a booming American economy in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the French speaking populations exhibited a great deal of social and economic stratification in both locations. In fact, a number of prominent Franco-Americans held public office and were therefore quite visible in both communities (Gatineau 1919; Brown 1980; Bonier 1920).

Franco-Americans were successful in creating an impressive number of groups including mutual aid societies, social clubs, French language newspapers, and parish organizations. Through the establishment of Franco-American national parishes and bilingual parochial schools, the Catholic Church played a key role in language maintenance and transmission. French was also commonly used in places of work such as factories and mills, where Franco-Americans worked together in large numbers. Complex French language infrastructures therefore provided strong support for the language in both Southbridge and Woonsocket, as was the case in a number of other Franco-American centers throughout New England (Roby 2000; 1990; Brault 1986; Brown 1980; Gatineau 1919; Bonier 1920.

Since the 1930’s, language shift has been advancing in both communities. French is no longer commonly used at work. All but a handful of masses in French, and every one of the bilingual school programs gradually disappeared. Along with the decline of French in work, education, and religion, many of the organizations that had been so important in promoting the language are no longer in existence. Currently, French is used mainly between family members and friends, and even these domains have been greatly penetrated by English. In other words, there is no longer a single domain that is reserved exclusively for French in either community (Fox and Smith 2007, 2005).

3. Fieldwork

By investigating eight communities throughout New England, two teams of researchers lead by Professors Cynthia Fox (University at Albany) and Jane Smith (University of Maine, Orono) have created a mega-corpus of Franco-American French (see Fox and Smith 2007, 2005 for an overview of the project). Southbridge and Woonsocket are two of eight communities targeted in the project.[4] During fieldwork, interviews were conducted with approximately 30 Franco-Americans from each location, 275 in all. Interviews were guided by use of a questionnaire to gather information on topics such as the acquisition, use and transmission of French, and access to francophone culture and media. A translation task (English to French) was also used to elicit structures that are infrequent in conversation. Through the study of this mega-corpus, Fox and Smith (2007, 2005) have confirmed that language shift is more advanced in southern New England than in the north, and that Franco-American communities can vary greatly in terms of language maintenance.

Fieldwork has also shown that despite the many historical similarities between Southbridge and Woonsocket, language shift has progressed to different degrees in the two locations. For example, the shift from French to English is more advanced in Southbridge than in any other community studied and Woonsocket stands out because language maintenance has been higher there than elsewhere in Southern New England (Fox and Smith 2007; 2005; Fox 2007). U.S. census reports from 1990 and 2000 also indicate that when compared to Southbridge, a greater percentage of Woonsocket residents declared French or French Canadian ancestry as well as French use in the home in both years.

Finally, fieldwork has revealed that conservative language attitudes exist in both communities (Fox 2005; Stelling 2007). A number of speakers such as SO-S6 and SO06 for example, voiced concerns about the quality of the local French, often making reference to more prestigious or standardized varieties of the language, such as the French taught in parochial or public schools.[5]

The conservative language attitudes of Franco-Americans from Southbridge and Woonsocket and their exposure to the standardized varieties of the language (through school, travel and media) may make the communities unique when compared to other cases of language shift. The variety may be resistant to certain qualitative simplifications that might be labeled by parents, teachers and other speech monitors in the communities as “bad” French. In the following analysis, we investigate whether linguistic proscription may be preventing avoir from spreading to replace être to become the sole remaining auxiliary verb in the passé composé, a development that has been noted in other communities in the United States (Locke 1949; Marie-Francia and Marie Anaïs 1958; Papen and Rottet 1997; Russo and Roberts 1999).

4. Previous research on the passé composé in North American French

Auxiliary variation in the passé composé has been studied in New England, Montreal, Ontario, and Louisiana. Some of the factors that researchers have found to have a significant influence on variation are: age, gender, socioeconomic status, degree of language restriction, verb frequency, the presence of a transitive homonym, and the presence of an adjectival homonym. Each of these is therefore included in the multivariate analysis.

In New England, Locke (1949) found that avoir is the standard auxiliary for intransitive verbs of motion (e.g., Il a parti à cinq heures ‘He left at five o’clock’) whereas Sisters Marie-Francia and Marie Anaïs (1958) reported that the use of avoir with these same verbs was specifically associated with the working class. A possible explanation for their contrasting findings is that Locke worked with a single informant from Maine and Sisters Marie-Francia and Marie Anaïs examined a variety of Franco-American newspapers representing three social classes. Decades later, Russo and Roberts (1999) found that there was no social meaning associated with the non-standard use of avoir by twenty-two informants from Vermont and that its spread in their speech was promoted by main verbs which occur infrequently in conversation (e.g., revenir, descendre, arrêter) and by main verbs which have a transitive homonym (e.g., Je suis rentréà cinq heures ‘I came home at five o’clock’ vs J’ai rentré les foins ‘I brought in the hay.’)

Sankoff and Thibault (1980) reported that variability carried social meaning in Montreal. Use of être was specifically associated with higher socioeconomic status and use of avoir was especially frequent among men. Choice of auxiliary also depended on the exposure to and attitudes toward Standard French of a given speaker. Among the linguistic factors considered, they found that verbs with an adjectival homonym (il a parti à cinq heures ‘he left at 5’ vs il est déjà parti ‘he is already gone’ (state)), a transitive homonym, and verbs of motion were the most susceptible to the spread of avoir. Their general conclusion was that a change in progress in favor of avoir had been blocked by pressure to conform to Standard French.

Canale et al. (1978) reported that several linguistic factors influenced auxiliary variation in Ontario. High frequency verbs and verbs which were morphologically complex (e.g., revenir vs venir) showed resistance to the spread of avoir while verbs with a transitive homonym were more likely to be used with this auxiliary. Finally, the authors stated that they could not fully account for variation and that there was at least one unknown factor at work. When Béniak and Mougeon (1989) and Nadasdi (2005) analyzed auxiliary variation, they each found that language restriction played a significant role. In both studies, highly restricted users of French showed a preference for avoir whereas unrestricted speakers did not.

In a study of Cajun French, Papen and Rottet (1997) showed that when être is used, the speaker is referring to the resulting state of an action while when avoir is used, reference is made to the action itself. Use of être was limited to a very small number of verbs and was found only among the oldest group of speakers in their corpus. Picone and Valdman (2005) echoed the conclusions that être was used only by older speakers and with a very limited set of verbs. They also found that avoir may be used with all verbs, including intransitives and pronominals. Given the very similar observations found in the two studies, it is evident that the invariable use of avoir is well on its way to replacing être in Cajun French, a variety which finds itself today in a stage of language shift closely resembling the situation in New England.

5. The multivariate analysis

Concordances were made using Simple Concordance Program, version 4.08.[6] Before extracting instances of the passé composé from the transcriptions, all lines spoken by the interviewer were eliminated. Interviews with multiple informants were then divided into multiple documents, one for each speaker.

Concordances were created from the conversation data only, as the translation task did not involve systematic use of the past tense of any of the seventeen intransitive verbs studied here. All lines containing past participles of verbs that require être as an auxiliary in Standard French were retained. These past participles include allé, entré, passé, monté, tombé, arrivé, né, venu, sorti, retourné, descendu, resté, parti, and mort. Derivatives of these verbs containing the prefixes de- and re- such as rentré, devenu and revenu were also included in the concordances. Only intransitive uses of these verbs were retained, since their transitive counterparts were conjugated exclusively with avoir.

After concordances were completed, token files were created by coding each instance of the passé composé for characteristics of the speaker (age, gender, community of residence, socioeconomic status, number of generations in the U.S., frequency of French use, and schooling in French) and the linguistic context itself (grammatical person and number, the existence of a transitive homonym, the possibility of an adjectival use of the past participle, and frequency of the main verb). A total of 1,194 tokens were included in the study. These tokens were produced by 57 informants, 25 from Southbridge and 32 from Woonsocket.[7] Our results show that when taken together, Franco-Americans from Southbridge and Woonsocket use avoir with a frequency of 34%.

The binomial multivariate analysis was performed using GOLDVARB 2001.[8] The goal of this analysis was to measure the contributions of each of the social and linguistic factors on the appearance of avoir with the seventeen intransitive verbs mentioned above. Although the data set included six other verbs that are morphologically derived from the original set, these were not retained in the multivariate analysis. The main reason for this is that none were used more than once by informants in conjunction with the passé composé, and thus did not show variation in this corpus. These are repasser, remonter, retomber, ressortir, redescendre, and repartir.

Results from the multivariate analysis were significant at the level of p=0.015. As shown in Table 1, six of the seven external constraints were found to have a significant effect on auxiliary variation. These were frequency of use of French, age, gender, number of generations in the U.S., socioeconomic status, and schooling in French. Only community of residence was not found to be significant. The one and only linguistic constraint found to be significant was the presence of a transitive homonym. Though the data suggests that verb frequency may also play a role in variation (which we will see in subsection 5.2), verb frequency was not chosen as a significant factor in the multivariate analysis.[9] Grammatical person and number and the possibility of an adjectival use were not found to be statistically significant.

Table 1

Contribution of significant factors to the use of avoir (p=0.015)

-> Voir la liste des tableaux

5.1 Significant factors on the use of avoir

Informants from all eight communities studied in the Franco-American French project (including Southbridge and Woonsocket) were divided into five groups based on their self reports on the frequency with which they use French today (see Fox and Smith 2005, 2007). These categories (never, rarely sometimes, often, and daily) were included in the analysis because of the impact of language restriction on choice of auxiliary that has been observed in Franco-Ontarian French when a similar five point scale was used to create an index of language restriction (Nadasdi 2005; Béniak and Mougeon 1989).

It is important to note however, that the categories used in the present analysis come from self-reports on frequency of French use only and do not include an index based on functional language use domains. Studies of Franco-Ontarian French have taken into account 1) a variety of settings (home, community and school) 2) different interlocutors (parents, siblings and peers) and 3) directionality of the interaction (informant > interlocutor or interlocutor > informant) (see Mougeon and Béniak 1991: 71-73). This approach was deemed inappropriate for Franco-American French for several reasons. First, none of the speakers in this corpus are in school. Second, in both communities, French has lost its place as a communicative tool outside the home. Third, the parents of the vast majority of speakers are deceased. Finally, the directionality of use of French is quite individualized from one speaker to the next and is difficult to ascertain in some cases as it was not specifically addressed in the questionnaire.

When frequency of use of French is considered, it appears that infrequent use of French does not favor the spread of avoir as we would expect if language shift were encouraging such a change. In fact, daily use of French is the only factor in this group which favours use of avoir as an auxiliary verb.[10] As shown in Table 1, while use of avoir is prominent among daily users (54%, factor value = 0.616), those who have fewer occasions to speak French are more likely to use être.

In the present analysis, the age groups were 1) below 60 years of age, 2) 60 to 69 years, 3) 70 to 79 years, and 4) 80 years of age or above. Although age was not found to be a significant factor in auxiliary choice in Vermont French, it has been found to be indicative of a change in progress (the spread of avoir) in both Montreal French and Franco-Ontarian French (Russo and Roberts 1999: 80, table 7).

Results of the present analysis show some possible (though not conclusive) evidence of a change in progress. The younger speakers in the corpus (those below the age of seventy) are the most likely to use avoir, where speakers in their seventies, eighties and nineties have a higher probability of using the more conservative être. However, we can see that any possible change in progress has been slowed or even stopped if we examine the younger speakers in the corpus.

First, there is not a single age group that uses either form exclusively with this set of verbs. A considerable amount of variation can be witnessed both in the youngest (56% avoir vs. 44% être) and oldest (25% avoir vs. 75% être) age groups. Clearly, if there is a change in progress, it has not been so rapid as to produce categorical users of avoir even at the youngest end of the continuum. Furthermore, the factor effects for speakers in their sixties (0.669) and for those below the age of sixty (0.668) are nearly identical. This indicates that a possible change in progress among speakers above the age of seventy has not continued among younger informants.

The role of gender as a mechanism of language change has been shown to differ between “healthy” varieties and those that are undergoing language shift. In stable situations of variation in “healthy” language varieties, women typically use more conservative forms than men (Labov 2001). Gender does not typically influence variation in situations of shift because rapid linguistic changes tend to erase the effect of social factors other than age (King 1989; Russo and Roberts 1999; Dorian 1989, 1981).

Let us remember that gender was found to be significant in the choice of auxiliary in the passé composé in Montreal French, where men “seem to use avoir more than women” (Sankoff and Thibault 1980, 340). Based on this and on their other findings, the authors found auxiliary variation to be stable, and not indicative of a change in progress. Our results confirm that Franco-American women are less likely to use avoir than are Franco-American men. In other words, gender based variation has not been eliminated by language shift. The gender effect on the use of avoir is not typical of a change in progress in favor of avoir, but rather of stable variation.

Number of generations in the United States was included as an external constraint for this analysis for two reasons. First, its status as an immigrant language distinguishes Franco-American French from each of the other four major varieties of North American French. Second, in cases of immigrant languages, shift is said to occur across generations (Dorian 1989). Interestingly, migration status was not found to be a significant factor in Vermont French (Russo and Roberts 1999; Russo 1997). As mentioned above however, the Vermont corpus consisted only of first and second-generation speakers (immigrants and children of two immigrants) whereas the Southbridge and Woonsocket corpora include third and fourth-generation Franco-Americans as well.

Results from the present analysis show that the probability of use of avoir does not increase in a parallel fashion with the number of generations in the United States. First-generation speakers who have emigrated from Quebec are the least likely to use avoir (factor weight = 0.265). However, the situation is all the more interesting when we look at generations two and three.[11] While being a member of generation two increases the probability that avoir will be used, generation three speakers are more likely to use être. It would seem then, that while the children of immigrants are quite susceptible to the spread of avoir, generation three demonstrates a substantial shift back toward the use of être.

Auxiliary choice was also found to correlate highly with socioeconomic status. While working class status favors the use of avoir (factor weight = 0.573), the professional class shows a clear preference for être. This is perhaps our most convincing evidence that this particular variable bears a great deal of social meaning in Franco-American French.

Schooling in French is also a significant factor in choice of auxiliary verb. French as a sole medium of instruction strongly discourages the use of avoir (only 8%, factor weight = 0.194). This represents a sharp contrast with respect to all of the other forms of schooling. Most of the speakers who have had French as a sole medium of instruction had this opportunity while residing in Quebec, where French can be used in all communicative domains. Since Quebec French is viewed as a prestige variety by Franco-Americans (see Bagate et al. 2004), it is likely that the experience of living and going to school there has had a lasting effect on the speech of these informants. Although none of the other factors in the group discourage the use of avoir, informants who have had French only as a “foreign” language use avoir with much lower frequency (18%) than those who have had bilingual schooling (42%-46%). If we consider that both French as a sole medium of instruction and French as a foreign language are less favorable to the use of avoir than the categories involving bilingual schooling, our results lend support to the notion that contact with varieties other than the source dialect discourages use of the linguistically proscribed form. Although our data set is too limited to tease out further information about the effects of schooling on auxiliary variation, it is certainly an area that merits future investigation.[12]

According to Russo (1997), Boulanger (1992) has identified transitive homonyms in Quebec French for eight of the seventeen intransitive verbs studied here. These verbs and their transitive meanings and examples as given in Russo (1997: 32-34) are:

Because transitive verbs are conjugated with avoir, it has been found that analogy may play a role in the spread of this auxiliary to the intransitive verbs listed above. The existence of a transitive homonym has been found to favour the use of avoir in both Ontario and Vermont (Canale et al. 1978; Russo and Roberts 1999).

In the present analysis, the existence of a transitive homonym turned out to be one of the most significant factors in choice of auxiliary. It was also the only linguistic constraint found to have a significant influence on variation. Our results highlight a marked discrepancy between those verbs that have a transitive homonym and those that do not. The existence of a transitive homonym strongly favors the spread of avoir to the intransitive forms (75%, factor weight = 0.862). Verbs forms which can only be used in an intransitive manner on the other hand, do not favor the use of avoir (factor weight = 0.415).

5.2 Factors not selected as significant

Four factors in this analysis were not found to have any significant effect on auxiliary variation. Three of the four linguistic constraints were not selected. These were grammatical person and number, the existence of an adjectival homonym, and verb frequency. In contrast, the only external constraint that was not selected is community of residence.

Although Southbridge speakers used the standard être with greater frequency (73%) than did informants from Woonsocket (65%), this difference was not found to be statistically significant. The fact that community of residence was not selected must be interpreted with care. Woonsocket speakers were interviewed in the home, and often told lengthy uninterrupted stories. The majority of Southbridge interviews, on the other hand, took place outside the home (see Stelling 2008, 70-75). It is possible that the relative formality of Southbridge interviews when compared to those conducted in Woonsocket has masked the effect of language shift within the data set. While we may expect the highest use of avoir to coincide with the community (Southbridge) in which language shift is more advanced, we also may expect the use of être to coincide with the community (also Southbridge) where interviews were more formal in nature. This point will be addressed further in the discussion section.

The first linguistic constraint that was not selected as significant was grammatical person and number. Although none of the authors cited in the pages above have studied the effect of this variable on auxiliary variation, it was included here because there is a relationship between grammatical person and number and the frequency with which verb forms appear in conversation. In a discussion of linguistic change, Martinet (1969) concluded that frequently used forms are more resistant to simplification than infrequent forms (cited in Russo and Roberts: 70). This observation is particularly relevant to verb inflection paradigms because singular forms occur with greater frequency than plural forms and third person forms are more frequent than first and second person forms (Croft 2003: 140-142). Accordingly, grammatical person and number were coded into six categories based on the verb form itself (1st sing., 2nd sing., 3rd sing., 1st pl., 2nd pl., and 3rd pl.).[13] There is little evidence that grammatical person and number have much if anything at all to do with variation in this case. For example, second person forms (singular and plural combined) accounted for only 1% (N= 13) of the data set, and similar percentages of avoir usage were found with first person singular (35%) and third person singular (29%) forms.

Another linguistic constraint not selected as significant in this analysis was whether the past participle of a given verb has the possibility of being used as an adjective. Because adjectives are often preceded by être (and never by avoir) we hypothesized that analogy may lead these verbs to be conjugated with être more frequently than verbs without an adjectival use, as was found to be the case in Ontario (Canale et al. 1978). In the two following examples we can see the past participles of mourir and partir used as adjectives:

The possibility of an adjectival use of the past participle was not selected as significant. Although the adjectival uses themselves were eliminated from the data set, main verbs were coded for whether they can also be used as adjectives. The analysis showed that the percentage of avoir remains nearly identical regardless of whether the past participle may be used as an adjective (66%) or not (67%).

The final factor that was not selected as significant is the frequency of the main verb. Because frequent forms are more resistant to change than infrequent ones (see above), we originally hypothesized that highly frequent verbs may be conjugated most often with être. Following the lead of researchers in Ontario and Vermont (Canale et al. 1978; Russo 1997), we made a distinction between high and low frequency verbs based on frequency indexes given in Juilland et al. (1970).[14]

In the studies of auxiliary variation in Franco-Ontarian and Vermont French, verb frequency was found to be an important factor. In both cases, low frequency verbs encouraged the spread of avoir (Canale et al. 1978; Russo and Roberts 1999). However, the verbs naître and mourir were not included in either study. Naître is a low frequency verb that nonetheless showed an extremely high degree of resistance to the spread of avoir in the present analysis. Avoir was used in only 3% of tokens containing naître. It is important to consider that despite its low frequency in French, naître is not conjugated like other infrequent re- verbs, a fact which suggests the verb acts quite differently with respect to linguistic change or lack thereof. It is also important to note that naître was contained in the passé composé in several questions at the beginning of the vast majority of the interviews. Because the interviewers used être as an auxiliary with this verb, this may have influenced the forms used by informants.

If we eliminate naître and each of the five verbs that produced a very low number of tokens (descendre, monter, passer, entrer and tomber; N < 20) from the data set, it becomes possible to examine the possible relationship between verb frequency and auxiliary choice. Avoir is used with low frequency verbs in the majority of cases. Avoir use with these verbs ranged from 66% (retourner) to 90% (sortir). With high frequency verbs however, avoir use ranged from only 2% (aller) to 68% (partir). It is also important to note that although the verbs monter and descendre are not included in the table because of low token counts (N= 9 and 5 respectively), they are both low frequency verbs which each showed 100% avoir application. All in all, it appears that high-frequency verbs are more resistant to the spread of avoir than infrequent ones, a fact which mirrors the findings of the Vermont and Ontario studies mentioned above.

6. Discussion

The multivariate analysis has shown that although a great deal of variation exists within the communities, language shift does not appear to be causing rapid linguistic change. In fact, Franco-Americans from Southbridge and Woonsocket use avoir with exactly the same frequency (34%) as has been reported for speakers of Quebec French and unrestricted speakers of French in Ontario (Nadasdi 2005). Additionally, generation three speakers from Southbridge and Woonsocket use avoir only 13% of the time. If language shift were accelerating grammatical change, we would expect to find a considerably higher frequency of avoir application within the data set, especially among third generation speakers.

Structural convergence with English would promote the spread of avoir because ‘to have’ is the sole auxiliary verb of the English present perfect. The fact that this development has not progressed in the speech of informants from Southbridge and Woonsocket suggests that convergence with English is not occurring in the passé composé.

In situations of language shift, the expected tendency is the development of a simplified linguistic system with a strong a preference for transparency, or a one-to-one relationship between form and meaning (Bradley and Bradley 2002; Jones 1998; Dorian 1989). Given that two auxiliaries are not functionally necessary, it is in fact quite remarkable that both have been retained, even in Southbridge where the shift to English is quite advanced.

Contrary to what has been reported for Cajun French (see above), where use of être with intransitive verbs of motion among a range of fluent speakers aged 30 and older is found only among the oldest (70 years old and above) both auxiliaries are widely used among informants of all ages in Southbridge and Woonsocket. Furthermore, there are no categorical users of avoir in our corpora and there are virtually no differences observed between speakers in their sixties and those below the age of sixty. Although French is being used less and less in Louisiana and New England alike, its linguistic structure remains considerably more intact in the passé composé in Franco-American than in Cajun French.

Another important finding related to the lack of structural simplification in Southbridge and Woonsocket is that social factors continue to exercise a significant influence on variation. With the exception of community of residence, every social constraint considered was found to be significant in this respect. This also runs counter to the expected pattern whereby accelerated grammatical change during shift effaces the social meaning behind variability. Results from the multivariate analysis validated the association made by Sisters Marie-Francia and Marie-Anaïs (1958) between the use of avoir and working class status. Contrary to the finding of Locke (1949), who stated (based on his observations of one working class informant) that avoir is the standard auxiliary for intransitive verbs of motion, the present analysis indicates that être is still widely used with these verbs by Franco-Americans from Southbridge and Woonsocket, especially among those belonging to the professional class.

We hypothesized in Section 4.2 that community of residence may not have been selected as a significant factor because the effects of formality and language shift could potentially counterbalance one another in the data. The interviews were relatively more formal in Southbridge, where the shift to English is more advanced than in Woonsocket. However, given the results of the analysis, which suggest that language shift is not favoring the spread of avoir, it does not appear to be the case that the effects of formality and language shift are counteracting one another within the data set. Rather, it is more likely that community of residence was not a significant factor because community norms have remained remarkably similar in the two locations (once all other intervening factors are accounted for), despite the differing degrees to which language shift has advanced.

Results from the present study differ from the findings of Russo and Roberts (1999) in Vermont, who reported that the usage of avoir was spreading and that avoir would replace être and become the sole auxiliary of intransitive verbs of motion. However, the Vermont study included only first and second-generation speakers and a total of only four highly restricted and three unrestricted users of French. The remaining fifteen subjects were all labeled as semi-restricted French speakers. The tendency to use être observed among third-generation speakers and among those who do not use French on a daily basis in Southbridge and Woonsocket indicates that these two limitations of the Vermont corpus are most likely responsible for the differing results of the two studies.

When interpreting the results of the present study, it is important to consider that French is not a typical minority language. It is a language of wide international currency. Some informants have had the chance to use their French outside of the communities themselves through travel and through access to French language media sources. Additionally, nearly all of the informants have had some education in French, and many of these speakers have been exposed to other varieties of the language in the classroom.

When taken as a whole, the findings of the present analysis indicate that despite the sociolinguistic situation of language shift, the passé composé shows a high degree of resistance to grammatical simplification in both Southbridge and Woonsocket. These findings echo those of Fox (2005), who stated that the syntax of Woonsocket French appears to be relatively robust and shows resistance to certain radical linguistic changes. Franco-American provides strong evidence that in association with the right set of sociolinguistic factors such as education in the mother tongue, exposure to other varieties of the language, socioeconomic stratification, and linguistic conservatism, linguistic proscription may slow or even block certain linguistic developments during situations of shift.

7. Conclusion

In the pages above, we have seen that linguistic proscription has had an impact on the linguistic consequences of language shift in Southbridge and Woonsocket. Although shift to English is advancing in both locations, the analysis provided no convincing evidence that the passé composé is undergoing structural simplification or convergence with English. If language shift were causing radical structural simplification, we would expect to find a higher rate of avoir application within the data set and that social factors do not influence variation. To the contrary, we have observed that auxiliary variation does hold a great deal of social meaning. Among the social factors considered, only community of residence was not found to be significant, a fact which suggests that community speech norms involving past tense formation are remarkably similar in the two locations once all other factors are accounted for.

Parties annexes


Cities Are Becoming Sanctuaries For Climate Policy, Too

The Trump administration may deny climate science, but cities are already moving to adapt to it.

Yesterday, The New York Times published a complete draft of a climate change report by scientists from 13 federal agencies. According to the Times, its authors feared the Trump administration would suppress its conclusions–including its statement, made with “very high confidence,” that human activities are the primary cause of global climate change.

The 600-plus page report is an expansive look at the state of existing climate science, detailing rising temperatures, increased precipitation, extreme weather like tornadoes and cyclones, and much more. But since it “directly contradicts” the president’s stance on climate change, it’s also kindling for the ongoing debate over the climate on the federal level–one that’s unlikely to be resolved anytime soon.

Yet, as the report illustrates, federal policy is only part of the puzzle. Not only does the document show how cities both contribute to and bear the brunt of climate change today, it also provides a nugget of hope, suggesting that cities can adapt and even mitigate some of the report’s worst scenarios. In fact, similar to the way sanctuary cities are standing against Trump’s immigration policies, some cities have already pledged resources to more resilient urban design–even if the federal government won’t.

[Photo: Pawel Nolbert/Unsplash]

The Science Is Clear: Cities Are Already Suffering

If you read the report with an eye toward the urban, there’s plentiful science that shows how that climate change is already affecting cities–home to 81% of the country’s population, according to the World Bank.

The impact of sea level rise is particularly significant for coastal cities: Since the 1960s, coastal flood advisories from the National Weather Service have increased 5 to 10 times in cities like Philadelphia; Baltimore; Charleston, South Carolina; and La Jolla, California. In many cities, this flooding is already a normal occurrence. More than 25 cities on the East and Gulf Coasts have seen increases in minor tidal floods over the last several decades, and that’s only going to continue in the future. If sea levels were to rise one meter, cities on the Gulf Coast, the Eastern seaboard, the West Coast, and island states and territories could experience 25 times as much moderate flooding in the next three decades.

The urban heat island effect is another way climate change disproportionately affects cities. UHI occurs due when dense buildings and hard surfaces retain heat from the sun, causing the temperature to rise in their immediate vicinity. The report says that the UHI effect raises temperatures in cities by between .9 and 7.2 degrees Fahrenheit during the day and 1.8 to 4.5 degrees Fahrenheit at night. In cities located in biomes dominated by temperate forests–like the Northeast–UHI can raise temperatures as much as 14.4 degrees Fahrenheit. The report declares with “high confidence” that UHI will only increase as cities get bigger.

But while climate change is hitting cities particularly hard, those cities also contribute to it. The report points out that urbanization accounts for almost 2% of the carbon released from the biosphere into the atmosphere, even though cities only account for 1% of the total land in the United States. Urbanization also fuels the production of concrete, which is responsible for 5% of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions. Cities–or more specifically their buildings, industry, and vehicles–produce large amounts of emissions, adding to the rise in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

[Photo: Pedro Lastra/Unsplash]

They’re Also Already Adapting–With Or Without Trump

Despite cities’ current contributions to climate change, the scientists write in the report that there are some major uncertainties about what role urban areas will play in the future: because they have the ability to adapt.

The report states that the cities of the future may not look the same as those of today in terms of energy consumption and efficiency, and that our inability to predict how cities will adapt hinders our ability to predict how they’ll impact climate change. Because cities are far more adaptable than whole countries, there’s a chance that reimagining the way cities are planned and built could mitigate climate change’s effects.

In truth, cities have already taken that to heart. New York City recently released its first ever Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines for government projects. Mayors from 365 cities have banded together in their efforts to curb climate change in their states. Many cities now have chief resilience officers whose entire job it is to plan for how their cities will adapt to the shocks and stresses of the coming century.

The report’s science is frightening, and the fight over climate science on the federal level will have a serious impact on funding for mitigation efforts, but it also contains insights about how cities have outsized power to act as a bulwark against climate change in this crucial moment.

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Election Day is exactly one year away. One year from today, Americans will vote for their choice for the President of the United States.

But Democrats don’t want to risk it. They’ve admitted that if they don’t impeach President Trump, he will get re-elected!

What they are doing to divide the country is wrong. Abusing their power for political purposes is wrong. And trying to remove a president from office—less than a year before an election when the voters can decide for themselves—that is wrong.

Let the voters decide. Let Democracy work. And let Congress get back to the task of fixing real problems that Americans are facing in their everyday lives.


Implementation Workshop - Beyond Requesting: I Definitely Have More to Say - Kennesaw, Georgia, U.S.

den 15 juni 2017

Kurstyp: Implementation Workshop

Where do you typically start when introducing augmentative and alternative
communication (AAC)? If you are like most people, you probably start with activities
where an individual can request a motivating object or action. But, what happens
next? What happens when we run out of things to request? What happens when
AAC users seem “bored” by requesting? What happens when the situation doesn’t
allow for requesting?
In this session, we will help you develop specific strategies to go beyond requesting
- into the world of asking questions, making comments, protesting, expressing
opinions, and other communicative functions. We will use lecture, discussion, video
examples, and small-group activities to explore the power of various communicative
functions, vocabulary selection, teaching strategies, and specific ways to facilitate
communication beyond requesting.

Learning Objectives:
Following this session, participants will:

  • Name two communicative functions beyond requesting and describe why they are powerful.
  • Identify messages and corresponding communicative functions within motivating activities.
  • List 2 partner communication strategies that will facilitate communication beyond requesting.
  • Develop a plan to teach at least one communicative function to an individual using AAC in an everyday setting.
For questions contact Ron Steinberg:

Kursnivå: Introductory

ASHA CEU Poäng: 0,5

Datum & Tid: torsdag, juni 15, 2017 09:00 - 03:30 ET

Northstar Church  3413 Blue Springs Rd.,  Kennesaw,  Georgia  30144,  United States

Kostnad: Gratis

Öppna platser: 44

Presentatör: Holly Schneider

© Copyright 2019 Tobii Dynavox

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Chemistry Instruments at a Glance

Nguyên liệu cần có cho món ăn này

A different endorsement of practical skills are going to be taken alongside the A-level. It’s possible for you to refer to other components of your paper rather than repeating explanations or facts. Thus, an individual may be able to construct skills and knowledge in a particular area like cancer biochemistry, materials chemistry, forensic chemistry, medicinal chemistry or something different.

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Campus programs may also offer opportunities to take part in faculty research projects. Core courses are intended to help students broaden their grasp of chemical wisdom and build research skills (for example, chemistry writing). Focus courses and concepts could also be utilised to bring students up to speed whether there are any undergraduate deficiencies in chemistrythat need to be dealt with.

Nobel becomes famous throughout the world. Don’t begin a lab till you know all the steps, from beginning to end. essay writing Beneath this prize, the winner receives a gold medal, a certificate and a huge amount of money.

Scientists in different fields will use still other sorts of laboratories. Although ceramics are rather hard and stable at quite significant temperatures, they are typically brittle. All materials could possibly be found in the entire laboratory manual.

Electrochemistry is also vital in a wide variety of important technological applications. Forensic chemists must be very proficient in analytical chemistry, the area of chemistry that manages the instruments and methods used to recognize and quantify matter. Wet chemistry is a type of analytical chemistry that utilizes classical methods like observation to analyze materials.

Quantitative methods utilize information that could be measured and quantified to indicate a shift. The experimental section focuses on the facts of the experiment. A number of that material can be found on Wikimedia Commons.

To use electron affinities properly, it’s crucial to keep tabs on the sign. There are two factors that may influence electron affinity. Thus, the atoms that need a huge quantity of energy to release an essay writer electron will almost certainly be the atoms that give off the most energy when accepting an electron.

Now, you’ve got to do the Fourier transform for each and every point in the interferogram. Because the potent electron beam destroys biological material, electron microscopes were long considered to be useful simply to study dead issue. This causes a greater electron affinity.

You’ll offer information to help physicians follow the plan of therapy to make sure the patient’s recovery. First-time students McGill Alumni Association is a huge community of over 275,000 alumni across 180 nations. Every student, who’s contacting our service, wants to be certain that they will get the most effective possible homework aid.

The Characteristics of Chemistry Instruments

Organization of results is particularly important. Being a very best Science Lab Equipment Manufacturer, we provide all the essential apparatus and higher school science kits for various experiments. Review the full application form before the last submission and watch for the last offer.

Good lubrication is important to stop instrument burnout. Chemical reactions initiated by the absorption of light can be quite different from the ones that occur by other ways. The item ratio in the consequent equilibrium mixture is dependent on the relative stabilities of the different conjugated dienes, and the stability provides the rosin the favorable properties which were mentioned in the prior post.

The Rise of Chemistry Instruments

Just do not forget that ultimately you’ve got to convince the reader your conclusion is accurate. As in the solving of other complex difficulties, the work of several people was needed to establish the entire picture. The very best thing you could do is to be certain you comply with all safety protocols at all times.

Specific recalibration intervals depend on several factors. In each situation, retention times serve as an added determinant. When a number does not include a decimal point, zeros added after a nonzero number might or might not be significant.

Diagnostic tests are an indispensable portion of the healthcare system, providing important information that will help guide how patients are treated. Chemists play a major part in the manufacture, inspection, and secure handling of chemical goods, along with in product development and basic management. The recordings are displayed on a computer computer software.

Ok, I Think I Understand Chemistry Instruments, Now Tell Me About Chemistry Instruments!

Cellular localization can perform a role also. For the last seven decades, Illumina’s star has been on the upswing. It has been used by drug organizations to do structures of important drug targets, and it’s utilized to understand fundamental biology that may change medicine later on so it simply goes to explain to you how all these things are linked, he explained.

Chemistry Instruments: No Longer a Mystery

Ultimately, in the case that you would have to take out the lacquer from your brass instrument, acetone will get the job done well. Whatever the case, it has to be remembered that supporting a toxic or carcinogenic material doesn’t change its hazard with respect to waste disposal. The gas storage room is situated immediately near the principal laboratory’s entrance.

IR and Raman spectral maps can likewise be recorded on precisely the exact same area. No measurement is totally free from error. Laboratory equipment is normally utilized to either carry out an experiment or maybe to take measurements and gather data.

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Air Purification Technology

Advanced purifier technology

It is extremely important to maintain a sanitized production environment to prevent reduction, rejection or complete loss of your valuable crops. Agriair®  utilizes an advanced purifier technology that takes advantage of UV-C Germicidal lights and filtration to sanitize air and hard surfaces.  Agriair®  can remove and destroy even sub-micron sized contaminants such as pathogens, pollen, mold and mildew spores from your indoor grow facility. Our purification process also removes odors before they can be emitted to the outside. This provides protection from regulation penalties and giving away your growing location. Our line of products combine a number of technologies for efficiency, providing safe and economical compliance solutions.

Ionic Oxidization – Kills Odors and Contaminants

Agriair® purifiers utilize an ionic oxidization process to remove both bio-contaminants and strong cannabis odors in commercial grow areas. This exclusive oxidation process utilizes dual wavelength UV elements that are targeted onto a catalyst surface. This surface is coated with a proprietary TiO2, Ag, Cu, and hydrophilic coating. UV energy (254nm) striking the target surface activates production of hydroxyl radicals, super oxide ions, and ionized hydro-peroxides (IHP) on the generator cell surface. The hydrophilic surface absorbs humidity from the air which is split into OH radicals in the advanced oxidation process.

The dual wavelength lamp also emits UV energy at 185 nm. The photon energy at this wavelength is sufficient to split oxygen molecules. These ozone molecules are then quickly reduced back to oxygen by the 254 nm UV energy that is also emitted from the UV element (another type of advanced oxidation reaction). The results from this reaction process also produce OH radicals, super-oxide ions and ionized hydro-peroxides (IHP) similar to the surface reactions discussed earlier.

As you can see, not only is the target surface active, but so is the air space between the target and the UV element. Ionic Oxidation not only treats the air passing over the cell with germicidal UV light, it also continues to treat the surrounding environment with additional ionized hydro-peroxides and super-oxides. This purification process is very effective at reducing both microbes and odors, something conventional UV systems cannot do.

These powerful oxidizers destroy microbes, pathogens and other volatile organic compounds by changing their molecular structure and rendering them harmless.  The lifespan of generated oxides is about 15 minutes, after which the unused oxides convert back to H2O and O2 leaving and fresh smelling. This purification process is designed to continuously sanitize your grow area – 24/7.

HEPA Filtration

High-efficiency particulate air or HEPA is a type of air filter that has many applications including use in medical facilities, food processing and labs where sterility is essential . HEPA air machines are used to clean the air as well as create positive or negative air pressure containment areas in confined spaces.

Indoor grow environments require air purity equal to that in food processing and medical labs to pass the increasing number of tests and regulations being applied in states that have legalized cannabis. HEPA filters must satisfy standards of efficiency such as those set by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and must remove 99.97% of all particles greater than 0.3 micrometers from the air passing through the filter. They, in fact, remove 99.99% of the contaminants that growers are most concerned about.

Today’s cannabis users expect high quality and good taste so any hint of the foul taste of mold will launch a negative social media campaign that you don’t want. HEPA filtration is an effective method for removing mold spores, pathogens and pollen from the air and preventing cross-pollination or contamination of your plants.

UV-C Germicidal Irradiation

UV germicidal irradiation is an air disinfection method that uses ultraviolet (UV) light at sufficiently short wavelengths. This irradiation kills microorganisms and is an integral component of the air purifying Ionic Oxidation process. In recent years, UVGI has found renewed application in medical air sanitation and sterile work facilities such as cannabis grow operations. UVGI is effective in destroying the nucleic acids in micro-organisms, disrupting their DNA and leaving them unable to perform vital cellular functions. Using UVGI in grow environments with circulating air systems, creates a deadly effect on micro-organisms such as pathogens, viruses and other pesky invaders.


Midway 2019

The story of the soldiers and aviators who helped turn the tide of the Second World War during the iconic Battle of Midway in June 1942.

The King 2019

Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan 2019

For three and a half hours, in the pouring rain, amid the mud and shattered trees of a rubber plantation called Long Tan, Major Harry Smith and his dispersed company of 108 young and mostly inexperienced Australian and New Zealand soldiers are fighting for their lives, holding off an overwhelming enemy force of 2,500 battle-hardened Viet Cong and North Vietnamese soldiers. With their ammunition running out, their casualties mounting and the enemy massing for a final assault, each man begins to search for the strength to triumph over an uncertain future with honour, decency and courage.

Fury 2014

In the last months of World War II, as the Allies make their final push in the European theatre, a battle-hardened U.S. Army sergeant named 'Wardaddy' commands a Sherman tank called 'Fury' and its five-man crew on a deadly mission behind enemy lines. Outnumbered and outgunned, Wardaddy and his men face overwhelming odds in their heroic attempts to strike at the heart of Nazi Germany.

The Imitation Game 2014

Inglourious Basterds 2009

Dunkirk 2017

The story of the miraculous evacuation of Allied soldiers from Belgium, Britain, Canada and France, who were cut off and surrounded by the German army from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk between May 26th and June 4th 1940 during World War II.

First Blood 1982

When former Green Beret John Rambo is harassed by local law enforcement and arrested for vagrancy, the Vietnam vet snaps, runs for the hills and rat-a-tat-tats his way into the action-movie hall of fame. Hounded by a relentless sheriff, Rambo employs heavy-handed guerilla tactics to shake the cops off his tail.

Apocalypse Now 1979

At the height of the Vietnam war, Captain Benjamin Willard is sent on a dangerous mission that, officially, "does not exist, nor will it ever exist." His goal is to locate - and eliminate - a mysterious Green Beret Colonel named Walter Kurtz, who has been leading his personal army on illegal guerrilla missions into enemy territory.

1917 2019

Schindler's List 1993

Dracula Untold 2014

Vlad Tepes is a great hero, but when he learns the Sultan is preparing for battle and needs to form an army of 1,000 boys, he vows to find a way to protect his family. Vlad turns to dark forces in order to get the power to destroy his enemies and agrees to go from hero to monster as he's turned into the mythological vampire, Dracula.

Hot Shots! 1991

Recruited to join a top-secret mission for the Air Force, a renegade pilot finds himself coping with an incompetent admiral and a carefully selected squadron of flyers who are either inept or half-blind.

Saving Private Ryan 1998

Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World 2003

After an abrupt and violent encounter with a French warship inflicts severe damage upon his ship, a captain of the British Royal Navy begins a chase over two oceans to capture or destroy the enemy, though he must weigh his commitment to duty and ferocious pursuit of glory against the safety of his devoted crew, including the ship's thoughtful surgeon, his best friend.

Hacksaw Ridge 2016

WWII American Army Medic Desmond T. Doss, who served during the Battle of Okinawa, refuses to kill people and becomes the first Conscientious Objector in American history to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor.

Braveheart 1995

Enraged at the slaughter of Murron, his new bride and childhood love, Scottish warrior William Wallace slays a platoon of the local English lord's soldiers. This leads the village to revolt and, eventually, the entire country to rise up against English rule.


Free probability sheet

Probability sheet

Free probability sheet

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In common usage the word " probability" is used to mean the chance that a particular event ( , set of events) will occur expressed on a linear scale from 0 ( impossibility) to 1 ( certainty) also expressed as a percentage between %. In this lesson, we' ll discuss what a balance sheet can tell you. Free Probability Worksheets for Teachers Parents, Kids. It covers a semester' s worth of probability tips, common distributions, , equations, formulas, problems, including summaries of main topics a distribution reference sheet. Find , customize one of the thousands of ready- made bingo cards create your own.

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I' ve done some free looking around and found some of the free better Yahtzee score cards out there. What is the probability of drawing a gray marble?

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Probability worksheet for 7th grade children. This is a math PDF printable activity sheet with several exercises. It has an answer key attached on the second page. Basic Probability Reference Sheet 17. 846, This is intended to be used in addition to, not as a substitute for, a textbook.

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X is a random variable. This means that X is a variable that takes on value X with probability x.


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Colin Hay is performing on Sat, 29 Feb at The Magnolia Performing Arts Center, El Cajon, CA. Ticket prices of pop rock event vary depending on demand but right now you can get them for approximately $80. So hurry up and get your Colin Hay tickets before they are sold out.


NLC/ITUC Global President,Comrade Ayuba Wabba attends the memorial anniversary of victims of the Hiroshima bombing in Japan

The NLC President Comrade Ayuba Wabba mni,  was in Hiroshima Japan, in his capacity as the president of ITUC GLOBAL , to attend the anniversary/memorial of victims of Hiroshima bombing and ITUC declaration of a need for a peaceful world.

Pictures from the Visit:

Congress president Comrade Ayuba Waba mni, arrives Hiroshima to a rousing welcome by the working people of japan ( Rengo Japan)

Comrade President at the Nagasaki memorial event , in attendance was the prime minister of Japan.

Congress President ,Comrade Ayuba wabba mni, speaking at the Advocacy Rally for a Peaceful World, in Hiroshima/Nagasaki


Pictionary Play With Computer will Soon be A Reality

An image-based word prediction game has been developed by researchers by Department of Computational and Data Sciences at Indian Institute of Science. This computational model aims to play with the humans guessing the word for the picture drawn by the computer.

The fact that deep learning and immense progress in artificial intelligence has provided mankind with the tools to develop games which in some cases wins over human intelligence. Games like Double jeopardy, GO!, and online poker were already grabbing the attention of online gamers but now the introduction of AI based Pictionary game will fetch more online gaming audiences. IBM had developed the well-known chess playing game known as ‘Deep Blue’ in 1997, which defeated the then world champion Gary Kasparov, becoming the first machine to defeat a human.

This game is played based on guessing power of a human, preferably played in teams. Members of the team tries and guesses a word from the set of images drawn by another team member.  As the game progresses the pictures get disclosed. Similarly, the Visual Question and Answering (VQA) technique is used in computers to create sense of its surroundings. In order to build the Pictionary game, VQA and games are merged together creating a model to play Pictionary.

A Pictionary style guessing job was created by the researchers known as Sketch Question Answering (Sketch-QA). In this style the humans guess the picture based on hand drawn images. The image is revealed one stroke at a time to the guessers, while prompting the users to guess every object after each stroke.

There are over 16624 guess sequences of 1108 subjects across 160 object categories, all included in a dataset named as GUESSWORD-160. Machine learning will be used to understand different decisions and collaborations made by humans gradually opening up the opportunity to imitate exactly like humans.


Roll Forming

Our Roll Forming Capabilities & Equipment

Roll forming is a type of rolling that involves continuously bending a long strip of sheet metal until the desired cross-section, or profile, is obtained. Roll forming is ideal for producing constant-profile parts with long lengths when large quantities are needed. Roll-formed sections have some advantages over extrusions of similar shapes:
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The Kellogg Brothers, Breakfast, and Religion

Informed by their religious faith, the siblings merged “spiritual” with physical health. The popular singer and movie star Bing Crosby once crooned, “What’s more American than corn flakes?” Virtually every American is familiar with this iconic cereal, but few know the story of the two men from Battle Creek, Michigan who created those famously crispy,[…]

The Medieval Southeast Asian Khmer Empire

Throughout the empire’s history, Khmer’s court was repeatedly concerned with putting down rebellions. By Rodrigo Quijada PlubinsHistorian The Khmer empire was a powerful state in South East Asia, formed by people of the same name, lasting from 802 CE to 1431 CE. At its peak, the empire covered much of what today is Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and southern Vietnam.[…]

On the Pallava Trail in Kanchipuram

The creativity of the Pallavas did not diminish throughout their reign. By Anantha Krishnan Introduction The Pallavas ruled south-eastern India from the 3rd through the 9th centuries CE. Their empire covered what is today the Tamil Nadu state. Their origin is shrouded in mystery though historians believe their roots might have been from Andhra Pradesh[…]

How Modern Disputes Have Reshaped the Ancient Canaanite City of Banias

Banias was first settled by the Canaanites c.198 BCE and later renamed Caesarea Philippi by the Romans in 4 BCE. In the complex world of Middle Eastern boundary disputes, spare a thought for Banias, the ancient City of Pan. Straddling a strategic crossroads, it has for centuries seen masters come and go. Today’s tug-of-war is[…]

Archaeology and Religion in Late Bronze Age Canaan

Numerous excavations and a fairly large number of contemporary written documents give us a good picture of the religious system and cult practices in Canaan. Abstract Dozens of temples were excavated in the Canaanite city-states of the Late Bronze Age. These temples were the focal points for the Canaanites’ cultic activities, mainly sacrifices and ceremonial[…]


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    Amoxicillin is an antibiotic often used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. It may be used for middle ear infection, strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, and urinary tract infections among others. Amoxicillin also is sometimes used to treat Lyme disease, to prevent anthrax infection after exposure, and to treat anthrax infection of the skin. Talk with your doctor about the possible risks of using this medication for your condition. Amoxicillin is an antibiotic. It's used to treat bacterial infections, such as chest infections including pneumonia, dental abscesses and urinary tract infections UTIs. It's used in children, often to treat ear infections and chest infections. The medicine is only available on prescription. It comes as capsules or as a liquid that you drink.

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ReturnChapter 502: Who Dares to Act Recklessly, Seeking Death!  Invincible首页

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Chapter 502: Who Dares to Act Recklessly, Seeking Death!

Law Enforcer Chen Xiaofeng joined in Xie Hui’s laughter, “What Young Lord said is right, this Zhao Shu’s order for all Asura’s Gate disciples to withdraw back to the Central Oblast territory has instead helped us save a lot of time, otherwise going around oblast by oblast to exterminate their disciples would be very troublesome and time consuming.”

“Still, Huang Xiaolong might’ve heard about our nine super forces alliance by now.” Law Enforcer Elder Hu Chen commented.

Xie Hui snickered, “It’s better that he finds out! He’s far away on the Ten Directions Continent so it’s useless even if he finds out, he has no way to stop the destruction of the Asura’s Gate!”

“Then, Young Lord, will we be using the nine super force alliance’s power and start attacking the Asura’s Gate tomorrow?” Hu Chen asked.

“There's no hurry.” Xie Hui waved his hand. “The Asura’s Gate is already a piece of meat on the cutting board, at our mercy. Tomorrow, we’ll hold a pre-celebration feast for the nine super force alliance to relax ourselves a little and discuss how to divide the Asura’s Gate thirty-six oblasts once we’ve annihilated them. We’ll gather the disciples the day after tomorrow to begin our attack on the Asura’s Gate!”

If things were to be divided fair and square amongst the nine super forces, each force would be getting four oblasts. However, Xie Hui was unwilling for things to be divided in such manner.

The passage of time flowed as another day passes by.

In the end, after long deliberation, the nine super forces alliance finally reached an agreement on how the to divvy up the Asura’s Gate thirty-six oblasts as well as the treasures in its treasure trove and other resources.

On the third day, the nine super forces organized their disciples, departing from Cosmos God City, heading straight toward the Asura’s Gate headquarters.

The Cosmos God Cult had truly exerted its full force of experts, the number of their Xiantian realm disciples reached ten million!

On top of that, the Distinct Void Door, White Phoenix House, and the other super forces assembled all their Saint realm experts. Some brought five million Xiantian realm disciples, some six million, and others four million!

The number of Xiantian realm disciples that the nine super forces alliance brought together exceeded an earth-shattering sixty-three million!

More than sixty-three million Xiantian realm disciples! This number was enough to frighten any prominent force in the Martial Spirit World.

The nine forces alliance’s expedition cast a huge shadow over the world wherever they trampled past.

A massive army of sixty-three million Xiantian realm disciples, just their breaths alone could form a great cyclone that span for miles, raising a thick curtain of sand and dust, resembling an impending doomsday.

Two days later.

The alliance’s massive army reached a place called Large Central Plains, where Xie Hui gave the order to rest.

“What’s the place in front?” Xie Hui asked.

“Replying to Young Lord, three hundred li up ahead is the Great Rift River Point Valley.” Chen Xiaofeng replied.

“Oh, Great Rift River Point Valley,” Xie Hui gave a small chuckle, “I heard that the River Point inside this Great Rift River Point Valley has a kind of delicious fish called River Point Fish.”

Hu Chen smiled widely, “Once we reach there, we’ll tell the disciples to catch some so Young Lord can have a taste.”

Xie Hui nodded.

One hour later, the massive army departed, reaching the Great Rift River Point Valley in no time.

Just when Xie Hui was about to lead the army to enter the valley, Chen Xiaofeng suddenly spoke, “Young Lord, the terrain of the Great Rift River Point Valley is dangerous, we must prioritize safety first. This subordinate suggests sending ten thousand disciples to pass through the valley, to scout the terrain.”

When Xie Hui heard this, he and the experts from other forces laughed aloud.

The Distinct Void Door’s Sovereign, Liu Zhiding said, “Law Enforcer Chen, you’re too cautious. Our nine super forces alliance shall kill even Gods if Gods block our path, kill Buddhas if Buddhas block our path! Even if an early God Ream master comes across us, they would need to give way to the side. Who would dare to act recklessly, seeking death as to ambush us? That’s no different than digging their own grave!”

But then again, the Distinct Void Door Sovereign’s words were no exaggeration.

With the nine super forces combining their strengths, including the families and sects under their allegiance, they had over one thousand two hundred Saint realm experts amongst them. Adding the massive army of sixty-three million Xiantian realm disciples, even if a God Realm Master appeared, they had no need for fear.

Xie Hui lifted an arm and waved gallantly, “March on!” Riding on his mount, Xie Hui, Distinct Void Door Sovereign Liu Zhiding, and White Phoenix House’s experts led the massive army into the Great Rift River Point Valley.

High above, hidden in the void, a cold smirk appeared on Huang Xiaolong’s face as he watched the situation below, looking at the nine super forces alliance army entering the Great Rift River Point Valley.

About one day prior, he had reached this Great Rift River Point Valley.

However, even he had to admit that an army of sixty-three million was a little too much, one-fourth of its number already filled the entire valley from one end to the other.

Just when Xie Hui was about to exit the Great Rift River Point Valley, the bright sun shining above suddenly dimmed, which made Xie Hui and the others look up curiously, seeing a giant flag that had appeared in midair. In the blink of an eye, a raging ghost aura gushed out like a broken dam, covering all four directions. Before anyone could react, the entire Great Rift River Point Valley was trapped inside an array.

“There’s an ambush!” Xie Hui yelled. Yet, a part of him refused to believe that there really would be someone who dared to lay an ambush on the Great army of the nine super forces alliance!

Recovering quickly after a momentary shock, the Distinct Void Door Sovereign Liu Zhiding actually laughed, “I didn’t expect, ah! There really are people who aren't afraid of death, daring to ambush us.”

Experts of the Distinct Void Door, White Phoenix House, and others echoed his laughter. Evidently, none of them put this ambush attempt in their eyes. Having more than a thousand Saint realm experts and over sixty million Xiantian realm disciples on their side, why would they need to sweat such a measly ambush?

However, in the next second, they saw the surging ghost aura turn into evil spirits and devils, exuding monstrous momentum.

“These, these are Saint realm ghost creatures?!” Faces ashen.

“Attack!” A cold voice rang in the void above, followed by a tide of fists, cutting palms, saber energies and more raining down in a torrent from above, submerging the valley below.

The nine super forces alliance’s disciples were drowned under these fists, palms, and saber attacks. Bodies were exploding left and right, some disciples were split into halves by the sword qi.

Some Distinct Void Door, White Phoenix House, and others of the Elder rank were also sent flying due to delayed reactions.

“It’s Huang Xiaolong!” Xie Hui blurted out in anger.

“That’s his Devils and Ghosts Flag!” A cold quiver ran down Distinct Void Door Sovereign Liu Zhiding’s body, staring in shock at the giant flag hovering above. He finally guessed what that thing in the sky was.

When the experts heard Xie Hui and Liu Zhiding’s words, many of them turned a deathly shade of white. Barely a second after their voices sounded, countless black spots emerged on the horizon, whistling through the air in their direction.

“Poi-Poison Corpse Scarabs!” Terrified voices sounded like undulating waves.

“Damn it, why would Huang Xiaolong appear here?!”

“Isn’t he supposed to be on the Ten Directions Continent?!” Xie Hui was raging at the top of his lungs.

High up in the void, a quick smirk flickered across Huang Xiaolong’s face before returning to his usual stoic face. He ordered the Ten Direction Continent experts to continue attacking while a thousand arms fanned out behind him. Aiming at the alliance’s group of Elders below in the Great Rift River Point Valley, Huang Xiaolong sent down a thousand Great Void Divine Fists.

The earth and mountains shook, screams and wails weaving in and out of the air.

Panicked and caught unprepared, in an instant, close to a hundred Elders from the Cosmos God Cult, Distinct Void Door, White Phoenix House, and other super forces exploded from being hit by Huang Xiaolong’s volley of Great Void Divine Fists

Everything happened according to Huang Xiaolong’s plan, using the Devils and Ghosts Flag to support the Ten Directions Continent experts as they mainly attacked the alliance’s disciples, whereas the Poison Corpse Scarabs aided Huang Xiaolong in attacking the Elders.

After one full power Godly Xumi Art combined with the Great Void Divine Fist, Huang Xiaolong made another Godly Xumi Art attack with the Absolute Soul Finger. The Cosmos God Cult and Distinct Void Door lost a dozen Saint realm Elders from his attack, having their foreheads pierced through.

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