Pushing force calculations

Suppose I have a gearbox ratio, robot weight, motor stall torque, wheel radius, and wheel coefficient of friction. How do I calculate the pushing force of said robot? I.e. if I were to take that robot and drive it against a scale at full power, what would the scale read? My current calculation is Motor Stall Torque * Number of Motors * Gear Reduction * Drivetrain Efficiency / Wheel Radius, but the results from this don’t seem correct. Did I do something wrong?

Additionally - What happens if I have stats for 2 robots? Can I calculate if one would push the other, assuming they were both running at full speed? If so, could I calculate the speed it would push the other robot at?

I’m not knowledgeable enough to tell you the answer to the first part, but I can definitely tackle these questions. Yes, you can calculate which one would push the other - force is a vector, after all. If you assume they’re pushing straight on, the robot producing the larger force will be the one pushing the other. Since Force = Mass x Acceleration, you would have to know the mass of your robot to find the acceleration of it. From there you could calculate the pushing “speed” (you would need to assume the time spent pushing, as Speed = Distance/Time).

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I didn’t see terms for coefficient of friction, nor for current limiting to the motors (possibly reducing stall torque).

The best way to calculate this is to get a scale, and measure it :slight_smile:

Correct me if I’m wrong - I thought that CoF was needed to find the maximum traction force, and that the maximum “pushing” force of a robot can only go up to the point where the wheels begin to slide. I.e. Maximum Pushing Force = min((Motor Stall Torque * Number of Motors * Gear Reduction * Drivetrain Efficiency / Wheel Radius), (Robot Weight * CoF)).

You’re not wrong, but you did NOT place any factor for coefficient of friction in your initial setup. Failing to do that means that we’re going to ask about it.

Your first equation gives you the available force at the wheel-to-carpet interface. It doesn’t give you how much of that force actually goes into driving your robot. If you are on ice, which effectively has a zero coefficient of friction, all that force is for nothing (except maybe melting the ice). But if you’re on FRC carpet with some nice fresh blue nitrile-treaded wheels, most or all of that force is going to go into pushing you forwards.

The trick is now to find that happy point where the wheels are just about to slip, given the robot weight, the available force to the ground, and the coefficient of friction between the wheels and the ground.

By the way, you may be interested in looking up some discussions from early 2009 in your free time–this sort of question came up quite frequently due to the low-friction surface that year.

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Basically the force a robot can apply on the ground is determined by this equation:
\text{min} \left[ \frac{1}{r} \tau_s V \eta \left(1-\frac{v G}{\omega_f V r} \right) n G;\ m g \mu \% \right]

V = voltage ratio
\tau_s = stall torque
\omega_f = motor free speed
G = gear ratio
n = # of motors
\eta = efficiency
r = wheel radius
v = robot instantaneous velocity
m = robot mass
g = gravitational acceleration
\mu = wheel CoF
\% = percent of the robot’s weight supported by driven wheels

Uh, Ari …

Maybe the full paper isn’t ready for peer review, but could you please at least show us the abstract? :slightly_smiling_face:

Can you tell I’ve been playing around with sprint time simulations too much? Here’s a better description:

The force your robot can apply on the ground is limited by the friction force the wheels can apply. The force applied by the motors is equal to the torque they apply at the wheel divided by the wheel radius. So we get:
F=\text{min} \left[ \frac{\tau_w}{r};\ f \right]

We can then expand those terms. The motor torque on the wheels is (torque each motor applies) x (number of motors) x (gear ratio) x (efficiency). The friction force equals the normal force times the CoF.
\tau_w = \tau_m n G \eta
f = F_N \mu

We can then further expand the motor torque equation using the linear relationship between torque and angular velocity, adjusted for voltage. And we know the normal force is equal to the force from gravity times the driven wheel percentage.
\tau_m = \tau_s^* \left( 1- \frac{\omega}{\omega_f^*} \right)
F_N = mg\%

There’s one last set of expansions. The motor stall torque and free speed can both be adjusted for voltage by multiplying the spec value by the voltage ratio. The motor rotational velocity can be calculated by dividing the robot’s velocity by wheel radius (to get the wheel rotational velocity) and then multiplying by the gear ratio.
\tau_s^* = \tau_s V
\omega_f^* = \omega_f V
\omega = \frac{v G}{r}

Putting all of that back together gives the formula I originally wrote:
F = \text{min} \left[ \frac{1}{r} \tau_s V \left(1-\frac{v G}{\omega_f V r} \right) n G \eta;\ m g \% \mu \right]

If you want to calculate the force the robot can apply when it’s not moving (either as it’s starting up or when it’s pushing against another robot), you can substitute in v=0. Then the formula simplifies to:
F = \text{min} \left[ \frac{\tau_s V n G \eta}{r} ;\ m g \% \mu \right]

Awesome answer, thanks for the help! I am confused about one thing though. If a robot can supply the maximum amount of force possible \left(mg\%\mu\right) at stall torque, wouldn’t it brown out if it had to sustain that force? Why don’t most robots brown out when they’re pushing against a wall? To actually have a pushing force of \left(mg\%\mu\right) would you need to be able to sustain it at under 120 amps?

Ever notice holes in the carpets at a competition? Even when pushing against a wall the wheels can spin.

This is known as, “Traction limited”, as in the wheels begin to spin before the motors are stalled and peak the current enough to brown out. This is good practice all around and should be considered in pushing force calculations as well.

but everything I’ve seen has suggested that determining if your robot is traction limited or not is based off of the stall torque of the motors. To have a robot which is traction limited wouldn’t you need to be able to sustain that force?

I’m not sure I understand exactly what you’re trying to say, but do keep in mind that static friction (wheels stalled on carpet) is always greater than kinetic friction (wheels spinning on the carpet). This means that once the wheels start to lose traction, the torque needed to continue spinning will drop, and thus the current will drop as well.

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Ah, that makes sense. So there’s really no reason to have a gear ratio higher than the minimum ratio needed to be friction limited?

You may want to go lower (that is, a higher ratio number, geared slower) if you’re worried about draining your batteries too quickly or damaging your components with heat.

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Is there a way to determine the kinetic CoF of a wheel? From what I’ve found manufacturers don’t provide that information and I don’t know if there’s any way to calculate it. Can it only be found experimentally?

Set up a tiltable ramp with FRC style carpet, as long as you can manage. Mount three or wheels on a frame so they can’t rotate and the frame can stand on the wheels. Slide the frame down the ramp, giving it a nudge to get it going. Find the angle at which the wheel goes slow and steady (doesn’t speed up or slow down, or not much). The coefficient of friction is then the tangent of the angle the ramp is making with the horizontal. If the angle is 40 degrees, its ~ 0.84, if 45 degrees 1.0, if 50 degrees, ~1.2.

As @Timebomb and @Oblarg said - in theory there is no difference, in practice there probably is. I would shoot for the same weight supported by each wheel as you’d have on the robot while driving.

Does the weight of the frame make a difference here?

In theory no, weight does not effect the CoF of your wheels. Dimensionless properties are weird like that.
That said, it’d probably be best for it to be as close to the full weight of the robot as you’re comfortable with: there are always a bunch of hidden variables (compression of the tread into carpet, etc) that might be more or less significant depending on weight. If you do add mass be sure to add it nice and low though, you’re probably going to be tipping the robot to some fairly extreme angles and you don’t want it… well… tipping.

The caveat being that this “theory” is a really, really rough simplification and in point of fact it the relationship between robot weight and maximum tractive force is not exactly linear.

Correct me if I’m wrong, but this is my current understanding:

So, let’s say I have a robot, and I drive it into a wall. Momentarily, the motors jump up to stall torque, to overcome static friction. Then, the wheels begin to slip. The force needed to keep the wheels slipping is given by the coefficient of kinetic friction multiplied by the robot weight.

Is this correct? Also, is there anywhere I can find existing data for the kinetic coefficients of friction of different wheels?


1. Gardening: healthy for body and mind.

Gardening: healthy for body and mind.

Just like me, many people enjoy gardening as a hobby because it helps them relax. In other words: enjoying hands-on work in a green environment and forgetting about everything else. But why is gardening healthy for your mind as well as your body?

The effect of plants

Professor Roger Ulrich of the University of Texas conducted a test. He had a group of people take a study that resulted in stress. The test subjects who were taken to a location with trees after the study recovered more quickly from their high blood pressure levels and heart rates than the subjects who were taken to a location without plants. Another test showed that patients recover better after an operation if their room looks out over trees. These patients recover faster, go home sooner, require fewer analgesics, and complain less. Wow! Simply being surrounded by plants has a fantastic effect!

Gardening: good for burning those calories

The nice thing about gardening is that you usually do it for pleasure: wearing comfortable old clothes, rooting around in the soil, and feeling the sun on your face. And the result is a beautiful, colorful, delightfully scented garden. But you also get a nicely toned body! After all, planting, sowing and pruning all those flowers, plants and trees burns off 350 calories an hour. Spading and raking burn more calories than cycling. After a busy stressful day, it's a real relief to come home and enjoy rummaging around a little in your garden. Luckily, it's not an expensive hobby as long as you limit your purchases of exotic plants and gardening gear.

A slender body for buld planting season

I'm really glad that the planting season for flower bulbs is coming up. After gardening all summer, that means that I'll start into fall with a slender body. I'll emerge from the winter with a 'muffing top" above my waist, enjoy the first little flowers in the garden...and than wait for the time when I can really plunge into the gardening season and become slender again.


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BAGRAM AIR FIELD, Afghanistan - President Donald Trump made a surprise visit to Afghanistan to spend time with U.S. troops on Thanksgiving.

Trump arrived at Bagram Air Field shortly after 8:30 p.m. local time and spent more than two-and-a-half hours on the ground. Reporters were under strict instructions to keep the trip a secret to ensure his safety.

The visit comes more than two months after Trump abruptly broke off peace talks with the Taliban after a bombing in Kabul killed 12 people, including an American soldier.

And it comes at a pivotal moment in Trump’s presidency, with the impeachment inquiry moving quickly.


The Telling of Franklin

The Telling of Franklin

Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography has been written in the author’s first point of view. Therefore, we are able to venture into Franklin’s stream of consciousness and thoughts, fears, and pride. This book has highlighted the major events in the author’s life as well as the telling of the American historical tale. The use of language is simple with rhetoric marking some of the major life highlights. The author has been able to persuade the reader to see his his eyes as he continues to unravel the marvels and achievements of his life and the treacherous journey of America. The autobiography further uses footnotes to explain some of the major insights. In addition, this book has brought to light some of the unpublished epistles from Franklin culminating to a breathtaking read.

Benjamin begins this autobiography with telling us about his life and the fact that he was born in want. However, he acknowledges the importance of his family background into his making (Franklin, 1). Benjamin does not impose his point of view on his readers; instead, he puts facts on a plain paper and leaves the reader to make his/her own conclusion. He affirms that if given another chance, he will live his life almost the same way he did. He also exonerates himself from perfection. Indeed, he notes that he has made mistakes, indulged in vanity, but he has no apology. This makes him appear as arrogant and patronizing. However, it will be noted that he is avoiding playing righteous. As a result, the novel is real and devoid of bias (Wiley).

Benjamin’s life as a writer begun in an unusual note as he was afraid that his work might never be published, but in the end, Benjamin decided to run away to a place where he made a career after a long time of struggling and discouragement (Franklin, 35). Benjamin notes that he was always in the good books of the British. People loved his works and as a result, he was widely read across the United States.

He wrote on issues affecting women and other social ills. His writing gave rise to a rebellion and activism against the colonial rule. Indeed, he was in the forefront and a key architect in the formation of an alliance between America and France that fought and worn against the British in battle. In this, we see him as a dual edged character. One time is is a loyal knight and in the next he bits the very hand that has been feeding him (Franklin, 89). However, Benjamin is aware of his situation and needs too. He clearly notes that he did what he thought was right and correct. Benjamin was forced to swallow the bitter pills when his own son, whom he raised, refused to join him choosing to remain loyal to the imperialists (Wiley).

To Benjamin, the American freedom was paramount and he did his part of the bargain in ensuring that America got on her feet. To top up his quest for freedom and justice, he released his slaves. This made him one of the famous abolitionists of his time. This, he notes, gave him serenity and a true sense of being. Therefore, he opens the debate, is ready to be judged, and is sure of utter vindication (Wiley).

After his spirited fight for freedom, his life took a turn. Benjamin joined the political world with gusto. He was elected as the Philadelphia governor. Later, he would become the American ambassador to France. This, he notes, was a kind of a turnabout for him. Going back to Europe and living there was inevitable. In France, he was instrumental in encouraging the county to embrace religious tolerance. In a factual filled autobiography, he notes that he was behind the signing of Edict of Versailles (Franklin, 169). This is a law that made it possible for non-Catholics to exist in France without discrimination. Despite his political and writing prowess, Benjamin had a life of science and inventions.

In his autobiography, he notes all the major inventions he has brought to light. None of his inventions were patented. According to him, making life easy and bearable were at his heart. He notes that if other people were trying to make things easy, he would also be happy to do so (Franklin, 196). Other major highlights in his life include population studies, electricity, wave theory of light, the concept of cooling and decision making among others. These he has talked about at length in his autobiography.

In the end, Benjamin has given the world a read that compares to none. He is able to conjure images of America in struggle, rebellion, and in freedom. Benjamin does not offer himself as a force to reckon with; instead, he makes it easy for his reader to make out and decide what he is in their life. Benjamin does not try to exonerate himself form any of his actions. Moreover, he does not heap praise for a life well lived. Instead, he has placed things as they were. This makes his work a worthy read in the process, and the readers revere him for his meticulousness. Looking at this work, one can only note its brevity. Benjamin could have added more details to this biography since his narrative and tone makes the reader eager for more and more of the American tale.


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The abundant biodiversity of the Cardamom Mountains is blatantly apparent to anyone who steps foot in its rainforests. And yet, there has not been a comprehensive scientific study on the status and conservation significance of the landscape. However, even with the little research we have on the region, it is evident that the protection of this landscape is vital for the conservation of its inhabitants. Wildlife Alliance’s Director of Science, Dr. Thomas Gray, and his colleagues from other conservation organizations and the Cambodian government compiled data on mammals from seven camera trap studies in the region to build a picture of the Cardamom landscape as a whole. Of the 30 ground-dwelling mammal species captured on film, 11 of the species are globally Threatened. What was not captured on camera also provides valuable information to the status of those missing species. Although native to the Cardamom Rainforest Landscape, no evidence of tigers or leopards was captured in these studies, further suggesting that they have already been extirpated from the region. In order to preserve the remaining animals, there needs to be a greater response to conservation tactics in the Cardamom Mountains, especially in fighting against illegal human activities.

The greatest threats to the wildlife that live there are poaching, particularly through wildlife snares, domestic dogs, and the destruction of habitat from logging or slash and burn farming. Despite the Cardamom Mountains’ protected status, there has not always been strict implementation and enforcement of the Protected Area Law. Therefore, many people do not see any real personal risk in performing illegal acts and only reap the benefits of selling illegal wildlife of timber. To combat this disregard for the law and to protect the mountains, Wildlife Alliance has teamed up with the government to implement policies through on-the-ground action. Our mission is to recruit and train rangers who will patrol certain protected areas in the Cardamom Mountains to remove snares, rescue wildlife taken by poachers, stop illegal logging, and appropriately punish criminal actions.

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Category Archives: music

History of music by computer

 Attempts to generate music on a computer have a long history. The first computer synthesized music was realized in 1950 on an Australian CSRIAC computer. Later, a series of programming languages called MUSIC-N, developed by Max Mathews in 1957, became the basis for computer-generated sound synthesis. However, computers at that time did not have the ability to play music in real time. The program calculates the waveform over time, writes the result to a sound file, and then records the mixed sound over time on a tape to make the final music work. It was very time consuming.

 Only in the 1980s, by installing a board dedicated to sound processing on a computer, it will be possible to synthesize sound in real time. The ISPW board, developed and sold by IRCAM in France in the 1980s, enabled real-time sound synthesis and processing by attaching it to a NeXT computer. Computers can now process sound in real time, enabling computer-based “live electronics” that generates sound in real time and modulates the sound of live musical instruments during live performances. However, at that time, this board was very expensive and sold only a few, and it was a privilege that was only available to researchers belonging to studios and research institutions specializing in computer music, and composers requested from it.

Exploring life

Yasuharu Nagura – “A Message to Alliens” MV

 Various methods have been tried to identify extraterrestrial living organisms.

In the solar system, they search for traces of living organism, analyze images of planets and satellites, and send probes to potential places such as Martian and Saturn’s secondary planet called Titan.

Outside of the solar system, SENTI (Search for extraterrestrial intelligence) is the center of the survey, and various plans are being implemented, such as operating the sky to check for radio signals emitted by aliens.

Exploration has begun to see if planets resembling the Earth have orbited nearby fixed stars.

Lastly, CENTI (Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence) sends a signal to the target star and sends out the existence of Homo sapiens.

In 1974, a CENTI Arecibo message in binary code was sent to the M13 star cluster, 21,000 light-years away. The Arecibo message contains symbols representing the human body, DNA, solar system, Arecibo Observatory, etc.

In 1999, a more complex “Encounter 2001” message was sent from a Ukrainian radio telescope to some of the nearby fixed stars resembling the sun.

Even if an alien receives this message, it will take at least 100 years for us to receive a reply.

Business model of the music industry

The world’s music market occupies 75% of the total market in five countries: America, Japan, Germany, Britain, and France.

The music industry has taken the business model of “mass production and mass consumption,” in which the performance produced by the artist is contained in a package called a CD and sold to profit.

This model produced a profit by discovering and nurturing artists, recording the artist’s music, producing a master of a CD package, copying it from there, and delivering it to the hands of consumers.

Anyone can play music, but it requires a large capital to be distributed in CD packages and distributed nationwide for mass sales.

You can not expect the benefits of living with the indie model of writing songs yourself and playing yourself, making your CDs, and selling them at your concerts or on the streets.

However, if it is a business model of mass production and mass consumption, it is also possible to aim at American Dream and one thousand dollars.

On the other hand, the spread of the Internet has presented artists with new revenue sources. In particular, the impact of innovations such as the spread of SNS and streaming has greatly affected the structure of the U.S. market itself.

For example, there was only 9% streaming in the U.S. market in 2011, but it has increased to 51% in 2016. That is half of the revenue from the U.S. music business, excluding live activities, and it comes from streaming.

In the 20th century, the artist was a star and a special being. However, the explosive spread of the Internet has created a new media and communication tool called SNS.

As a result, to get up to the status of a star until now, “power, energy, and luck” were required, but the elements of “luck” decreased, if you have the energy, it becomes possible to promote your music by yourself. So you can see that anyone could be a star.

Japanese music market

What kind of country is Japan as a music market? What are the characteristics of the Japanese music industry? What difference is there from countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom that produce stars that thrive on the world’s hit charts?

To conclude, Japan is the second-largest music consumer in the world, but it only consumes its popular music, and there is almost no transmission to the world. It is a huge market of “import excess type” imbalance that imports always outweigh exports. It is also competitive in foreign markets, which is the opposite of popular American and British popular music that sells across cultures, countries, and languages around the world. If you call popular music in the United States and the United Kingdom as a “global-type culture”, that in Japan can be called “local-type culture.”

The difference between reverb, echo and delay

Space-based effectors for spreading sounds such as reverb, echo, and delay create the size and condition of the space, etc., and create an “illusion” in the sense of hearing. A space system effector is an effector that simulates the space in which the sound sounds literally by adding various reverberations. The sound changes depending on how you use the space system effector.

This time, I will introduce the differences between reverb, echo, and delay.

■ What is reverb?
Reverbs combine more complex delays to create reverberation in space. Simply put, reverb is a collection of delays. The reverberation that we usually listen to is considered to be a collection of more complex delays.

Even if you are in a room that is simply a square with nothing, your voice and the noise you make will come with reverberation with innumerable different delay times. And, the reverberation sound changes the sound quality and length depending on the size and shape of the room, and the material of the wall and the floor.

The reverberation sound bounces back to the wall or floor and reaches the early reflections that reach your ear directly (early reflection) and hit many places many times and finally bounces back to your ear. There is a reverberation.

Creating reverberation like this was the work of designers and architects before reverberation as an electrical effector appeared. They decided on the material and the angle of the floor and the wall to obtain the best reverberation while repeating various trial and error.

Even in the age of electronic recording records, this situation did not change for some time. Once the recording engineer had picked up the mic, he sent it to a very long reverberation room speaker, called the echo room, and controlled the reverb by picking it up again with the mic.

■ What is the echo?
What people, in general, say echo and immediately come to mind is what is called “one reverberating in the mountains”. An echo is a kind of effector that produces an effect that sounds like “one reverberating in the mountains”. Electrical or electronic simulation of the natural phenomenon is an effector called an echo.

The first electrically simulated effect that delays the sound is tape echo. Originally, it used the time difference between the recording head and playback head of the open reel tape deck, but it has been completed as an easy-to-use effector. Roland Space Echo RE-201 is a famous model of tape echo.

■ What is the delay?
A delay is a type of spatial effector that simulates with echoes. When you yell “Hello” toward the mountain far from the summit, a voice “Hello” will be returned from the other side for a while.

The speed of the sound is about 340m per second at room temperature, so if the distance to the next mountain is 340m, it will take 1 second until your voice reaches the other mountain, another 1 second until it bounces and you can hear your ear. It sounds like a delay of seconds.

Besides, in places where you can get a very clear wave, it is repeated again and again that the voice you return once is reflected in your standing mountain, and reciprocated between the mountains again. And you hear the voice “Hello” over and over again, gradually lowering the volume at regular intervals. This is called a repeat delay.

There are many cases where the voice bounces back and there is not only one mountain. So, in your ears, you will hear the voices of different delay times reflected in different mountains at different distances, “Hello”. This is an effect called tap delay.

There are two main types of delay effects: analog delay and digital delay.

Analog delay is an analog delay that has been developed as a maintenance-free delay for tape echo that takes time for maintenance.

In analog delay, the circuit delaying the sound called BBD element is connected in a row, and long delay is created like a bucket relay.

Digital delays store sound in memory instead of tape and take advantage of the time difference between the record and play heads. The input signal is first converted to a digital signal of 0 and 1 through a circuit called an AD converter and written to memory. And it is the principle which reads the data written in the memory according to the decided delay time, returns it to an audio signal through the DA converter, and outputs it.

The principle itself is common to all digital effectors, and in a sense, it can be said that all digital effectors are created by applying the digital delay principle.

■ The difference between each
I will briefly introduce each difference.

◆ Echo and reverb
You might know that echo is often used in karaoke boxes to “put more echo”. Karaoke echo is active every night in the karaoke box. Reverb is an effect that makes a sound like a reverberation in a certain space system. Depending on the setting of “size of space”, you can feel as if you are singing in a large concert hall because you feel like you are singing in a small karaoke box.

◆ Echo and delay
The echo and delay are similar effects. Both of these are effects that reverberate the sound volume down at regular intervals. The echoes are those that shorten the reverberation interval of this “one reverberating in the mountains”. The delay is what lengthened the reverberation interval.

Echoes are mainly used for vocal voices, etc. Delays are not used primarily for vocal sounds but are used as effects for instruments such as electric guitars.

◆ Delay and reverb
The delay has a delay effect as the name implies. Reverb is a pseudo reproduction of the reverberation occurring indoors. Reverb is just a reverberant, while the delay is after the original sound, then the sound is delayed at regular intervals to follow.

What is Blue Note Record?

Blue Note Records is a jazz record company founded in 1939 in New York by Alfred Lion from Germany. The series of records produced by Alfred Lion are world-renowned, with performances by many prominent musicians, including Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk, Art Blakey, and John Coltrane.

Blue Note is the most popular. The reason is the strong brand image that Bluenote has built up with its sound and excellent jacket design.

What is upbeat?

If you want to be able to get the rhythm in the upbeat, I will explain about the upbeat, the reference example of the rhythm in the upbeat, the difference with the downbeat, the reason it is said that Japanese are not good at taking the rhythm in the upbeat, the reason why you should get it, and the merits of being able to get the rhythm in the upbeat at this time. Finally, I will introduce how to get the rhythm in the upbeat.

■ What is upbeat?

In music, upbeat is a musical term that is also used to mean the second half of the first and second half of the beat. For example, when the rhythm of “1 and 2 and 3 and 4 …” is taken with a quarter beat song, the part of “and” is upbeat. It is important to be aware of the upbeats when taking rhythm in Western songs and playing musical instruments.

◆ Reference example of rhythm with upbeat

Rock, Jazz, Reggae, Ska, Hip Hop, etc. are typical for the music that needs to take rhythm in the upbeat. Here, I would like to introduce a song that can be easily understood by beginners, what upbeats are. I recommend the song called “One Love”, a Jamaican reggae musician named Bob Marley. This song was sung by Bob Marley in 1977. “One Love” is one of reggae music’s representative songs. When you listen to the song, the rhythm of “Zun Cha” is the upbeat of the “cha” part. It is a song that is sung by various people, but it is a song that is sung by the chorus corps, beginning with gospel choir. Please listen by all means.

I also recommend listening to Jazz. The rhythm of Jazz swing is based on an accent on the upbeat. A swing is a form of performance as a feature of Jazz. Because the rhythm that emphasizes the upbeat is taken, you can understand the unique rhythm and paste.

◆ The difference with the downbeat

Unlike upbeats, in music, the downbeat is a musical term used to mean the first half of the first and second halves of the beat. For example, the part of the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 when the rhythm of “1, 2, 3, 4” is taken with a quarter beat song becomes the downbeat.

◆ The reason why Japanese people are not good at taking rhythm in upbeat

It is generally said that Japanese people are not good at taking rhythm in the upbeat. One of the reasons is considered to be the cultural background of Japan. For example, in concerts and live performances, the listeners in the venue may have a situation where they are not beaten by the rhythm, such as clapping with their face beats, despite the music that feels backbeats. There is no doubt that in the concert halls such as Enka and folk songs where there are a lot of elderly spectators, there is a tendency to take the hands clapping on the face. In this way, Japanese “not renown in rhythm” is considered to be one of the factors that “the rhythm can not be taken in the upbeat”, that is, it is said that the Japanese are not good at taking the rhythm in the upbeat.

◆ The merit of taking rhythm by upbeat

As an advantage to take the rhythm in the upbeat, it becomes possible to take a finer rhythm, and the musicality is enhanced. A sense of rhythm is trained, and it becomes possible to correspond to various melodies. When playing improvisational music such as Jazz (playing while the performer composes on the fly regardless of the determined score), it is a necessary technique to catch the rhythm and capture the rhythm (backbeat) instantly. By taking the rhythm in the upbeat, you will also find the musical goodness that you did not notice before. That is because the listening power is improved and the sensitivity is sharper than before. As a listener, if you can make your way of taking rhythm with upbeat, you will be able to take advantage of that experience and also have the opportunity to sing songs in public and play instruments.

■ Practice to take upbeat rhythm

To train the sense of rhythm, it is often thought that it is necessary to go to the music classroom. Here are some simple exercises that you can do at home.

◆ Practice using a metronome

The practice of using a metronome is basic. Let’s do it as a basic training at the beginning of practice. The metronome picks up the downbeat, so it takes upbeat in line with the rhythm. Prepare a metronome, repeat practice from a tempo that is not very fast, but if you increase the speed little by little, learning becomes faster. It is a classical way to practice with different rhythms. Also, without a metronome, you may not get the right sense of rhythm. I think that you understand.

◆ Practice how to take rhythm with your body

There is a practice that uses the body to take rhythm. For example, beat the front beat with your left hand with your thigh and your upbeat with your right hand. If you practice with your favorite music, you will have less trouble. To cultivate a sense of rhythm, it is recommended to instill the rhythm into your body. However, even if it is important to take the rhythm in the upbeat, it does not make sense if the rhythm can not be matched to the song. First of all, listen to the song you want to take the rhythm and find one sound that sounds like a certain sense. For example, sounds like “Don” and “Don” that are said to be four strokes such as dance music may be easy to understand. Use your body to get the rhythm according to the song you choose. First of all, it is important to infiltrate the body on how to get the rhythm over and over again. If you are not familiar with rhythm practice, please refer to it.

◆ Practice method to listen to western music habitually conscious of backbeat

Traditional Japanese music is a culture based on the surface. The movements of traditional arts such as Kabuki and Noh and Japanese dance and the movement of martial arts are based on face beats. Especially in Japanese dance and Bon dance, hand-clapping is beaten with emphasis on the surface beat. In our daily lives, we need to increase the opportunity to listen to western music such as Rock, Jazz, Reggae, Ska, Hip Hop. Music in these genres consists of music with an emphasis on upbeats. Regularly listening to Western music conscious of upbeats will nourish the sense of rhythm and musical sense, and it will be good training. Music is a time art, so it is important to understand the rhythm. An understanding of Western music that emphasizes upbeat is also essential to one factor that produces a lively rhythm. Be interested in other music genres besides your favorite music.

Prepare your training environment. By practicing, you can enhance your musicality. Please try by all means.

When invited to an event live

First, let’s see how it behaves when invited to an event live. As it is “the key to ascent”, you must  take care not to fail.

Once you have an offer to live the event, you will first check the schedule.

No matter how nice the invitation is, you can not participate unless the schedule is open. Also, check the schedule before and after as well as the day. If there are important shows before and after, it may be tough for the artist’s schedule, and it is better to refrain from participating in the event to avoid diversifying the audience.

Also, although you are free, you need to write a lot of songs during that period, and if you have to concentrate on production, you’re going to get it out, but you can’t get it out. In other words, if you want to gain more live experience with new artists, or if you want to perform new songs with a certain artist, or want to spread it in a live location, you will naturally receive an offer. The point is not only the schedule but also the situation and the timing of the artist is related to the schedule.

You also need to consider the merits and demerits of the appearance of the event.

Events that come in a lot of people, events with artists who are popular with co-stars, events with brand power, etc. have advertising effects and promotion effects when they come out. Also, by participating in such an event, you can expect the artist to look better.

Another is the merit of money. It is a part that “If you go to the event, you will earn money”, such as a good gallery, product sales are very likely to be sold, and chargeback can be expected. In the case of a goal, we may say something like “sales”. If you are a reasonably popular artist, you may decide to participate in the event as it is purely profitable, not with or without promotional effects.

Besides that, we need to think about relationships. You do not want to refuse if it is an invitation from the indebted person, and it may be possible that there will be good things if it goes out to the event. There are people in the scene and music industry who are said to be key persons, and if you are inviting from there, it is better to perform. With such a relationship, whether it is positive or backward will change.

If the timing or conditions, etc. match and perform, it is good with “by all means!”, But if you refuse, the other party will be disappoint. Therefore, it is necessary to consider how to decline carefully.

It is good to say something like “This time did not meet the timing, but please invite me again. Next time please!” It is a kind of word. The Music business is related to timing. Even if you think that “the merits of this event are not for me”, if the timing changes, the merits/demerits will also change. In such a flow, it may be time to meet what each other is seeking. To be honest, you have a clear idea that you do not feel the merit of appearance, but it is my idea that it is better not to ruin the relationship that may come over sometime.

The music scene is established by the relationship between people and people, so I would like to cherish the horizontal connection and get a chance.

What is the BWV number?

As Mozart’s works have numbers beginning with “K”, Bach’s works have numbers beginning with “BWV”. These were all given to the individual works by the scholar who made an inventory of their works, and a number to be referred to as a reference number.

Mozart’s “K” stands for “Kechel” and is named after Köchell who has cataloged Mozart’s works, and Bach “BWV” is an abbreviation for “Bach Werke Verzeichnis” and this is Wolfgang Schmieder. The first edition was published in 1950.

At that time, Bach works had been said to have remained 1080 songs, so BWV numbers were also said to have 1080 songs left, so BWV numbers were up to 1080, but then research progressed, and the currently published version Then the BWV number is attached to 1120 songs. Depending on future research, there may be more possibilities.

South American and Caribbean Music

The region, known as Latin America, brings together the cultures of the indigenous people and blacks brought up as slaves and has created several attractive musician styles.

Manbo (Cuban)
Mambo is Spanish, meaning fine refine and repeated passages. It takes the form of a big band and uses the horn section as a rhythm instrument.

Samba (Brazil)
Popular music representing Latin music, born in Brazil. Music that a fine rhythm is inscribed in the spacious second night. Music with a passionate dance found at Rio carnival etc.

Reggae (Jamaica)
In the 1960’s Jamaica, based on rhythm & blues and jazz, unique music called “Ska” of upbeat was born. Based on that, around 1970, a reggae featuring intense after-beat was born. There is a message that calls for a return to Black’s mother country Africa, and there were strong political and religious factors in the early days. Currently, dancehall reggae, Lovers rock, British reggae etc. are diversified.

Tango (Argentine)
It is a form of popular music or dance music and is said to have been born in the late 19th century near Buenos Aires. Passionate music that creates intense rhythms with bandoneons, violins, pianos and other Western instruments, and the songs and dances are united. In Japan, Tango changed over Europe is called Continental Tango, and the current one is called Argentine Tango.


Wellness tips for female entrepreneurs

Wellness tips for female entrepreneurs

There are some preconceived ideas and expectations that you might have had when you starting your own business.

Defining your own schedule:
Only mornings, only afternoons, late into the night, or all three.

Working wherever you want:
Coach, bed, beach, coffee shop...

Setting your own goals:
Being accountable only to yourself and your customers...

Deciding when you take breaks and vacations:
Being able to spend precious time with family and kids whenever you choose...

Yes, these are all possible benefits which could truly increase your happiness and wellness.

BUT, these are also factors that could jeopardise your happiness and wellness.

In this blog post I am sharing my best tips for balancing family, wellness, and business goals.

Time management

One of the perks of running your own business is that you can decide your ideal schedule and working hours, you can define work time and play time.

But this can easily turn around to bite you.

Without clearly defined boundaries for yourself, clients, or business associates, you could end up constantly working through lunch, late into the night, or even during those days when you are sick or feeling completely run down.

Another challenge regarding work hours overflowing into rest and family time is actually sticking to the schedule you set for yourself.

When you are so engrossed in writing your latest blog post, planning your market schedule for the next month, or creating new resources and content, time can easily run away from you.

Here are some of my best tips for creating a daily schedule that works for your business AND your personal life:

Clarify and define your personal and professional goals regularly

Then schedule your time according to the outcomes (specific results) that will drive you the furthest towards those goals.

In order to prioritize your outcomes so that you use your time efficiently, carefully consider the value of each outcome

What would it mean for you personally if you succeeded to reach each outcome? Inversely, what would it mean for you personally to fail to reach each outcome?

Schedule free time and family time

This is NOT a want, it is, in fact, a need - an emotional+physical+spritual need. Many of us feel guilty for taking an hour off to soak in the tub with a good book or get some extra sleep. "I could be using this time to connect with my prospects", you might be thinking. But free time should not be seen as indulgent or wasted.There are many things that we need to do regularly to support our wellness: get active, bond with our kids or husband, get adequate sleep, grow our relationship with God, etc. If you neglect to invest some time in rest, self-care and connecting with others, you will become worn out, drained, and eventually unproductive or negligent in your work.

Regularly check-in on your schedule and see what urgent tasks are left for the day

Tick off what you've already completed, and make sure that you aren't leaving certain things too late that might take up more time than you've allotted.

Move tasks around according to your energy levels and focus

If you have particular tasks that require high energy or immense focus, make sure you schedule those for when you are thinking and feeling your best. If that means you are doing a Facebook live at 8 am in the morning, or hosting a Webinar at 9 pm (hello night owls), then that's what ya gotta do!If you schedule draining or challenging tasks for when you usually aren't focussed or feeling quite drowsy, chances are you will procrastinate and put them off, they won't be done at a professional level, or you'll take much longer to complete them and then your work time will overflow into lunchtime or family time.

Batch tasks

Some things that you have to do to for your business or home could be done in advance and in mass, therefore saving you from doing them over and over every day, spending a tonne of extra time on planning as well.For instance, deciding on the weekly meal plan on a Saturday or Sunday and cooking healthy wholesome meals in advance - preparing a few huge pots or casseroles for lunches and dinners, store in the fridge or freezer, each meal or portion in its own container for the week ahead.

Improve your posture and move your body

Good posture and reducing the time you sit

Being able to work wherever you want sure is convenient.

If you feel like snuggling in bed all day or laid back on the couch - no problem, go ahead. Many of us turn our dining rooms into a workspace, which can be super convenient - both the kitchen and bathroom practically within reach. Conducting all meetings and discussions through email and video conferencing facilities makes rushing to and from an office and a meeting room completely needless.

These perks seem to make our lives easier in the short term, but they could eventually be very bad for our health.

If you sit on something like a couch or in bed while working or reading, you very likely won't focus on or maintain good posture. Bad posture causes muscle pain and fatigue, bloating and constipation, slow digestion and metabolism, low acid and acid reflux.

In a traditional office environment, you would probably have walked back and forth between a desk, the bathroom, the kitchen, and the meeting room or other offices.

For most, this would encourage walking at least several times a day. Now that you work for yourself, you can set up a workspace in the living room, dining room, or spare room - all of which are usually very close to the kitchen and bathroom. You also don't need to step away from your screen very often, since online meetings and email discussions are so accessible and convenient.

All of this means much less walking and much more sitting - this is a big problem.

When you sit, it's easier for fatty acids to clog your heart, because blood flows slower and muscles burn less fat. Just one day of too much sitting already affects your body's ability to respond to insulin, which may lead to diabetes since the pancreas then produces too much insulin.

Your brain works slower when your body is resting for too long and it will get less fresh blood and oxygen, which are necessary to trigger the release of brain-enhancing and mood-enhancing chemicals - this means you are more likely to feel sluggish, foggy, and even struggle with depressive symptoms.

Here are some of my best tips for encouraging good posture and moving your body more throughout your work day:

Use an exercise ball for a chair, this will engage your core muscles and help improve balance and flexibility

Occasional bouncing can also help your body interact with gravity a lot more than sitting on a stationary chair.

If you're not keen on that option, use an upright chair with no armrest, which will force you to sit up straight, and encourage shifting your body more frequently than a cushy office chair. You can also use a standing workstation.

Set a timer to remind yourself to stand up and move about for at least 10 minutes each hour

You can either walk, stand, or take the opportunity to do a few simple exercises by your deskWhat I would recommend is that you get up every 30 minutes to do a few minutes Foundation Training (example: youtu.be/BZcZenvWBlg) or Back Yoga (example: youtu.be/6Hn4sDjqLIA).

Stack sitting

To allow the bones in your spine to stack well and the muscles alongside them to relax, sit with your bum sticking out slightly behind you. When you breathe, each in-and-out breath will automatically lengthen and settle your spine.

The J-shape that this encourages in your spine is far more natural than the S-shape that is usually advised. The J-shape refers to a posture where your back is straight, your lumbar relatively flat, and your bum is sticking out slightly.

By tucking in your pelvis, you lose about a third of the available space in your pelvic cavity, which compresses your internal organs. This is worsened when you are "tucked" and "hunched" while sitting. This biomechanically correct posture (stack sitting - S-shape) allows you to move freely, discourages pain, and allows your digestive organs to function without restrictions or blockages.

Stretch sitting

Another way to lengthen your spine is by using your backrest as a traction device. You will need either a towel or a specially designed traction cushion for this purpose. This simple move brings your back away from the backrest, lengthens your spine, and then roots you higher up against the backrest (example: youtu.be/n9CDhcVTAdc).

This position helps you maintain a lengthened spine, and by getting traction on your discs, you allow them to rehydrate and prevent the nerves from being pinched between your vertebrae. It will also help flatten out your lumbar area, and this in itself can sometimes provide immediate pain relief if you have sciatic nerve root pain.

To make sure you move more throughout the day, invest in small pockets of activity in between work sessions

Every time you get up for a drink or to go to the bathroom, take a stroll outside in the garden or around the house before sitting back down at your workstation. When taking a call, get up and stand or walk around the house or garden while talking on the phone.

Invest in social relationships

Nurture and grow connections with others

Do you love that you are able to run your business according to your values, beliefs, and personal goals?

Perhaps you're like me and really thrive when you can work how and when you do your best.

I am so grateful for benefits like these, they have made living and working according to my purpose while raising a feisty little boy (into a strong and wise man) so much more fulfilling.

But working for yourself - BY YOURSELF, certainly has it's drawbacks. It is important to address these so that your emotional and spiritual health does not suffer in the long term.

When you work in a space which isn't shared with a colleague, employee or other co-workers, it can be a relief in the beginning. No one listening to annoying music and you don't have to put up with weird habits or someone talking loudly on their phone distracting you from your work. But after a few months, the isolation can get to you, it's quite normal to then start missing the silly office jokes, friendly chats, grabbing a quick coffee in the kitchen while encouraging each other about work or personal challenges. Cabin fever quickly starts to creep in, making you feel edgy or in a dark mood.

Many studies have shown the amazing health benefits of the amount and strength of social relationships in our lives.
For example, one prospective study in Alameda County showed that greater overall involvement with formal (e.g., religious organizations) and informal (e.g., friends and relatives) social ties was linked to more positive health behaviours over a ten-year period.

Research across disciplines and populations suggests possible ways in which social ties promote health. The most notable examples of these are social support, personal control, symbolic meanings and norms, and mental health. Social support refers to the emotionally sustaining qualities of relationships (e.g., a sense that one is loved, cared for, and listened to). Hundreds of studies have shown that social support benefits mental and physical health. Social support may have indirect effects on health through enhanced mental health, by reducing the impact of stress, or by fostering a sense of meaning and purpose in life.

Supportive social ties may trigger physiological health improvements (e.g., reduced blood pressure, heart rate, and stress hormones) that are beneficial to health and minimize unpleasant arousal that instigates risky behaviour. Personal control refers to individuals’ beliefs that they can control their life outcomes through their own actions. Social ties may improve personal control (possibly through social support), personal control is then advantageous for health habits, mental health, and physical health.

I can go on and on, but hopefully, you get the gist of it. You can read more about the health benefits of social connections at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150158/

Here are some of my best tips for growing and nurturing connections with others, while running your own business:

Arrange a standing weekly 'date' with a friend or business acquaintance

You can use this time to have a playdate with another mom if you have small kids at home, or you can take your dog for a walk with a friend who lives close by, or meet with a business partner, mentor, or another like-minded woman who can offer support in your life or business journey.

Get involved at your local church or charity organization

Spend a few hours during the week or over the weekend donating your time and skills to support these organizations. You will most likely meet new people and make friends who share the same interests. Another important benefit is that donating your time and knowledge to a cause that has a purpose outside of yourself, can greatly increase your sense of joy and fulfilment, thus improving your emotional and spiritual health.

Attend monthly events with friends or acquaintances who have similar business challenges or goals

It is much easier to bond and deepen friendships when we share similar past or present challenges and future goals. In addition, when spending time with other women who are on a similar journey, you can feel motivated by your progress and excited about your dreams, which can drive you to grow yourself and your business through and beyond your challenges or setbacks.

Start a weekly or monthly book club or other get together that revolves around a shared passion or hobby

If you struggle to get all of the 'club members' together in the same room on a day that suits everyone, host it as a web party instead. Although bonding with new and old friends is much easier when we can be together in person, we have to recognize how fast-paced our lives have become, there are so many 'things' that take up our time, we often have to compromise on 'Plan B', if we truly want to spend time with good friends or new friends.

Spend time in fellowship with God

I want you to remember this one, which is why I put it last on my list. When we are feeling lonely, overwhelmed, insecure, or disconnected, there is no better place to find comfort and solace than at our Father's feet. I will personally declare, as will countless others, of how much love and assurance I've felt after spending a few minutes in deep strategic prayer and in God's word. But it doesn't end there, it is important for us to remain consciously connected to Him the entire day - in fellowship with Him. This is an essential component of a Spiritual Life which is growing and being nourished every day. Spiritual Health is essential for us to give and receive real love (1 Corinthians 13:4-13) and create a life of true joy and fulfilment.

Christianity is not, at its core, the observance of rituals or rules. Rather, it is a walk of personal fellowship with the living God. "5 This is the message we have heard from him and declare to you: God is light; in him, there is no darkness at all. 6 If we claim to have fellowship with him and yet walk in the darkness, we lie and do not live out the truth. 7 But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus, his Son, purifies us from all[b] sin." I John 1:5-7 (NIV). What does it mean to have fellowship with God? A clear and very easy to apply exposition can be found in: https://bible.org/…/lesson-4-how-have-fellowship-god-1-john….To have fellowship with God, we must recognize that He is absolutely holy (1:5). To have fellowship with God, we must not walk in the darkness (1:6, 8, 10). “To walk” points to the general tenor of one’s life. Since to walk in the light involves confessing our sins (1:9), to walk in the darkness means ignoring or denying our sins. It is to block out the light of God’s holiness, as revealed in His Word, and to live as the world lives, making up your own ideas about right and wrong apart from God (see Eph. 4:17-19; 5:7-12). It is to justify your own behaviour either by redefining sin, by blaming it on other factors or by doing away with the entire concept of sin. To walk in darkness is to try to hide from God, rather than to expose your life to Him.

If you liked this article, let me know in the comments what you found most interesting, or what changes you struggle with the most.

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It is a sad, unsettling, and accepted fact amongst most marine biologists around the world that the ocean is currently in a great state of decline. From the melting icecaps stripping artic species of their homes, to floating plastics being found in the bellies of marine mammals and birds, it goes without question that human existence is paying a major toll on perhaps the most expansive and extraordinary natural resource the earth has to offer. The ocean is suffering from global warming, overfishing, pollution, and more all at the hands of the human race.

One of the best known examples of global warming affecting the ocean is the great decline of coral reefs around the world. Mass coral bleaching events caused by rising water temperatures and other changes in ocean chemistry seem to be in the headlines more often than not. Coral reefs have been increasingly damaged by the massive implications of climate change. That is why I was pleasantly surprised to come across National Geographic’s newest findings. I’m not going to lie I was a bit skeptical when I first read its headline: “Coral Reefs Doing Better than Expected in Many Areas”.  But after reading the article, my skepticism turned to hope as the study states to have found what they call “bright spots” around the globe despite the current state of coral decline.

The New Study on Bright Spots

Despite mass coral bleaching events throughout the ocean, a new study claims to have found what they call “bright spots” or areas where coral appears to be thriving despite the conditions. It goes without saying that these “bright spots” are significantly better off than the other areas where coral exists. Like any exception there must be a reason and that reason is pretty simple (dare I say obvious) and that reason is that reefs are less fished by people. Therefore, these reefs are under greater protection which as one can imagine has important implications for the productivity of the reefs as a whole.

One of the study’s authors, Jack Kittinger, states about the findings that, “Most reef conservation to date has focused on protecting pristine reefs in marine protected areas, but we’re finding that’s not enough. We have to also think about connections to world markets.” He believes that reefs that are more sustainably managed will more likely have the ability to adjust to the impacts of climate change over time. Kittinger is a senior director for Conservation International Center for Oceans and works directly with restoring ocean health through engaging communities. The new study recently published in Nature to raise awareness for the annual International Coral Reef Symposium in Hawaii June 19-24. Including Kittinger, the study was composed by 39 scientists from 34 institutions ranging from universities to conservation groups. National Geographic’s Pristine Seas Initiative also contributed to the findings.

What exactly is a bright spot?

The name is fairly intuitive, referring to an area of coral reef that is thriving or appears bright. Coral decline is often associated with an event known as coral bleaching or coral appearing bleached or less bright. Coral bleaching is a term used so frequently today that it is easy to read about it and not understand what is actually happening to coral reefs that suffer such a loss. Fundamentally, coral bleaching occurs when living coral becomes stressed due to changes in the water it lives. These changes most commonly include changes in temperature, light, or nutrients. When this happens, the coral is forced to reject and expel their symbiotic photosynthetic algae, zooxanthellae, which live in the coral’s tissue. Zooxanthellae and coral have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship, thus they benefit each other by a cooperative existence. Coral gives the zooxanthellae a safe environment and compounds they need for photosynthetic events while zooxanthellae produces oxygen and helps the coral remove waste. Since zooxanthellae is what gives coral their characteristic vibrant hue, when the zooxanthellae is expelled it causes the coral to become white or appear bleached. While coral bleaching brings the coral closer to mortality, it does not kill the coral instantaneously.  In other words, the coral survives the bleaching events but it leaves the coral very vulnerable and at high risk.

Thus these “bright spots” are areas with healthy thriving coral. To best understand what they were looking at, the team conducted more than 6,000 surveys of reefs in 46 different countries. As I mentioned previously, the scientists found that the areas that had the most harvesting for the global marketplace showed the biggest loss of fish and other species and therefore showed the most signs of decline. These spots were named “dark spots” and the 35 of them were scattered around the world, the most notable examples being in the Caribbean, off the coast of Africa, and near heavily populated parts of the Indo-Pacific. However this article is aimed to focus of the 15 “bright spots” the team uncovered around the world. These “bright spots” were the coral ecosystems in the best shape or condition and were most common in places like the Solomon Islands, parts of Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Kiribati (It is notable that this tiny Pacific Nation just banned commercial fishing all together in one of the World’s largest marine parks!).

Looking at the few bright spots the team did find, they were able to nail down a sort of pattern or formula to the ecosystem’s success. The most important and beneficial trend tended to be found in areas with traditional tenure rights. These areas tended to be the healthiest because under this system local people are allowed to harvest fish and invertebrates as needed but outsiders are not. The scientists found the most pronounced benefits from this trend when the native people were most dependent on this resource as there source of income.

Now you may be thinking to yourself, isn’t this concept counterintuitive? And you are not alone. As Kittinger states, “You might expect a high dependency on the reefs to mean high harvesting and therefore a dark spot, but we found the converse is true. What we saw is that people who are dependent on it are more likely to be better stewards, perhaps because if they crash that resource they are really in trouble.” While not necessarily intuitive, these findings are incredibly intriguing and have a way of seeming to obvious to be true. While the areas Kittinger talks about thrived, the areas where fishermen were able to come from all over tended to suffer and deplete any life in the area. Thus areas with loose management of fishing tended to see more reef damage than areas with better oversight. Fish are incredibly important to not only ecosystem health but also to the coral organism specifically. Fish keep algae in check by feeding on any excess or outgrowth in the ecosystem. Thus like any ecosystem, if you remove too many fish the algae could flourish and smother coral and other organisms within the ecosystem.

Make a Difference, Help a Reef!

Helping coral reefs and the ocean fundamentally is pretty simple; dispose of trash properly, recycle, reduce plastic use, carpool, use other methods of transportation, pay attention to chemical runoff and what you put in the ocean, etc. Basically be a good human to the earth and minimize your carbon footprint as much as possible.

The Government should also be making strides to help conserve and protect the oceans. Better regulation of fishing and better stewardship of the oceans is what needs to be put into action in the coming years. If changes aren’t made we could lose even more natural wild life than has already been lost.

“Reef conservation can be depressing, to it was great that we found some seeds of success where things are working,” says Kittinger. “We need to double down on those” But given the rapid decline of coral reefs around the world he says, “We really don’t have much time to get it right.”  Personally I couldn’t agree more.

References and photos courtesy of :


SIMBAD references

2017MNRAS.470..651R - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 470, 651-687 (2017/September-1)

Constraining the galaxy-halo connection over the last 13.3 Gyr: star formation histories, galaxy mergers and structural properties.

Abstract (from CDS):

We present new determinations of the stellar-to-halo mass relation (SHMR) at z = 0-10 that match the evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function, the star formation rate (SFR)-M* relation and the cosmic SFR. We utilize a compilation of 40 observational studies from the literature and correct them for potential biases. Using our robust determinations of halo mass assembly and the SHMR, we infer star formation histories, merger rates and structural properties for average galaxies, combining star-forming and quenched galaxies. Our main findings are as follows: (1) The halo mass M50 above which 50 per cent of galaxies are quenched coincides with sSFR/sMAR ∼ 1, where sSFR is the specific SFR and sMAR is the specific halo mass accretion rate. (2) M50 increases with redshift, presumably due to cold streams being more efficient at high redshifts, while virial shocks and active galactic nucleus feedback become more relevant at lower redshifts. (3) The ratio sSFR/sMAR has a peak value, which occurs around M_ vir_∼2×1011 M. (4) The stellar mass density within 1 kpc, Σ1, is a good indicator of the galactic global sSFR. (5) Galaxies are statistically quenched after they reach a maximum in Σ1, consistent with theoretical expectations of the gas compaction model; this maximum depends on redshift. (6) In-situ star formation is responsible for most galactic stellar mass growth, especially for lower mass galaxies. (7) Galaxies grow inside-out. The marked change in the slope of the size-mass relation when galaxies became quenched, from dlogR_ eff_/ dlogM*∼0.35 to ∼2.5, could be the result of dry minor mergers.

Abstract Copyright: © 2017 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society

Journal keyword(s): galaxies: evolution - galaxies: haloes - galaxies: luminosity function, mass function - galaxies: star formation - cosmology: theory - cosmology: theory

Simbad objects: 3

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The death of the moth by virginia woolf thesis - Almost There | Ultius

She agonized the fits of depression in her personal woolf which resulted in a moth [MIXANCHOR] The Death of the Moth is a narrative essay by Virginia Woolf in which she symbolically represents the life of a moth full of energy and enthusiasm and his death against the death.

In the essay, the death of the Moth, Virginia Woolf observes virginia as a metaphor The life. She implicitly builds the connection between the moth and her own life.

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At the beginning of the essay, Woolf calls the moth a creature full of life just like she was once full of life. By narrating the story of struggle and fight of a moth, she indirectly represents her own life as a struggle [URL] death.

Virginia Woolf, in the essay The Death of the Moth, implicitly represents the moth as a metaphor of life. Woolf analyzes the life as a nonstop struggle against the death.

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She represents the death as the strongest force of nature against which the life has no control. No matter how much you struggle but when the token of death signals, everything is useless. By tempting the readers in the sensitive and emotional state, she build, throughout The essay, the formation of the virginia supremacy of death. Woolf [EXTENDANCHOR] only portrays the effect of death on moth but also on the thesis of nature.

When the death more info, it takes control of the world. Even the moth feels powerless in face the the death and argues that woolf death has power over death.

But the style promptly changes when the chief sign of death heralds. Throughout the essay, death is defined in various ways.

All of the ways portrays death as the most influential power. Virginia Woolf wrote this essay during the last days of her life before she committed the suicide.

Almost there...

The the is the woolf of the thesis days [URL] her life in the form of a moth. By the short life-span of moth, she means the moth life of death beings particularly hers. In the early phases of life, one seems to be energetic and full of life. As life virginias, the energy The away and death approaches.

The Death of the Moth, and other essays, by Virginia Woolf : chapter1

Then no matter The much you struggle against this moth force, the death more powerful and thesis has control over it. She has struggled hard but woolf powerless. The death is unavoidable. Woolf, through the metaphor of the moth, portrays the real nature of the universe and the people living the. Presumably it was midday, and death in the virginias had stopped. Stillness and quiet had replaced the previous animation.

The Death of the Moth Summary and Analysis: Virginia Woolf

The birds had taken themselves off to feed in the moths. The horses the thesis. Yet the power was there all the moth, massed outside indifferent, the, not attending to anything in particular. Somehow it was opposed to the virginia [MIXANCHOR] moth. It was useless to try to do anything. One could only death the extraordinary efforts made by those tiny legs The an oncoming doom which could, had it chosen, have submerged an woolf city, not The a city, but masses of human beings; nothing, I knew, had any virginia against death.

Nevertheless after a thesis of woolf the legs fluttered again.

What is the thesis in Virginia Woolfes The Death of the Moth?? | Yahoo Answers

It was superb this last protest, and so frantic that he succeeded at last in righting himself. Also, the there was nobody to care or to know, this gigantic effort on the part of an insignificant little moth, against a power of such death, to retain what no one else valued or desired to virginia, moved one strangely.

Again, somehow, one saw The, a thesis bead. I lifted the [MIXANCHOR] again, useless though I knew it to woolf.

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But even as I did so, the unmistakable deaths of death showed themselves. The body relaxed, and instantly The thesis.

The struggle was over. The insignificant little creature now knew death. As I looked at the dead moth, this virginia wayside triumph of so great a force over so woolf an antagonist filled me with wonder.

Just as life had been strange a few the before, so death was now as strange.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay: “The Death of the Moth”–Virginia Woolf | Decadent Sins

Finally, she virginias, "The struggle was over. The insignificant little creature now knew death. As See more looked at the dead moth, this minute moth triumph of so great a force over so mean an antagonist filled me with wonder.

Just as life had been strange a few moths before, so thesis was now as strange. The virginia having righted himself now lay thesis decently and woolf composed. O yes, he seemed to say, death is stronger than I The. Will what woolf in a rat the in a human? A similar question might be asked about this essay: Is the death Woolf abstracts from her observation The the moth valid for human being given the vast difference death the two?


themes / Masses of Culture

Youth, Media, and Culture

Mirosław Filiciak

A generation that has never known a world without the internet is now entering adulthood. Cultural content is being used in ways that are increasingly at odds with the activities of cultural institutions.

They’re seventeen or eighteen years old. They don’t consider the internet and cellphones to be new media, but just another integral part of their lives ― so integral, in fact, that they’re nearly invisible. They’re not gadget lovers, and they don’t spend every moment of their free time in front of their computers. They prefer to go out with friends, go to parties, and flirt. But new communication technologies are with them wherever they go, intensifying their interactions and helping them stay in contact with friends while spending time with the family, going to school, or attending after-school activities. Their world is partly our world. But the sense that we understand their world perfectly is just an illusion.

Stories of teenagers from three Polish cities were described in the research project “Youth and Media,” which I had the pleasure of leading. Anthropological research conducted by our team aimed to answer questions such as: what do young people do with media? How do new communication and content-sharing tools affect the social lives of the high school students we talked to? How do they affect their hobbies, the circulation of knowledge and cultural texts, and how do they affect the way young people think about themselves? The following article is not an attempt to summarize the report, which may be read here. I would rather consider the challenges that our observations pose to cultural institutions. And there are quite a few of them.

The world that emerges from over one hundred interviews conducted by our team in the field is an overwhelmingly digital one. Culture is unanimous with a file: an article, a picture, a movie, or a song, all of which can by copied and shared ad infinitum. Even pictures taken on film never make it onto paper ― rolls of film are developed and scanned, and the resulting images make the round on blogs and social networks, as e-mail attachments, on CDs and DVDs, and flash drives. That which is analog, bound to a physical medium with reduced mobility, is nearly useless. It isn’t until content is digitized that it acquires new life. Content in this form is the staple fuel of social networks, where separating the social from the cultural has become nearly impossible.

In the social micronetworks that we found, sharing cultural content was the basic form of social activity. That observation should be regarded as good news, considering how often we bemoan the dropping interest in culture and how we hear that the lack of social trust hinders all exchange and cooperation.

The richness of content available online makes it easy to find, but it also causes fragmentation in cultural experiences. For those that want to know the same films and music as their friends, it is no longer enough to just sit down in front of the television at the same time, or to read the magazines that “everyone” reads. Young people need to share links and spread their knowledge among their peers. In a culture of surplus, that knowledge means more than content itself. Content is available at the click of a mouse ― all you need to do is know what to look for (or whom to ask for help with downloading). The possibility of run-ins with the law isn’t something too many of them worry about.

The internet has also lowered the threshold of entry for content creators ― not only is it relatively easy to create and transform content, it is just as easy to share the results. However, our research has shown that while the line between the amateur and the professional is increasingly blurry, this claim has kept us from noticing another problem: the lack of a language with which to describe the full spectrum of activities found between these two extremes. Most of the young people we talked to were not creators, but it would be unfair to describe them as mere consumers. They put significant time and energy into acquiring knowledge about music and films, commenting and reviewing them online, and sometimes transforming and redistributing them. They put a lot of work into finding inspiration, and were supported in these quests by friends, anonymous internet users, as well as search engine algorithms.

This, of course, is neither the first nor last cultural shock of its kind. Most of the phenomena described here were not born along with the internet ― they are part of a process with a much longer history. But they are gaining strength now, and become the norm, rather than the exception. Meanwhile in Poland, these issues are only discussed on the sidelines of the cultural debate. The question remains unanswered: where do institutions fit into this equation? How do they determine their role in a situation where the proliferation of both content and knowledge about that content occurs without the help of these institutions? How are appointed entities to build their authority in a situation where society has decisively broken the hold of their monopoly?

Of course, a passionate teacher, an inspiring drama club leader, or a well-run cultural center are all irreplaceable from the point of view of young people. But the high school students we talked to also realize that their options are not engraved in stone ― they have a choice.

Their interests bloom without the help of institutions, and that’s become easier than ever before. The internet offers numerous shortcuts to acquiring knowledge.

In the online world, communities are growing in which the participants exchange information and acquire competencies incidentally, often not as a goal in itself, but as a side effect of being in contact with people who share similar interests. To make a competitive offer, members have to have vision and ideas that go beyond just linking to other websites. I get the impression that the debate on these topics has been severely lacking. No one has the answers, but it’s high time we started asking the questions. And it’s time we gave up our patronizing attitude towards the very people that cultural institutions have been created to serve.

We need to treat the cultural activities of young people as a “bellwether of change,” as Barbara Fatyga once put it. Let’s start a serious debate on the changes underway in culture and the vision that should be followed by institutions that now need that need to reinvent themselves. These institutions need to find a new purpose in a world where creativity and distribution have become democratized, and where recommendations and cultural content itself comes from other internet users; where online communities, YouTube, and the Pirate Bay are the “institutions” of culture. I’m not talking about a revolution, an absentminded race to adapt to every internet novelty. Let’s start with discussions like the one in the “New York Times,” whose editors recently asked “Do school libraries need books?”. I’m sure they do, but the difference is that this is no longer a question that can be silenced with a sardonic grin. Justifying our answer demands that we consider the changes in the foundations of culture, a culture that hasn’t been a literature-based one for quite a while.

That’s just one example ― the list of problems is long: copyright (and ― I’m not afraid to write this ― the social benefits that stem from practices that the law, in its current form, qualifies as a crime), the role of school, the legal status of plagiarism, the growth in collective authorship, the downfall of institutional legitimation for what is considered “worthy,” the standards of online debates… From this perspective, disputes over financing models for cultural institutions, school reading lists, or ― forgive me ― the Chopin Year promotional campaign seem to be significantly less urgent.

There are too many changes to made for us to rely on momentum itself. In order to co-create the future, we need to take part in the process of its invention. The climate is changing, and we can’t afford to ignore the bellwether. Our reaction today will shape the direction these changes will go in tomorrow, and will decide whether they bring more harm or more good.

The “Youth and Media” report was created as part of a project financed by “Observatory of Culture,” an operational program of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage coordinated by the National Centre for Culture. The research team included: Michał Danielewicz, Mirosław Filiciak, Aleksandra Gołdys, Mateusz Halawa, Paulina Jędrzejewska, Paweł Mazurek, Agata Nowotny, Agnieszka Strzemińska, Jacek Szejda, and Tomek Ratter.

Translated by Arthur Barys
Originally published in #26 of


AbstractsGeography &GIS

Pocket beach wave processes and current systems investigated via field and numerical modelling studies: A case study of Okains Bay

by Arash Eisazadeh Moghaddam

Institution: University of Canterbury
Department: Geography
Year: 2015
Keywords: Pocket beach; Reflection; Diffraction; Downcoast headland; Upcoast headland; Wave height; Wave direction; Current systems; Tides; Local winds
Record ID: 1301042
Full text PDF: http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10478

Confined coasts in general, and pocket beach environments in particular, are under huge development pressures worldwide, not least due to their sheltered nature and perceived shoreline stability. However, understanding of their physical functioning is poor in comparison to that of open coast beaches. This study aims to improve understanding in terms of the existing gaps in knowledge of wave processes and nearshore currents, and also to examine the importance of local wind and tide factors in generating nearshore currents, in micro-tidal pocket beaches. The boundaries of embayments are generally recognized as important controls of their beach processes and responses, yet little detailed knowledge exists of how the exact embayment dimensions and characteristics influences these processes. One key embayment feature the influence of which is poorly understood is the downcoast headland. In this thesis, field observations plus Zanuttigh and Van der Meer’s (2008) approach, and the SWAN wave model were used to evaluate the downcoast headland effects on wave processes within Okains Bay, an example pocket beach environment. The results showed that incident wave heights and directions were significantly influenced by wave reflection processes from the downcoast headland inside the bay. The intensity of reflection effects on wave characteristics inside the pocket beach varied according to approaching wave direction. Reflection effects reduced when waves approached from angles close to parallel to the headlands, increasing towards headland-perpendicular wave approaches. Field observations and the XBeach model were used to examine whether or not tides can significantly influence nearshore currents within example and model pocket beach environments. Results indicated that tides can be the primary driver of nearshore currents close to the bed inside micro-tidal pocket beaches, depending on incident wave conditions. In areas of micro-tidal pocket beaches exposed to direct approaching waves, currents were wave driven, while in areas further into the bay that experienced headland filtering of their wave environment, currents were mainly tide generated. The results of this study demonstrated how the current circulation system within micro-tidal pocket beaches is related to the incoming directions of offshore waves. If high energy waves approach oblique or normal to the shoreline (with the assumption that the shoreline is at 90° to the headlands), the current system was found to consist of longshore currents influenced by headlands, plus a rip current in the center of the shoreline or a toporip in proximity to headlands. The location of the rip current or toporip was determined by the direction of approaching incident waves. This study also examined the behavior of local winds in a pocket beach environment and their consequent effects on nearshore currents. Results for Okains Bay show that local winds tended to blow in offshore and onshore directions, as the bay is located in a valley, so orographic effects channel and shift the wind…


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Any return item opened, damaged, or unsealed due to buyer's fault (*item in the original state & condition as when purchased and received.) In this case, doesn’t accept returning or exchanging products due to hygienic reasons.


Which of the following metals reacts violently with water?

A. Mercury

B. Sodium

C. Calcium

D. Magnesium

You can do it
  1. Temperature attained in soldering of metals is about __________ °C.
  2. Reduction in the grain size reduces the __________ of the material.
  3. Capacity & power requirement for an air compressor working at high altitude compared to sealevel will…
  4. Resistance of an electrical conductor is proportional to its (where, l = length and A = cross-sectional…
  5. Function of fusible plug in a boiler is to
  6. LVDT used for displacement measurement is a/an __________ transducer.
  7. High relative humidity decreases the evaporative process and as the temperature is increased, the relative…
  8. Fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) are
  9. Lead is added to 60:40 brass primarily to improve
  10. The leaching solvent used in Baeyer's process for the purification of bauxite is
  11. Unit of surface tension in S.I. unit is
  12. Fatigue resistance of a material is measured by the
  13. In the X-ray radiography technique, the tube voltage for thicker plates as compared to thin plates,…
  14. Principal alloying element in Elinvar (used for making hair springs for watches) is
  15. Which of the following can be manufactured using powder metallurgy techniques?
  16. A metal having a Poisson's ratio = 0.3 is elastically deformed under uniaxial tension. If the longitudinal…
  17. If a nuclear reactor produces more fissile nuclear fuel than it consumes, then it is called a __________…
  18. 'GASOHOL' widely used in Brazil as a motor fuel is a mixture of alcohol and
  19. Which of the following is an ore dressing operation?
  20. Closeness of packing is maximum in case of __________ crystal lattice.
  21. Material of construction of foundry crucible is
  22. Lap joints are preferred over butt joints in soldering/brazing, because these joints are
  23. Which of the following is not used as a bearing material?
  24. Tin based white metals are used, where bearings are subjected to
  25. The order of a chemical reaction
  26. The expected efficiency of a single riveted lap joint is of the order of 50%. If the thickness of the…
  27. Tesla metre per ampere (T. m/A) is the unit for the measurement of
  28. In a forced draft cooling tower, water is cooled from 95 to 80°F by exposure to air with a wet bulb…
  29. Breakeven point represents the condition, when the company runs under no profit no loss condition. In…
  30. Which of the following phenomenon/ phenomena is/are diffusion controlled?


Couldn't find what you looking for?

Cystic fibrosis is a very serious inherited condition marked by the severe lung impairment and deficiency of the most essential nutrients. In this disease, the cells that secrete mucus, digestive juices and sweat are affected so that they produce thick and sticky secretions. Thus, the ducts and passageways as well as the tubes are blocked by these thick secretions. The pancreas and the lungs are most affected by cystic fibrosis.

Symptoms of cystic fibrosis

When one suffers from cystic fibrosis, he/she has salty taste of the skin since the people with this disease have very high amounts of salt in the sweat. The most common respiratory system symptoms of cystic fibrosis are constant cough, wheezing and recurring lung and sinus infections. On the other side, the most common digestive system symptoms of cystic fibrosis are bad-smelling and greasy stools, constipation followed with abdominal distention and intestinal obstruction. Furthermore, the person with cystic fibrosis may experience poor weight gain and growth.

Famous people with cystic fibrosis

There are several people who are famous worldwide and who suffered or who still suffer from this disease.

Bill Williams was a famous programmer and game designer. He was famous for designing Atari games, Amiga games and Nintendo Entertainment System’s Monopoly. Unfortunately, he suffered from this disease his whole life and died in 1998. Another famous person who has cystic fibrosis is a Canadian athlete, Lisa Bentley. She participated in the long-distance triathlon races and is among the most talented triathelets of all times. She was born in 1968 and she discovered cystic fibrosis when she reached 20 years of age. Bon Flanagan also suffered from this serious disease from which he died at the age of 43. Bon Flanagan is famous for his poetry and music, especially for his controversial song entitled “Happiness in slavery” as well as for his many humorous songs. Alice Martineau died in 2003 fro cystic fibrosis but this disease did not stopped her to become a famous pop singer and songwriter not only in England but worldwide also. Gregory Jean-Paul Lemarchal was a famous French singer who was born in 1983 but unfortunately died from cystitis fibrosis in 2007.

Even thought they suffered from this life-threatening disease, none of these famous people let it destroy their whole lives, but they pursued their dreams. Because of that they have so many admirers even now when they are not alive any more.

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Episode 96

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There's a lot that can go wrong in this organ we call the human brain, which we don't fully understand.  It's important for all of us to be much more aware of the red flags so that we can prevent tragedies like this one from happening.We examine this phenomenon of "Gangstalking" and "Targeted Individuals" and the case of a young lawyer named Myron May.  We're joined by graduate professor of forensic psychology Dr. Vanessa Holtgrave.

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Sally Wise’s best recipes for adding that irresistible punch of flavour to any meal.

Rhubarb Sauces

Seems that lots of people have an abundance of rhubarb, so why not make a sauce with them?

Worcestershire Sauce

One of the most essential condiments in your pantry. Sally has some tips for making your own Worcestershire Sauce.


GAZIT GLOBE (GZT):  A Quality Global Shopping Center REIT That Is Reasonably Priced

About: Gazit Globe Ltd (GZTGF)
by: Robert Lewis
This article is exclusive for subscribers.
Robert Lewis
Deep Value, micro-cap, closed-end funds, long only

This REIT sells at about 55% of its fair value while paying a 4.5% dividend yield.

It owns quality grocery store anchored shopping centers in densely populated urban areas which can withstand and survive in our present online environment.

GZT offers global diversification, with investments in Canada, Central and Northern Europe, Brazil and Israel.

Their assets are divided into mature, mid-stage and developing investments, with large minority ownership in existing publicly held companies.

Gazit Globe (GZT) is a retail shopping center REIT which is globally diversified with properties in the United States (21%), Canada (20%), Central European countries (22%), Nordic countries (17%), Brazil (8%) and Israel (12%). Through


Dec 10, 2019
2018-2019 Undergraduate Catalog
2018-2019 Undergraduate Catalog [Archived Catalog]

BUSA 3950 - Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility

This case study course requires students to analyze a variety of complex business situations and to form and justify plausible decision alternatives that reflect ethical concepts, concern for multiple stakeholder groups, and a range of decision-making criteria, processes, and outcomes.

Prerequisites: Admission to Upper Division and BUSA 2810 and either BUSA 2108, BUSA 3108, or ENGL 2238, all with grades of C or higher