Pulmonary edema is the buildup of fluid in the within these air sacs leading to shortness of breath. Located in the lungs are thousands of air sacs (alveoli) which are small balloon-like structures where the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs. Tiny capillaries surround the alveoli on the outside. When the cat breathes in, air enters the lungs, causing the alveoli to expand. Oxygen passes from the alveoli and into the capillaries, carbon dioxide from the capillaries pass into the alveoli and is exhaled out. The most common causes of pulmonary edema relate to problems with the heart, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.  Heart diseases can lead to reduced movement of blood through the capillaries in the lungs. As the blood flow slows, fluid leaks out of the vessels into the airways. [1]

My cat (6 years old, castrated , female) for a week is showing signs of periodic but long lasting tachypnea. During the last week her breathing rate has reached 60/min ( normal 18-20/min) . Whenever she is tachypneic she is also very lethargic . Her popliteal lymph nodes are swollen and her white blood cel count ( 4,63 ) and neutrophil count (2.48) is slightly low. Abdominal ultrasound , cardiac and thoracic x rays did not show any abdonormalities ( mesenteric lymph nodes heart and lungs were normal ). Biochemical blood work results where normal . She is FeLV and FIV negative. She is also suffering from diarrhea and frequent urination ( 6 times daily)

These situations are difficult, but without examining Buddha I cannot start to say what could be going on with her especially with her older age; if she is stressed out by visiting the clinic you should see if you can get a call out or if another Veterinarian will make a house visit just to check her over. There are many possible issues which may be affecting an older cat, but an examination is required to narrow down on a diagnosis. Regards Dr Callum Turner DVM
Solid black Chausies may have faint tabby markings (called ghost markings) as kittens, but usually acquire a dense, even black pigmentation with maturity.[8] Sometimes black grizzled tabby Chausies will appear indistinguishable from solid black Chausies when the amount of grizzling is minimal. Exposure to strong sunlight, as with most black cats, can cause black Chausies to lighten slightly and appear brownish.
Little is known about the origin of the Russian Blue breed, though stories are legendary. Many believe the Russian Blue is a natural breed originating from the Archangel Isles in northern Russia, where the long winters developed a cat with a dense, plush coat. Rumors also abound that the Russian Blue breed descended from the cats kept by the Russian Czars. Assuming the Russian Blue did migrate from northern Russia, it was likely via ship to England and northern Europe in the mid 1860s.
These cats have some serious staying power. Hailing from Siberia, this breed was first referenced all the way back in 1000 A.D., according to TICA. Powerful, intelligent and entertaining best describe the Siberian, which frequently takes problem-solving (like opening doors) into their own paws. Their semi-long coat is thick in the winter to withstand the elements and becomes shorter and lighter in the warmer months.


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1-3-3, Marunouchi Chiyoda-ku

History of The Industrial Bank Of Japan, Ltd.

The Industrial Bank of Japan, or IBJ, is almost exclusively a banker to industry. It is regarded by many as a semi-autonomous government agency that acts closely with various ministries to achieve wider national economic goals. It is, in effect, the banker's bank, acting as a primary source of funds and coordinating new bond issues and debentures for government and industry.

The IBJ was created by the Japanese government shortly after the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). Only 25 years before, Japan had ended a centuries-old isolation and embarked on an ambitious modernization. But Japanese industry required inexpensive and reliable sources of raw materials. China held great promise, not only for Japan but for several other imperialist powers, because of its vast forestry and mineral resources.

As a result of its war with China, Japan won rights to these resources in addition to substantial war-reparation payments. The Japanese government studied ways to manage these payments most efficiently, and created three development banks. In 1902 it chartered the Kangyo Bank for agricultural finance, the Hokkaido Takushoku Bank for the development of Japan's northernmost island, Hokkaido, and the Industrial Bank of Japan to supply stagnant domestic industries with long-term funding and to develop the bond market.

The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) was Japan's first engagement with a European power. Its victory in that war greatly increased Japanese influence in the region, but the mobilization seriously depleted bank capital. With Japanese industries unable to finance further expansion, the IBJ borrowed heavily from European sources to make capital available to Japanese industry for modernization and expansion.

The IBJ grew with Japanese industry throughout the 1920s and 1930s by financing the construction of integrated steel mills and modern shipyards. As an instrument of government, the IBJ was motivated neither by private interest or private profit.

A right-wing militarist element, which by the mid-1930s had gained control of the government, sought to establish Japanese supremacy in Asia. Opposed at first by political moderates and Japanese industrialists, the militarists eventually won power. By the time the government declared a "quasi-wartime economy" in the late 1930s, the zaibatsu, or large "money clique" conglomerates, participated in the mobilization--as much for profit as for political survival.

With the zaibatsu brought under the same strict central control as agencies like the IBJ, the Japanese economy was forcibly concentrated in order to raise economic efficiency. While commercial businesses concentrated on military production and the development of occupied territories, the IBJ became involved with the increasingly burdensome task of financing the war against China, and later against the United States; during this time the bank's debts increased from ¥2.7 billion to ¥14.6 billion.

The IBJ survived relatively intact. Instead of financing industrial expansion, however, its new task under the occupation was to assist in the reconstruction of Japan. The bank created a special reconstruction-finance department staffed by 96 men. The department was separated from the IBJ in 1947 and named the Nippon Fukokin Kinyu Koku, or Japan Reconstruction Finance Bank and reorganized in 1952 as the Japan Development Bank.

The American occupation authority undertook a massive decentralization of the Japanese economy by breaking up the zaibatsu and forcing the government to make state-owned businesses, including the IBJ, private. Under the Long Term Credit Bank Law, the IBJ was sold to private investors in 1950. Its purpose, however, remained the same: to provide long-term funding for stagnant and undercapitalized firms. The bank continued to serve in a semiofficial capacity and maintained its connections in government and its access to key ministries and agencies.

Japan's industrial sector, which the IBJ had concentrated on developing for over 50 years, finally began to mature in the early 1950s. For nearly 20 years the Japanese economy maintained an annual growth rate of 10%, which provided the IBJ and other long-term credit banks with strong and stable development. As the largest issuer of government and corporate bonds, in addition to its own debentures, the IBJ held tremendous sway over the determination of long-term interest rates.

The appearance of IBJ representatives on the boards of its clients became more conspicuous after the securities crisis of 1966. The IBJ appointed presidents to three of the four major securities houses: Yamaichi, Daiwa, and Nikko, and played a major role in the creation of Nippon Steel, the world's largest steel company, through the merger of Yawata Steel and Fuji Steel in 1970.

Japanese industry, which depends heavily on imported raw materials, was dealt a severe blow during the 1973 oil crisis. Many of the IBJ's largest clients were suddenly faced with drastically weakened markets and even bankruptcy. In the recession that followed, capital investment was either scaled down or canceled altogether. As interest rates rose, the bank's clients paid back much of their debt by liquidating assets or arranging their own financing--either taking their business back from the IBJ or seeking financing in less competitive foreign-loan and bond markets. Within Japan, IBJ debentures suffered from the developing gensaki bond-repurchase market and an increasingly sophisticated Tokyo stock market.

Threatened with the possibility of its own redundancy in several important markets, IBJ altered its business strategy. The research department sorted IBJ's existing and potential clients into ones that were successful, ones that needed reorganization, and ones that should be abandoned. The IBJ became more active in its clients' industries and, with the full support of the Japanese government, remade several businesses. Not surprisingly, at times the IBJ was resented for the ruthlessness of its reorganization schemes and criticized for the arrogant and presumptuous manner in which its representatives presided over clients' board meetings.

Nevertheless, several troubled companies, including Toyo Soda, Nippon Soda, the Keisei Electric Railway, and Chisso Chemical, were successfully rehabilitated. For that reason many regard a loan from the IBJ as an insurance policy. Competitors made similar industrial rescues, but often lost hundreds of millions of yen in the process. The IBJ, on the other hand, made a profit from saving companies.

One of the largest projects to be underwritten by the IBJ was a $3.2 billion petrochemical complex at Bandar-e-Shapur (later Bandar Khomeini) in Iran. Iranian revolutionaries halted construction on the plant in the early 1980s, when it was 80% finished, because they regarded Japan as too sympathetic to the United States. The plant was later bombed by Iraqi jets, leaving its eventual completion in doubt.

Although a late entrant into international finance--the IBJ received permission to establish overseas branches only in 1971--the IBJ was nevertheless quick to notice a weakening in the Third World lending market. In 1983 the bank refused to lend money to the Philippines in anticipation of a credit crisis, which duly materialized a few months later. The IBJ has not, however, shunned all investment in developing countries; it has simply managed its risk differently. Unlike many of its competitors, it has chosen to participate in specific projects rather than lend outright to government sponsors.

Careful risk management, in addition to a statutory right to finance itself with more stable long-term debentures, earned the IBJ a successful entrance into European financial markets, allowing it to become a major player in the securities industry. The IBJ remained a lead banker to about 180 of Japan's top 200 firms, marketing both yen-dominated bonds and Japanese government securities.

Much of the credit for the IBJ's recovery from the crisis of the 1970s goes to Kisaburo Ikeura. President of the bank from 1974 to 1983, Ikeura was replaced as president by Kaneo Nakamura, but continued to serve as chairman. One question facing Nakamura was whether to expand into the more stable but highly competitive consumer-banking market. Because it suffered from a lack of branches, any growth in this area would have had to come externally--that is, by acquisition. Instead, the IBJ decided to expand in international securities markets.

The IBJ already occupied an important position in European markets with an English subsidiary, IBJ International, and the Industrial Bank of Japan (Switzerland), which conducts both banking and securities services. The IBJ expanded into the United States by purchasing, through subsidiaries, Aubrey G. Lanston Company, an important dealer in U.S. government securities. Although the U.S. government preserved management control of Lanston, the IBJ has still gained a "ringside seat" at the Federal Reserve.

The IBJ's broad exposure to international markets has made it more sensitive to changes in the value of the yen. Its emphasis on long-term credit, however, brings much of that risk to within acceptable margins. While it competes with the Long Term Credit Bank and the Bank of Tokyo, the IBJ has established and (with government help, some say) protected an important niche in the institutional banking and securities markets. In addition, the IBJ must compete in an increasingly less protectionist international environment. This has resulted in a lower, though not altogether unpredictable, squeeze on growth rates and profits.

Principal Subsidiaries: The Industrial Bank of Japan Trust Company; IBJ Schroder Bank & Trust Company; The Industrial Bank of Japan (Canada); IBJ International Limited; Industriebank von Japan (Deutschland) Aktiengesellschaft; The Industrial Bank of Japan (Luxembourg) S.A.; The Industrial Bank of Japan (Switzerland) Limited; IBJ Asia Limited; IBJ Merchant Bank (Singapore) Limited; P.T. Bumi-Daya-IBJ Leasing; IBJ Australia Bank Limited.

Additional topics

Company HistoryFinance: Banks & Credit

This web site and associated pages are not associated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by The Industrial Bank Of Japan, Ltd. and has no official or unofficial affiliation with The Industrial Bank Of Japan, Ltd..


ESA Mission Poised to Probe Mercury’s Mysteries –“With Implications for the Search for Life on Alien Planets”

Mercury’s magnetosphere could have implications for the search for life beyond our solar system. Exoplanets found orbiting cool red dwarf stars could host liquid water, and possibly life. But because they orbit their stars more closely than Mercury orbits the sun, they likely face strong stellar winds and radiation levels inimical to life, unless the planet is protected by a magnetosphere like Mercury’s.


Dominion is a power generation and transmission company based in Virginia that provides service to more than 5 million energy customers and retailers in 18 US states. It has a generation capacity of more than 26 thousand Megawatts and has more than 6 thousand miles of transmission lines.

This big company is ranked 3rd in the world ranking of the main electricity companies in the United States, by market value, recording approximately $66 billion USD. In addition, Dominion Energy was named as one of the top 10 Utility Companies for Solar Energy Generation by the Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA)

Since 2016, Dominion has used PrimeStone software for the collection, management and analysis of data from its meters coupled with an integration to its historical information system.

The continued growth of this utility client has been excellent to support, and PrimeStone works regularly to ensure that the software is robust and future proof for Dominion.

Source: www.prnewswire.com, Statista 2019 and https://www.bloomberg.com/


Essay on The Air Conditioner Broke Down

Essay on The Air Conditioner Broke Down

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With a deep and abrupt rumble, the air conditioner broke down. It was mid-July in Lahore, Pakistan and the outside temperature was rapidly approaching 100 degrees. I was notorious for getting an upset stomach whenever my family visited Pakistan, and this trip was no different. At eight years old, I could not imagine anything worse than suffering through a stomach ache in the sweltering heat of a Pakistani summer. If the heat was not exhausting enough, my family had to listen to my perpetual complaining. Eventually, my grandma decided to take me to the local health clinic. Holding my hand, she walked me down the crowded clinic corridor. The filth and chaos was overwhelming, nothing like any hospital I had seen before. We reached the doctor’s office and he ushered us in while still examining another patient. Apparently, that was normal here. A frail, old man was seated on the examination table. His leathery skin hung loose over his bones, and his clothes were dusty and worn. He had tubes connected to him from every direction. Even at that age, I knew this man required medical care beyond the scope of this facility. My grandma looked to me and said, “You know Mariha, you are very fortunate.” I never forgot that day, and I can still feel the knot in my stomach. Seeing this man made me uncomfortable, but at eight, I could not truly pinpoint the reason. I can now admit I felt helpless against the healthcare inequalities that I witnessed. As I grew older, I searched for ways to bridge this gap both internationally and in my own community.
After my childhood experiences in Pakistan, I jumped at the opportunity to work in rural healthcare facilities in Peru. Volunteering in Peru introduced me to an entirely new set of healthcare challenges...

... middle of paper ...

...and my horizons, I pursued a minor in chemistry, a subject I initially struggled with. Merging my fascination with human anatomy and photography, I pursued several artistic endeavors during college as well. I focused on the notion of body image and explored its impact on women, and in the process I came to relinquish some of my own insecurities.
Throughout my life, I have strived to learn and grow from all my experiences. While my eight year old self would never have guessed that I would pursue a career in medicine, my grandma’s words still hold true today—I am very fortunate. Fortunate to have experienced the many facets of medicine, and to realize that becoming a physician is my true passion in life. A passion that I know will enable me to become a physician who communicates with her patients, and through communication, provides compassionate and attentive care.

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Which Countries Are Exploiting The World’s Oil The Most?

Fossil fuels have played a huge part in making the human world turn since the industrial revolution in the 19th century. But most of us don’t give a second thought to what fossil fuels are – or where the world’s oil comes from.

Worlds Oil

Plants, animals, and other living things have decomposed beneath sediment and rock over thousands and even millions of years. Their carbon molecules have broken down and changed into what would eventually become coal, oil, and gas. This process was especially prevalent over 65 million years ago, when warm, wet conditions meant that the planet was host to a whole lot of lifeforms.

Q1 hedge fund letters, conference, scoops etc

But we’ve used up millions of years-worth of the world’s oil in just a few decades, and of course it is non-renewable. Add to that the fact that burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and the fact that we have become so reliant on them becomes a real problem. Greenhouses gases warm the atmosphere, hastening the warming of the climate with devastating effects already felt by human, animal, and plant life. And it’s going to get a lot worse, very quickly.

Worlds Oil

Naturally, the obstacle to arresting this process is not just that our industry runs on fossil fuels, but that there is a lot of money involved. So those who profit from fossil fuels are not in a hurry to find alternatives. Thus, it is often those who value personal wealth over the well-being of others (who may be out of sight or even as yet unborn) that claim that global warming is a hoax. They may even truly believe this is the case, as it is often easier to disbelieve an ‘inconvenient truth.’

So which countries are doing the most damage? A new set of maps from 911Metallurgist may contain a few surprises.

Taking all types of fossil fuel together, the USA produces around 20% of all global fossil fuels, putting it in the number one position. No wonder the president denies climate change (although to be fair, he doesn’t really seem to understand it!)

Fossil Fuels

Russia and Iran aren’t far behind them.

As for specific fossil fuels, let’s look at oil. A lot of oil can be traced to the Mesozoic period, when dead plankton and algae fell to the bottom of the sea. The pressure of the sea and sand above them caused it to turn into oil. Oil products include gasoline and diesel, and petroleum products account for one-third of the world’s carbon emissions as well as spills and other environmental catastrophes.

The States again come out on top as producers of 18% of the world’s oil. Together with Saudi Arabia and Russia, they account for 40% of the world’s oil supply.

Coal is still a huge deal too, providing around one-third of the world’s energy but accounting for 44% of our carbon emissions. It began to form from swamp vegetation during the Carboniferous period (300-360 million years ago). Coal has been in human use since at least 4000BC, in ancient China – the Chinese are the number one producers of coal today, with 45% of the total.

Fossil Fuels

In much of the west, coal use is in decline due to relative costs and associated health factors, but in other places – India, for example – it is still on the rise. India is number two in the coal production chart, while this time the States is number three.

As the (human) world wakes up to the trouble we’ve got ourselves in, renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar, and geothermal are starting to gain ground. Just as important is the way we use energy, and good-hearted folk (and the odd big business) are trying to change the way they live and work to function in closer harmony to the planet – the most obvious example being to walk, cycle, or take public transport instead of making unnecessary car journeys.

There are many ways that small and large companies can improve efficiency and fight climate change. What is your business doing to take care of people and the planet, and not just profit?

About the Author

Jacob Wolinsky


Tag Archives: francine vaysse

Francine Vaysse True Emotions Behind Paintings

A Glorious Introduction to Francine Vaysse Paintings

It has been researched that Francine Vaysse was a fantastic ex bank executive who worked hard for twenty decades. This enchanting artist was residing in the Reunion Island to explore the real chunks of art specifically regarding Quentin.Francine-vaysse-color

Awe Inspiring Vision of Francine Vaysse

Interestingly, the desired woman in the form of an artist discovered and recognized the true or say actual feelings attached to the pleasing oil works of art sector. She had been incredibly fascinated by a few influential and renowned experts linked astonishingly with hundred years of finality. The most inspirational part of her personality was that she maintained all of them in her motor of thoughts and reservoir of ideas after which she began to sketch famous paintings especially on the theme regarding women. Francine proudly started off with her woman’s piece of art and adopted it gracefully as a profession.

Francine Unbelievable Emotional Art Which Shocks the World

After summoning the thoughts and ideas of great and grand painters, she started to walk attentively on the way leading to the most colorful sector known as painting. Francine initiated her marvelous painting by decorating beautifully. The ceaseless hard work of Francine paid her off in a way that the entire world views her paintings rewarding as well as legendary.

The Strengthening Thoughts That Governed the Fabulous Painter’s Mind

Basically, the motor of her mind was extremely colorful and enthusiastic. With a great thoughtful and creative brain, she also owned a minute touch of emotional sensation. Francine Vaysse adored painting wholeheartedly and primarily, her thinking forced her to find the actual emotions behind the strength of paintings.

Unwrapping of Francine Vaysse Emotions

Due to the provocative emotional thoughts she possessed, her paintings started showing the emotions and feelings vividly. In an early stage, she learnt the tricks to portray emotions behind the world of art and paintings especially the influential art work on canvas linking personal accomplishments that revealed a different area on the tropical isle of the reunion, where she resided. It’s from that accomplishing period that Francine earned everlasting fame and became one of the most renowned and great painter of recent times.Francine-vaysse-rialtot

The Captivating and Enchanting Success on Art Works of Francine

Francine was an outstandingly commendable lady who was well known for her amusing works. Her works of art were so attractive and appealing to the viewer’s eye that everyone liked her paintings and it certainly became obvious for her fans to appreciate every singly bewitching painting she made. It is said about the remarkable painter that she was critical in her paintings as she adopted different moods and depicted that specific kind of mood or feelings in her sketches. Through this exceptionally unique quality, she attracted countless individuals.

A Silent Approach Towards the Artist Francine

If somebody is a great fan of her and wants to bless him or herself with fantastic works of Francine Vaysee then without any delay, conveniently search artscad. It’s a site where you could easily find various and massive range of quality paintings decorated by the absolutely amazing and famous artist.Francine-Vaysse-Mural

Image Credit: artscad.com

Paintings That Provide Francine With Great Joy and Happiness

She did not choose the ordinary style and techniques in her magical paintings. In fact many got influenced with her creative warrior like artists styles. Although, Francine was an extremely different and a bit complicated artists yet she preferred painting the existing fashion and this bestowed her with ultimate joy and happiness.

The Incomparable Exuberance and Fascinating Styles of Francine

Inquisitively, Francine earned firm determination by various emotions that were a part of her everyday life. She terribly got inspired by them particularly the fascinating places Francine explored and formed special kind of techniques. Moreover, she was truly an art enthusiast who kept on practicing on techniques in different ways. The evidence of her marvels lies in the paintings she paints. One could clearly see different dainty patterns, elegant styles and brightly vibrant colors in almost every painting she so beautifully created.

Beautification of Womanhood Depicted in Francine Vaysse Paintings

It will be charmingly excited to know that Francine added eye catching shades beautifying the grace of womanhood which she was always passionately fond of. Francine owned the highly influential ideology of exposing the charm of women. Without any reluctance and hindrance, Francine kept on focusing on passing girl’s passion, intellects and knowledge all together with the students.Francine-Vaysse

Francine Cherishing Passion Towards Art

Thorough studies speak of Francine in an extremely inspirational manner. Since her infancy, she always wanted to have a professional background. In the urge of achieving her objective, she chased her husband who lived in the Reunion Island. Francine had to strive hard in making her professional life easy and attainable. She was adamant on her decisions and painted beautifully due to which the world of art blooms amazingly. The most striking and enlightened part of Francine story is that the kind of work she portrayed; it has yet not been witnessed in any other painter’s artwork.

The Pleasantness in the Artist’s Paintings

Francine-vaysse-champignonsHer uniqueness in terms of art is beyond a shadow of doubt as Francine Vaysse worked in its own fashion and her paintings were abstract in its own style as well. Each individual could clearly observe the fantabulous creation by the popular artists.

The Wondrous success of Francine

In the year 2002, the fabulous painter Francine Vaysse presented some of her special paintings in a few working areas and began working on acrylic paintings. This outstandingly attention seeking artist has recognized herself along with the painting in different parts of the world and also exhibited them all around Island. Lately, she would definitely discover more extraordinary works regarding art and will get it incredibly approved by her lovers.


The SBM2015

Mankind has evolved over ten-thousands of years in the environment the earth has provided. In a few decades this environment is changed drastically by man. Human evolution takes time, therefore these changes will without any doubt have consequences for our health and well-being.

The best reference to create a healthy indoor climate is our nature, the environment in which we have evolved.

The next reference after nature is the SBM2015. The building biology standard for sleeping areas.

Throughout the day we expose ourselves to many environmental influences, they are a burden on our body. The human body is an extraordinary being, it can deal with most of these unnatural influences. But if exposure continues, day and night, seven days a week, the barrel will run over, and our body will respond. (read more about environmental illnesses)

We need a good night’s rest to give our body the peace to deal with all the environmental influences of our daily life. Unfortunately many bedrooms have become much polluted. Carbon dioxide levels are extremely high, chemical toxins can be found abundantly, and on top of that we surround ourselves with electromagnetic radiation that stresses our body.

To be able to create a sleeping place that gives our body the relaxation it needs to regenerate the SBM2015 is the best guideline, apart from nature.

This SBM2015 can be downloaded from:


This series goes beyond, or through and out from the surface of the photographic image, looking to extract from the light drawn representation various empathetic and divergent forms, with a view to extend the scenario by adding further layers of meaning through the imposition of comparative and contrasting forms, multifarious structures of the unfamiliar, washes of sensory confusions, and a translucent system of disquietude.

All works are for sale.

Pastel, watercolour and ink on hand printed gelatin silver photographic prints.


Whatever it is, know your state of mind is also quite important. You’ll be trained on the spot to do your work. For each and every decision, there’s an equally valid, yet opposite selection.

The 30-Second Trick for Honors Physics

Physics provides an extensive set of fundamental tools that may be brought to bear on several problems across a large variety of fields. Themes include departmental honors, health professions and international engagement. By engaging in study in several assignment writing structure different areas within the College, they develop the ability to learn in a variety of ways and apply their knowledge from a variety of perspectives.

Throughout every one of the dimensions, it’s important to be aware that a cube will maintain all its basic properties in theory. You don’t need to design for the average. These five dimensions are chosen as being basic since they are simple to measure in experiments.

The internet physics courses offer both online course materials and internet homework, depending on the LON-CAPA system. There are a number of ways to find the major textbook and Mastering Physics. In case you have any questions, please get in touch with us.

Some fractals do satisfy all useful reference them (the Cantor set satisfies just about any property you’ll be able to consider, it is a very good example to produce properties). Minkowski’s brilliant realization is these are actually only a different type of rotation. Instead, you are going to be given formulas that you could or may not need to memorize, and be expected to use fundamental algebra to acquire a number.

These numbers are called the parts of the vector. To alter the length of the function, you should alter the worth of the parameter of the trigonometric function. Normally, in a Physics class you are going to be requested to solve two kinds of equations when calculating free fall.

The Hidden Treasure of Honors Physics

The other will appear in a coming issue of the very same magazine. Try out NOT to check at the table at the same time you do it. There are a couple smallish troubles with this edition.

A lot of different groups can be set up to look for initial means of approaching this issue. In any event, the exact same result will happen. If you are attempting to analyze the completely free fall in various conditions, https://www.temple.edu/class/documents/RevisingandProofreading.pdf don’t hesitate to open the advanced mode to change this value.

The impact of interaction gets smaller and smaller (as in case the effective time should happen to slow down). My stress level relative to the quantity of planning and organization is down as a consequence of the journaling. The quicker you fall, the more elaborate the force is.

Your score for each lecture is going to be reported as the fraction of the utmost amount of points obtainable for each lecture. Besides a great GPA and robust GRE scores (especially in the topic test), admissions committees look for evidence a student is not simply willing and can work, but is actually content to do lots of hard, independent work. Students will go back to the remaining stations within the next class period.

The relationship was the exact same whatever the mass of the ball employed in the experiment. The cover of the arc is too steep to crest and thus when the forward motion is dissipated it’s going to fall back to earth. Drop both balls at exactly the same time, from the very same height.

The Downside Risk of Honors Physics

The majority of the orbits of the planets are in reality pretty near circular. The geometry of four-dimensional space is a whole lot more complex than that of three-dimensional space, because of the excess level of freedom. When an object is floating or partially submerged, the amount of the displaced fluid equals the volume of that section of the object that is beneath the waterline.

Students who don’t yet understand the fundamentals of the subject area will be at a disadvantage when they’re supposed to observe and establish the intended phenomena of a certain investigation. When an individual reaches 5th dimension consciousness, they just dwell in the current moment free of reference to the past. An individual can also absorb a great deal of knowledge from book and accustom the mind to consider with respect to their high conceptions.

If you asked for a bit more water, a bit more bread, a bit more sympathy or maybe a bit more urgency, I could offer you some fair reply. For instance, you could try out a massive feather and an extremely modest ball. The means to do it is to consider which answer you desire.


Limit the number of links on a single page

Big Influence Easy to implement

Pages that have a lot more than 100 links (inbound & ooutbound) on them could be considered a link farm by Google.

Additionally you should be aware of the fact that Google passes on a part of the page’s PageRank to the linked pages. The amount of PageRank each link gets is equal to the initial PageRank divided by the total number of links.

This means that if you got e.g. 100 links on a page, each linked page gets 1/100 of the initial PageRank. If the page has only 5 links on it, each linked page gets 1/5.

Helpful Links:

  • GoogleWebmasters: Does Google still recommend 100 links or fewer per page?


Are You an Outlaw? Meet Brenda Plowman

Who has redefined what it means to think outside the law (aka OUTLAW) and is helping each of us in the process?

Meet Brenda Plowman, Chief Marketing Officer at Fasken, a full-service law firm with offices in Canada, the U.K., South Africa and China. Brenda works in collaboration with firm leadership to develop and deliver on the firm’s marketing, business development and client service strategies. She is responsible for the leadership of an efficient and responsive marketing and business development team whose focus includes brand management, internal and external communications, business development and marketing practices to meet the needs of clients, prospects and the firm.

We asked Brenda a few questions, and her answers can be found below. Enjoy getting to know this Outlaw!

Q: Where would you like to live?
A: South of France, although I do love where I live now.

Q: What is your idea of happiness?
A: Being in my gardens tending my flowers, hanging with my fur children, with a glass of wine…with a family member or friend would also be lovely.

Q: What is your motto?
A: Ralph Waldo Emerson ‘Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.’

Q: What is your greatest fear?
A: Not being able to take care of my people.

Q: Finish this sentence: “If I could have one super-power, it would be…”
A: …creating peace.

Q: Who are your favorite authors or what are your favorite books?
A: Typically personal development and leadership books.

A: I would love to host a dinner party of 10-12- open.

Q: What got you working in the legal industry?
A: I started my own company – full service marketing and communications. I was working for an accounting firm initially and had a lot of experience. This naturally evolved to all professional services firms including legal, engineering and other accounting firms.

Q: Your favorite musician or band?
A: Adele, One Republic, Sarah McLachlan, U2

Q: What is your current state of mind?
A: Happy and exploring possibilities.

Q: Your favorite virtue?
A: Honesty.

Q: What would you consider your greatest achievement?
A: The property I own now and its transformation…still underway. I renovated inside and out and am now working on the gardens and landscaping. I have big plans.

Q: Finish this sentence: “If I won the lottery tomorrow I would…”
A: …head for a vacation in south of France and Italy and begin planning my farm gate flower growing business.


Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of coumalic acid (COU) in binary aqueous-methanol and aqueous-acetone mixtures has been studied kinetically at a temperature range from 283 to 313 K
Moreover, the change in the activation energy barrier of COU from water to water–methanol and water–acetone mixtures is estimated from the kinetic data. Solvent effects on reactivity trends have been analyzed into initial and transition state components by using transfer chemical potentials of the reactants and kinetic data. The transfer chemical potentials dmlh for COU anion are derived from solubility data from its calcium, cerium and lanthanum salts. The decrease in rate constant of the base hydrolysis reaction of COU as the percentage of methanol or acetone increases is dominated by transition state (TS). The base hydrolysis reaction of COU follows a rate law with kobs= k2[OH] and the reaction mechanism was suggested. The high negative values of entropy of activation support the proposal mechanism, i.e. the investigated reaction takes place via the formation of an intermediate complex. Thus, the ring opening of the intermediate complex would be the rate controlling step.


The Religious Affiliation of
Hassan ibn Sabbah

Religion: Ismaili Muslim; sorcerer CBR Scale: M

Name: Hassan ibn Sabbah

Other Names: Lord of Assassins; Old Man of the Mountain; 1,000-Year-Old Son of a 1,000-Year-Old Mother; Hassan bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Ja'fr bin Hussain bin Muhammad Al-Sabbah Al-Hameeri

Classification: villain villain

Publisher(s): Marvel

First Appearance: Marvel Fanfare (vol. 1) #53 (Oct. 1990): "Paradise Lost"

Creators: Steven Grant, John Buscema, Jose Marzan Jr.

Number of Appearances: 2

Enemy of: Black Knight

Nation: Iran

Gender: male

Note: led Hashishan; battled Black Knight during Crusades


Manual Therapy

The three most notable forms of manual therapy are manipulation, mobilisation and massage.

Manipulation is a rapid, end of range movement applied to a joint.

Mobilisation is a slower, more controlled process of articular (joint) and soft tissue (myofascial) stretching intended to improve biomechanical elasticity.

Massage is typically the repetitive rubbing, stripping or kneading of myofascial tissues to improve interstitial fluid dynamics.

Manual therapy in the physiotherapy profession is described as a clinical approach utilising skilled specific hands-on techniques, including but not limited to manipulation/mobilisation, used by the physical therapist to diagnose and treat soft tissues and joint structures for the purpose of modulating pain.

The aim of manual therapy can be to increase range of motion, reduce inflammation, improve tissue repair, extensibility, facilitate movement and improve function.

This often facilitates better movement and motor control (see below)

Dry Needling

Dry Needling is a westernized form of needling and is based on neurophysiology and anatomy. DN is used to treat dysfunctions in skeletal muscle, fascia and connective tissue/scar tissue.   The method of needling varies depending on the aim of needing.  It is used to reduce pain and restore function.

DN may be included as part of a treatment plan when myofascial trigger points are the cause of your pain, postural changes or functional impairment.

Trigger points are hyper-irritable nodules in a taught band of skeletal muscle. Active Trigger Points can be the source of persistent pain and produce local/referred pain, loss of range, loss of strength and endurance, and autonomic phenomena.

When needling a trigger point, a local twitch response may be elicited and this intramuscular stimulation releases the tension in the muscle fibers and results in a change in the physiological state of the muscle.  An endorphin release is also triggered with dry needling and this is your body’s own pain modulating chemical.

Biomechanical Analysis/Correction

This is an assessment used for determining factors that may contribute to an injury, especially in the case of a re-occurring injury or re-occurring pain.

It assesses posture, gait, joint range of motion, muscle length strength and co-ordination, alignment and functional movements (kinematics).

The aim is to determine incorrect forces acting through the body and to correct this abnormal loading and restore optimal movement, thereby restoring function and relieving pain.
This enables us to prescribe and assist with specific exercises and establish what manual therapy techniques would improve your function

Motor Control and exercise prescription

Motor control is the process by which humans and animals use their brain to activate and coordinate the muscles, spine and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill.
We retrain movement which may involve postural correction, activation of specific muscles like the stabilizer muscles, retraining timing and firing and coordination of movement patterns and then incorporating these movement patterns into functional movements appropriate for the individual be it for work or for sport.

Strapping & Taping

Traditionally taping was used to reduce motion and support a joint or structure with overlapping strips of adhesive tape.  There are now many types of taping techniques that serve different functions and have a proprioceptive function which may assist better functional outcomes and return to sport

Strapping can aid healing by providing support and stability to a structure (joint, ligament or muscle) and reduce swelling.  It can reduce pain and also aid in proprioception which helps to protect a structure and also assist with posture correction

Kineseotaping has also been shown to aid lymphatic drainage and have a positive effect on the circulatory system.

Taping can be used in an acute injury to assist healing and return to sport as well as preventative taping to avoid injury.

Types of taping may include:
Traditional elastic adhesive bandage and rigid taping
McConnel taping
The methods of application vary for these different strapping materials.

Exercise Classes:

Dryland program for swimmers.
Core/Back and neck classes.

Cryotherapy, heat, electrotherapy.

We also work with individuals to maintain function and mobility and prevent loss of mobility.  This includes providing therapeutic treatment in circumstances where movement and function is threatened by aging, injury, disease or environmental factors.  Functional movement is central to what it means to be healthy.


Tidus and yuna ending relationship

Tidus | Final Fantasy Wiki | FANDOM powered by Wikia

tidus and yuna ending relationship

Tidus (Japanese: ティーダ, Hepburn: Tīda) is a fictional video game character in Square Enix's His character development and romantic relationship with Yuna are considered among the best in video games, Nojima said that he cried during the game's ending, when Tidus and Yuna separate and Tidus vanishes. Yuna is to set out on a pilgrimage to put an end to Sin, and by joining Yuna on Tidus confronts his childhood and his relationship with his father when living out . blooms frequently. While some of these relationships were a joy to behold, others were a total bore. 18 Saved: Tidus and Yuna (Final Fantasy X) If players get the perfect ending, Tidus is inexplicably brought back to life.

Along the way, they become tangled in a web of cutthroat Spiran politics, racial cleansing and despotic religious zealotry, which ultimately calls for them to turn their backs on the old, corrupt ways of Spiran society. The game was a critical and financial success, earning a 92 from MetaCritic, selling over 8 million copies to date, and getting the promise of an HD remake for its 10th anniversary.

tidus and yuna ending relationship

It is also the first entry in the Final Fantasy series to spawn a direct sequel—Final Fantasy X-2, set two years after the conclusion of X, highlights new struggles faced by Yuna in a quickly changing Spira with the help of her quickly changing wardrobe.

It is clear from the beginning of X that Yuna has led a carefully-planned life. Emerging from Besaid Temple as a summoner after many years of training, she sets out on a pilgrimage to each of the temples of Yevon to procure their patron Aeons. The journey will ultimately lead her to the ruins of Zanarkand to obtain the Final Aeon, the only creature capable of defeating Sin—an act which will spell her death in the battle between the two.

Even when the leaders of Yevon have turned against her and branded her a traitor, she continues her journey, unwilling to abandon the chance to save Spira from Sin. Just as she is set to start a journey she has always known she would take, Tidus begins an adventure he never expected to have when he arrives, confused and lost, on the beaches of Besaid.

Also they make out. Her meeting with Yunalesca is equally overwhelming, when it is revealed that the Final Summoning will do nothing to destroy Sin.

tidus and yuna ending relationship

However, neither of these things rob her of her purpose. And I will do it without false hope.

tidus and yuna ending relationship

Instead, it is ironically the completion of her ultimate task that brings her down. Having long since accepted that achieving her goal would end in her death, Yuna has no plans for a life after Sin.

Therefore, when Sin is defeated by means other than the Final Summoning and she lives to see a world without either, she is left rudderless, her purpose in life gone. The next place she seems likely to turn for a sense of meaning is her relationship with Tidus. While her goal to defeat Sin may be gone, she no longer has to fear the separation from him that death would bring.

The short feature shows her living a static life which consists primarily of advising members of the populace on petty matters and practicing holding her breath. Given the choice between disappointing those around her by starting a new adventure, or yielding to their expectations at her own expense, Yuna is initially unsure what to do.

In choosing to live for herself and do what she wants—a vast departure from her behavior in X—Yuna looks to her memory of Tidus for guidance on how she should behave.

The Oracle Turret

Some of the changes she adopts are positive, such as valuing her desires and choosing to expand her horizons by traveling the world. While such would be positive if Yuna was unhappy with all aspects of who she was during X, that is decidedly not the case. She still very much enjoys helping others and doing good for the world, which those around her seem to recognize even better than she does.

Having never fully regained a feeling of meaning during the two years she spent in Besaid, seeing the sphere of Tidus gives that back, goading her into becoming a sphere hunter to search for clues to the fate of her lost love. Just as he could have been her purpose before, he suddenly is again, giving her something to strive for.

Then, half-way through the thunder plains, she suddenly changes her mind and Tidus starts to feel jealous. So then we have the grand revelation: Tidus discovers that Yuna will die if she completes the pilgrimage.

This shocks him because Tidus usually just acts according to how he feels. When he realizes he was encouraging Yuna to walk to her death, he has a crisis of faith in himself. For the first time Yuna cannot place her faith in others and all of a sudden, she feels completely lost. Now we get a scene that needs no introduction as Tidus suggests that she abandon her journey.

What follows is a scene as beautiful as it is bittersweet. Our heroes switch places Now Tidus and Yuna are at an impasse. Yuna remains steadfast in her will: Tidus, meanwhile, refuses to accept this outcome and is convinced that he can find some other way of defeating Sin without her having to die. His determination inspires her. Her generosity inspires him.

tidus and yuna ending relationship

This is where things get interesting. At the end of her journey, Yuna discovers that she must sacrifice the life of a guardian just to create the next Sin. This crosses the line, and for the first time Yuna makes an impulsive decision.

Video Game Overanalysis: Love in Gaming: Tidus and Yuna

She refuses to go through with this, and stands her ground before her own namesake, Yunalesca. Yuna now has to believe in herself despite a world in panic mode after she broke the only known way of temporarily stopping Sin. Tidus, meanwhile, makes an ironic discovery.


Inner Earth Glows Like In The Movie Avatar

Can there be light below the surface of the Earth, without any exposure to the Sun? Surprisingly, the answer is YES.

Bioluminescent organisms have the ability to glow almost like magic. Many organisms use their natural ability to produce light to trick predators, to attract mates and even to communicate.

The word for this seemingly magical ability is called “bioluminescence,” which comes from “bio,” meaning life, and “lumin,” meaning light.

Most of these organisms, such as plankton, glow blue, but a few glow red, green, or orange. Some tiny animal plankton (zooplankton) are big enough to see with the unaided eye.

Most bioluminescent zooplankton don’t glow in the dark themselves, but instead squirt globs of glowing chemicals into the water.

Some zooplankton use bioluminescence to attract a mate, or to form reproductive swarms. Not only is nature’s biochemistry fascinating, it can also be extremely beautiful, especially given the backdrop of a dark, misty cave.

Glow worm is the common name for various groups of insect larvae and adult larviform females that glow through bioluminescence. They may sometimes resemble worms, but are actually insects.

The glow they produce, through by a chemical reaction, is incredibly efficient; nearly 100% of the energy input is turned into light (Compare this to the best light-emitting diodes at just 24%).

Australia and New Zealand have some of the most spectacular caves, where one can go on guided tours to witness this natural phenomenon up close. (see video below)

Why do some mushrooms emit light? Making light isn’t common in fungi; scientists have described about 100,000 fungal species, and only 75 glow. Lab work has shown that the glow did not happen randomly or by accident.

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Scientists found that these mushrooms made light mostly at night, so experiments were conducted to determine why.

According to studies (referenced in the book), in dark environments, bioluminescent fruit bodies may be at an advantage by attracting insects and other arthropods that could help disperse their spores.

Conditions that affect the growth of fungi, such as pH, light and temperature, have been found to influence bioluminescence, suggesting a link between metabolic activity and fungal bioluminescence.

The diversity of creatures with this ability is equally astonishing, from algae and the common firefly to deep-sea dwellers that are rarely seen by humans.

What’s also fascinating is that many of these creatures are not closely related, and bioluminescent traits have seemingly evolved separately at least 30 times.

With countless well lit subterranean caves and glowing caverns, it makes one wonder what could be dwelling in vast unexplored areas under the crust.

In India, this underground oasis is best known by its Sanskrit name, Shambhala, thought to mean ‘place of tranquility.’

Mythologies throughout the world, from North and South America to Europe and the Arctic, describe numerous entrances to these fabled inner kingdoms.

Related:  Holding Space for the Arising of Our 5D Sacred Human

Assuming that the myths are true, and the Earth is partially hollow, how could life survive underground? How would organisms receive the ventilation required to breathe miles below the surface?

Surface trees and rainforests are responsible for less than one-third of the Earth’s oxygen, while marine plants, such as phytoplankton, are responsible for between 70 to 80 percent of the oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere. The vast majority of our oxygen comes from aquatic organisms.

Phytoplankton, kelp, and algae produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, a process which converts carbon dioxide and light into sugars which are then used for energy.

Phytoplankton is responsible for HALF of Earth's oxygenPhytoplankton is responsible for HALF of Earth’s oxygen

While the process of photosynthesis usually implies the presence of sunlight, the Sun is not the only available light or energy source able to power photosynthesis.

Before the discovery of hydrothermal vents, and their ecosystems, scientists believed that only small animals lived at the ocean bottom, in seafloor sediments.

They theorized that these animals received their food from above, because the established model of the marine food chain depended on sunlight and photosynthesis, just as the food chain on land does.

Mainstream academia taught that this was the only way life could survive in the darkness of the deep seafloor. The discovery of hydrothermal vents changed all that.

It became clear that vast communities of animals grew quickly and to larger than expected sizes in the depths without the aid of the Sun.

Instead of using light to create organic material (photosynthesis), microorganisms at the bottom of the food chain at hydrothermal vents used chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide (chemosynthesis).

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At the seafloor, there are thriving ecosystems that receive energy not from the sun, but from the heat and chemicals provided by the planet itself.

For many thousands of species dwelling in the deep, the energy to sustain life does not flow down from above, but comes up from the interior of the earth.

Even in the unlikely scenario where every single tree were chopped down, we would still be able to breathe thanks to aquatic plant-life (ex. algae).

The Earth has a tremendous amount of water, and these oceans, rivers, and lakes are teeming with numerous species of biologically active, oxygen-producing organisms.

Are there any known sources of sustenance available that could provide for a large human population?

What evidence is there that a sustainable biosphere could exist miles below the surface, totally isolated from the nourishment and the established life cycle provided by the sun?

Where are the entrances to inner earth, and which races live inside?

Author and anthropologist, Robert Sepehr, explores these questions and attempts to unlock their riddles, which have eluded any consideration in mainstream academia.

Numerous endeavors have been undertaken to access the interior of the earth.

Polar expeditions and battles, such as Operation Highjump, still remain largely classified, and have been shrouded in secrecy for decades, but scientific revelations validating the rumors surrounding these covert events, and their implications, are finally being exposed to daylight.

What are the mysteries of inner Earth?

By Robert Sepehr

Robert Sepehr’s book, Gods with Amnesia: Subterranean Worlds of Inner Earth, is available on Amazon and all good bookstores.

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Poverty and Progress in the Caribbean, 1800–1960

Free download. Book file PDF easily for everyone and every device. You can download and read online Poverty and Progress in the Caribbean, 1800–1960 file PDF Book only if you are registered here. And also you can download or read online all Book PDF file that related with Poverty and Progress in the Caribbean, 1800–1960 book. Happy reading Poverty and Progress in the Caribbean, 1800–1960 Bookeveryone. Download file Free Book PDF Poverty and Progress in the Caribbean, 1800–1960 at Complete PDF Library. This Book have some digital formats such us :paperbook, ebook, kindle, epub, fb2 and another formats. Here is The CompletePDF Book Library. It's free to register here to get Book file PDF Poverty and Progress in the Caribbean, 1800–1960 Pocket Guide.

The construction of railroads transformed many regions economically. Given the lack of navigable river systems, which had facilitated economic development of the United States, the innovation of railroad construction overcame significant topographical obstacles and high transaction costs.

Where large networks were constructed, they facilitated domestic economic integration as well as linking production zones to ports and borders for regional or international trade. An example is line built from the nitrate zone in northern Chile, seized during the War of the Pacific , to the coast.

British capital facilitated railway construction in Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and Mexico, with significant economic impact. There was investment in improved port facilities to accommodate steamships , relieving a bottleneck in the transportation links, and resulting in ocean shipping costs dropping significantly. Brazil and Argentina showed the greatest growth in merchant steam shipping, with both foreign and domestic ships participating in the commerce. Although improved port facilities affected Latin American economies, it is not a well-studied topic.

Telegraph lines were often built beside railway lines. An early boom and bust export in Peru was guano , bird excrement that contains high amounts of nitrates used for fertilizer. Deposits on islands owned by Peru were mined industrially and exported to Europe. The extraction was facilitated by Peruvian government policy. Sugar remained an important export commodity, but it fell in importance in Brazil, which shifted to coffee cultivation.

Sugar expanded in the last Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico with African slave labor, which was still legal in the Spanish empire. Wheat production for export was stimulated in Chile during the California gold rush of the mid-nineteenth century, but ended when transportation infrastructure in the U.

In Argentina, wheat became a major export product to Britain, since transport costs had dropped enough to make such a bulk product profitable. As foreign demand for coffee expanded in the nineteenth century, many areas of Latin America turned to its cultivation, where the climate was conducive. Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica became major coffee producers, which disrupted traditional land tenure patterns and necessitated a secure workforce. Brazil became dependent on the single crop of coffee.

Slave labor was redirected to coffee cultivation. A case study of a commodity boom and bust is the Amazon rubber boom. Found wild in Brazil and Peru, rubber trees were tapped by workers who collected the raw sap for later processing. The abuses against indigenous were chronicled by the British consul, Sir Roger Casement. Foreign ownership of oil was an issue in Mexico, with expropriation of foreign companies in Large petroleum deposits were found in Venezuela just after the turn of the twentieth century and has become the country's major export commodity.

Silver declined as a major export, but lesser minerals such as copper and tin became important starting in the late nineteenth century, with foreign investors providing capital. Tin became the main export product of Bolivia, eventually replacing silver, but silver extraction prompted the building of a railway line, which then allowed tin mining to be profitable. It was a significant industry in Mexico as well. Following independence, most Latin American countries tried to attract immigrants, but only after political stability, increased foreign investment, and decreasing transportation costs on steamships, along with their speed and comfort in transit did migrants go in large numbers.

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Immigration from Europe as well as Asia provided a low-wage workforce for agriculture and industry. Many went as single men rather than as part of families, who settled permanently. In Peru, Chinese laborers were brought to work as virtual slaves on coastal sugar plantations, allowing the industry to survive, but when immigration was ended in the s, forced labor was ended in the s, landowners sought domestic laborers who migrated from other areas of Peru and kept in coercive conditions. The labor force also expanded to include women working outside of the domestic sphere, including in coffee cultivation in Guatemala and in the industrial sector, examined in a case study in Antioquia , Colombia.

The outbreak of World War I in disrupted British and other European investment in Latin America, and the international economic order vanished. During the World War I period —18 , few Latin Americans identified with either side of the conflict, [9] although German attempted to draw Mexico into an alliance with the promise of the return of territories lost to the U.

The only country to enter the conflict was Brazil , which followed the example of the United States and declared war on Germany. Despite the general neutrality, all areas suffered disruption of trade and capital flows, since transatlantic transport was disrupted and European countries were focused on the war rather than investing overseas. The Latin American countries that were most affected were those that developed significant trade relations with Europe.

Argentina , for example, experienced a sharp decline in trade as the Allied Powers diverted their products elsewhere, and Germany became inaccessible. With the suspension of the gold standard for currencies, movement of capital was interrupted and European banks called in loans to Latin America, provoking domestic crises. Direct foreign investment from Great Britain, the dominant European power, ended. Commodities useful for the war, such as metals, petroleum, and nitrates, increased in value, and source countries Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile were favored.

The United States was in an advantageous position to expand trade with Latin America, with already strong ties with Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. With the opening of the Panama Canal in and the disruption of the transatlantic trade, U. An important development in this period was the creation and expansion of the banking system, especially the establishment central banks in most Latin American countries, to regulate the money supply and implement monetary policy.

In addition, a number of countries created more specialized state banks for development industrial, agricultural, and foreign trade in the s and s. The U. Kemmerer "the money doctor" to advise them on financial matters. The s saw the establishment of central banks in the s in the Andean region Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Colombia as a direct result of the Kemmerer missions.

As industrialization, agricultural reform, and regulated foreign commercial ties became important in Mexico, the state established a number of specialized state banks. Changes in U. A number of Latin American countries became not only linked to the U.

Since most Latin American countries had been dependent of the commodity export sector for their economic well-being, the fall in commodity prices and the lack of increase in the non-export sector left them in a weak position. Manufacturing for either a domestic or export market had not been a major feature of Latin American economies, but some steps had been taken in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including in Argentina, often seen as the key example of an export-dependent economy, one based on beef, wool, and wheat exports to Britain.

Argentina experienced growth of domestic industry in the period —, which responded to domestic demand for goods generally not imported beer, biscuits, cigarettes, glass, paper, shoes. Improvements in beer production that kept the product stable for longer and the development of transportation networks meant that beer reached a mass market.

The external shock of the Great Depression had uneven impacts on Latin American economies. The values of exports generally decreased, but in some cases, such as Brazilian coffee, the volume of exports increased. Credit from Britain evaporated. Although the so-called money doctors from the U.

Latin American governments abandoned the gold standard, devalued their currencies, introduced foreign currency controls, and attempted to adjust payments for foreign debt servicing, or defaulted, including Mexico and Colombia. There was a sharp decline in imports, resulting also in the decline of revenues from import duties. In Brazil, the central government destroyed three years' worth of coffee production to keep coffee prices high. Latin America recovered relatively quickly from the worst of the Depression, but exports did not reach the levels of the late s.

Britain attempted to reimpose policies of preferential treatment from Argentina in the Roca-Runciman Treaty. Nazi Germany's policies dramatically expanded its bilateral trade with various Latin American countries. There was a huge increase in Brazilian cotton exports to Germany. The recession in the U. With the outbreak of World War II in , Latin American trade with Germany ceased due to the insecurity of the sea lanes from German submarine activity and the British economic blockade.

For Latin American countries not trading significantly with the U. For Latin America, the war had economic benefits as they became suppliers of products useful to the Allied war effort and they accumulated balances in hard currency as imports dwindled and the prices for war-related commodities increased.

These improved Latin American governments' ability to implement programs of import substitution industrialization , which expanded substantially in the post-war period. Increasing birth rates, falling death rates, migration of rural dwellers to urban centers, and the growth of the industrial sector began to change the profile of many Latin American countries. Population pressure in rural areas and the general lack of land reform Mexico and Bolivia excepted produced tension in rural areas, sometimes leading to violence in Colombia and Peru in the s.

Schools shifted their focus over time from creating citizens of a democracy to training workers for the expanding industrial sector. Many Latin American governments began to actively take a role in economic development in the post-World War II era, creating state-owned companies for infrastructure projects or other enterprises, which created a new type of Latin American entrepreneur. Mexico nationalized its petroleum industry in from the British and U. The Mexican government did that with full legal authority, since the revolutionary-era Mexican Constitution gave the state authority to take control over natural resources, reversing the liberal legislation of the late nineteenth century granting inalienable property rights to private citizens and companies.

Brazil established the state monopoly oil company Petrobras in In Bolivia, the revolution under Victor Paz Estenssoro overturned the small group of businessmen controlling tin, the country's main export, and nationalized the industry, and decreed a sweeping land reform and universal suffrage to adult Bolivians. Many Latin American countries benefited from their participation in World War II and accumulated financial reserves that could be mobilized for the expansion of industry through import substitution industrialization.

In the post-World War II era, a new framework to structure the international system emerged with the U. In , a multi-nation group forged formal institutions to structure the post-war international economy. The Bretton Woods agreements created the International Monetary Fund , to stabilize the financial system and exchange raters, and the World Bank , to supply capital for infrastructure projects. It includes members from Latin America as well as industrialized countries elsewhere.

Poverty and progress in the Caribbean, 1800-1960

Earlier ideas for creating such a bank date to the s, but did not come to fruition. However, in the post-World War II era, there was a renewed push, particularly since the newly established World Bank was more focused on rebuilding Europe. In Brazil, President Juscelino Kubitschek endorsed the plan to create such a bank, and the Eisenhower administration in the U.

Most funded projects are economic and social infrastructure, including "agriculture, energy, industry, transportation, public health, the environment, education, science and technology, and urban development. The number of partner nations has increased over the years, with an expansion of non-borrowing nations to Western Europe, Canada, and China, providing credit to the bank. Latin America developed a tourism industry aimed at attracting foreign and domestic travelers.

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In Mexico, the government developed infrastructure in Acapulco in the s and Cancun , beginning in , to create beach resorts. Indigenous areas that had been economic backwaters in the industrial economy became destinations for tourism, often resulting in commodification of culture. A major shock to the new order of U. It shifted quickly from reform within existing norms to the declaration that Cuba was a socialist nation.

Cuba expropriated holdings by foreigners, including large numbers of sugar plantations owned by U. For the United States, the threat that revolution could spread elsewhere in Latin America prompted U. President John F. Kennedy to proclaim the Alliance for Progress in , designed to aid other Latin American governments with implementing programs to alleviate poverty and promote development.

A critique of the developmentalist strategy emerged in the s as dependency theory , articulated by scholars who saw Latin American countries' economic underdevelopment as resulting from the penetration of capitalism that trapped countries in a dependent position supplying commodities to the developed countries. It has been superseded by other approaches including post-imperialism. Although the Cuban Revolution had come to power by violence, a "peaceful road to socialism" appeared for a time to be possible. In , Chile elected as president socialist Salvador Allende , in a plurality.

This was seen as a "peaceful road to socialism," rather than armed revolution of the Cuban model. Allende attempted to implement a number of significant reforms, some of which had already been approved but not implemented by the previous administration of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei. Frei had defeated Allende in the previous presidential election in good part because he promised significant reform without serious structural change to Chile, while maintaining rule of law.

He promised agrarian reform, tax reform, and the nationalization of the copper industry. There was rising polarization and violence in Chile and increasing hostility of the administration of U. President Richard Nixon. A military coup against Allende on September 11, , during which he committed suicide. This marked the end of the transition to socialism and ushered in an era of political repression and economic course changes. Leftist revolutions in Nicaragua and the protracted warfare in El Salvador saw the U. By the s, the world economy had undergone significant changes and Latin American countries were seeing the limits of inward turning development, which had been based on pessimism about the potential of export-led growth.

In the developed world, rising wages made seeking lower-wage locations to build factories more attractive. Multinational corporations MNCs had movable capital to invest in developing countries, particularly in Asia. Latin American countries took note as these newly industrializing countries experienced significant growth in GDP.

In , the U. With the rise in oil prices, oil producing countries had considerable capital to invest and international banks based in the U. Latin American countries took on debt to fuel the economic growth and integration into a globalizing market. The promise of export earnings using borrowed money enticed many Latin American countries to take on loans, valued in U. Creditors were eager to invest in Latin America, since in the mids real interest rates were low and optimistic commodity forecasts made lending a rational economic decision.

Foreign capital poured into Latin America, linking developed and developing countries financially. The vulnerabilities in the arrangement were initially ignored. Mexico in the early s saw economic stagnation. With the discovery of huge oil reserves in the Gulf of Mexico in the mids, Mexico appeared to be able to take advantage of high oil prices to spend on industrialization as well as fund social programs. Foreign banks were eager to lend to Mexico, since it seemed to be stable, had effectively a one-party political system that had kept social unrest to a minimum.

by Ward, J. R

Also reassuring to international lenders was that Mexico had maintained a fixed exchange rate with the U. With the subsequent crash of the price of oil in —82, Mexico's economy was in shambles and unable to make payments on the loans. Some Latin American countries did not take part in this trend toward heavy borrowing from international banks.

Cuba remained dependent on the Soviet Union to prop up its economy, until the collapse of that state in the s cut Cuba off, sending it into a severe economic crisis known as the Special Period. Colombia limited its borrowing and instead instituted tax reform, which raised government revenues significantly. Latin American countries' borrowing from U. Capital flows to Latin America reversed, with capital flight from Latin America immediately preceding the shock.

The rise in interest rates affected borrowing countries, since servicing the debt directly affected national budgets. In many cases, the national currency was devalued, which cut demand for imports that now cost more. Inflation hit new levels, with the poor acutely affected. Governments cut social spending, and overall, poverty grew, and income distribution worsened. The economic crisis in Latin America was addressed by what came to be known as the Washington Consensus , which was articulated by John Williamson in These principles focused on liberalization of trade policy, reduction of the role of the state, and fiscal orthodoxy.

The term "Washington Consensus" implies that "the consensus comes or is imposed from Washington.

Is industrialization good for the economy?

Latin American governments undertook a series of structural reforms in the s and 90s, including trade liberalization for must of Latin America and privatization. Chile, which had experienced the military coup and then years of dictatorial rule, implemented sweeping economic changes in the s: stabilization ; privatization —78 ; financial reform ; labor reform ; pension reform Mexico's economy had crashed in , and it began shifting its long-term economic policies to reform finances in , but even more significant change came under the government of Carlos Salinas de Gortari — Salinas sought Mexico's entry into the Canada-U.

Changes in the Mexican Constitution were passed in that shifted the role of the Mexican state. Canada and the U. Growth of rural population in this period resulted in migrations to cities, where job opportunities were better, and movement to other rural areas opened up by road construction. With the formation in of the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade GATT , a framework was established to lower tariffs and increase trade between member countries.

It eliminated differential treatment between individual nations, such as most favored nation status, and treated all member states equally. Although trade barriers fell with GATT and the WTO, the requirement that all member states be treated equally and the need for all to agree on terms meant that there were several rounds of negotiations. The Doha round most recent talks, have stalled. Many countries have established bi-lateral trade agreements and there has been a proliferation of them, dubbed the Spaghetti bowl effect.

Free trade agreementss in Latin American and countries outside the region were established in the twentieth century. Some were short-lived, such as Caribbean Free Trade Association — , which was later expanded into the Caribbean Community. Following the election of Donald Trump in the United States, there have been negotiations on NAFTA, which will likely take into account changes in the economic situation since it came into effect in The migration of Latin Americans to areas with more prosperous economies has resulted meant the loss population across international borders, particularly the U.

But the remittances of money to their non-migrating families represent an important infusion to the countries' economies. Corruption is a major problem for Latin American countries and affects their economies. Money laundering of these black market funds is one result, often with the complicity of financial institutions and government officials. Violence from narcotrafficking has been significant in Colombia and Mexico. Agriculture is a sector of most Latin American economies, but in general those countries depending on agriculture as a major component of GDP are less developed than those with a robust industrial sector.

There is an unequal distribution of landholders, dating to the colonial era. In many countries a disproportionate number of small cultivators who are not entirely self-sufficient, subsistence farmers, but are not part of the export economy. Brazil and Argentina lead the region in terms of net export due to high grain, oilseed, and animal protein exports.

In Brazil and Argentina large farms account for most of the commercial agriculture, but in much of Latin America, agriculture production comes from the region's small farms. Global demand for agricultural products is rising due to the world's growing population and income levels. Rabobank reports that Latin American has achieved rates of agricultural productivity that are above the global average, however, there is a lot of variation in the performance of the individual countries. Mining for precious metals dates to the prehispanic period in Latin America and was the economic driver for the throughout the colonial period in Spanish America and in the eighteenth century in Brazil.

Extraction of minerals and petroleum dominate certain countries' economies rather than agriculture, especially Venezuela, Mexico, Chile, and Bolivia. These enterprises are large scale industrial enterprises requiring considerable capital investment. An exception to this model is gold mining in river systems, especially the Amazon, where poor miners extract gold from auriferous sands, and somewhat larger scale enterprises dredge the sands. Toxic chemicals are used in mine processing, including mercury and arsenic.

Discharge of chemical waste into water systems contaminate them. Current mining practices create problems in all stages of production, from extraction to finished product. Recent mining of lithium in the Northwest of Argentina and Bolivia, as well as the discovery of new deposits are important since lithium is a key component in batteries to power electronics, such as mobile phones, electric cars, and electricity grids.

Argentina's resources are now being mined by a joint Australian-Japanese-Argentina venture. Chile has been a major producer for decades, from the Atacama salt flat. Half of the participants in a BNAmerica's mining survey believe that political and legal uncertainty will slow mining investment in Latin America in Costs related to labor, energy, and supplies have increased for Latin American mining companies.

Some companies are looking towards consolidation, automation, and owner-operated mines to lessen the impacts of rising costs. Although a significant proportion of production is in the mining and agricultural sectors, various countries of Latin America have significant manufacturing sectors as well. Latin American countries have had functioning banks and stock exchanges since the nineteenth century. Central banks have been established in most countries of Latin America to issue currency, manage flows, and implement monetary policy.

In countries where there was significant commodity export activity and foreign capital presence, stock exchanges were established in the nineteenth century: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Peru ; Rosario, Argentina ; Mexico ; Uruguay Most other Latin American countries that created stock exchanges did so in the late twentieth century. In the late twentieth century, narcotrafficking , particularly cocaine in parts of Latin America infused some economies with large amounts of cash.

In Latin America, the level of infrastructure is described as inadequate and is one of the region's main barriers to economic growth and development. This causes a loss of competitiveness due to the quality of physical infrastructure has been a significant drag on economic growth. Governments play an important role in encouraging infrastructure investment. In Latin America, there are sectoral planning institutions in place across the region, but many key attributes can be improved. The International Monetary Fund found that Latin America performs poorly in the availability of funding for infrastructure and the availability of multiyear budgeting frameworks.

The Private sector also plays an active role in supplying infrastructure. Governments in Latin America do a poor job of encouraging private sector participation. While infrastructure in Latin America still has room to grow, there are encouraging signs for investment in Latin American infrastructure. Your reading intentions are also stored in your profile for future reference. To set a reading intention, click through to any list item, and look for the panel on the left hand side:.

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Pc Programming Made Straightforward If you want to learn programming, you’ve come to the suitable place. A computer program is also known as a computer software program, which can vary from two strains to hundreds of thousands of traces of directions. Programming has all the time been subjected to memes all the time. The source code written in one system works in another working system without any change.programing

Ideally, the programming language best suited for the duty at hand might be chosen. The rest of this page offers solutions to among the most common questions new programmers have about C, C++ and programming. Find source code for comparable applications to what you want to make if at all potential.

It is extremely difficult to determine what are the most well-liked of modern programming languages. Don’t depart your present undertaking immediately (I do know you won’t) to study C. You’ll be able to be taught it when you’ve free time and want to expand your programming skills.

Study C And C Programming

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C++ is a strong general-function programming language. Franklyn Turbak and David Gifford with Mark Sheldon : Design Ideas in Programming Languages, The MIT Press 2009. The increased use of high-level languages introduced a requirement for low-level programming languages or system programming languages These languages, to varying levels, provide amenities between assembly languages and excessive-stage languages.

How To Get Began With C Or C

For OS X, I like to recommend Apple XCode , and for Linux, g++ All of those links will aid you stand up and operating and ready to start programming.
Programming software program is a software program which helps the programmer in creating other software. Different people, or your self at a later time, cannot understand the programming behind your program. In different circumstances (like purposes using a database, or network access) a majority of your software’s time is spent waiting to access data or the community, and using a “faster” compiled language will not make a lot distinction.

The invalid operation may be detected when the program is compiled (“static” kind checking) and will likely be rejected by the compiler with a compilation error message, or it may be detected while this system is working (“dynamic” sort checking), leading to a run-time exception Many languages enable a operate called an exception handler to deal with this exception and, for instance, all the time return “-1” because the result.

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Even if you are an experienced programmer, I recommend you to study it at some point; it’ll actually assist. If you know C and C++ programming, you will not have any downside switching to another language. You’ll be able to obtain C programs , C++ programs , Java packages , and projects from newbie to advanced degree.

Cambridge English Dictionary

Before moving into laptop programming, let us first understand computer programs and what they do. Start with an introductory course in laptop science corresponding to Harvard’s common CS50 or MIT’s Introduction to Pc Science and Programming Utilizing Python to learn key concepts and fundamentals. The directions, also referred to as code, are written in a programming language which the computer can understand and use to carry out a process or clear up a problem.

Program:program is a typical laptop term that can be used as both a noun and verb a program is executed by software that runs on a pc when program is used as what it means to create a software program packages for example programmers create applications by writing for that instruct the computer what to do.

Pc Programming Tutorial

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Laptop programming is the method of telling a computer to do sure things by giving it directions. For example, the Harry Potter novels had been written in British English , and had been then subsequently translated into 67 different languages, including Hindi , Latvian , and Latin In a lot the same approach, a computer program will be compiled (or “translated”) into machine code, and it could probably be compiled into totally different architectures (or “dialects”) of machine code to suit different computer systems.