Residential Tenancies Regulation 2019

Submission cover sheet

  • Name of organisation or individual making this submission

    Anne Fawcett

  • Authorised delegate/contact person

    Anne Fawcett

  • Position

  • Organisation

Questions on possible options

  1. Is a 2 December 2019 commencement date for the proposed Regulation and Amendment Act reasonable for industry participants to adjust to the changes? If not, why?

  2. Is a mid-2020 date appropriate for commencement of the new minimum standards for rental properties? If not, why?

  3. Are there other terms in the proposed Regulation that should be defined so that their meaning is clear?

  4. Does the new standard form of tenancy agreement clearly define the rights and obligations of both landlords and tenants?

  5. Are there other ways that the standard form of tenancy agreement can be improved? If so, how?

  6. Are there any other terms that should be prohibited from being included in a residential tenancy agreement?

  7. Do you agree that these terms should not be excluded or modified by a fixed term agreement of 20 years or more?

  8. Are there other terms in the Act that should not be excluded or modified in fixed term agreements of 20 years or more?

  9. Do you think that the proposed condition report is easy to use?

  10. Should any other features be included in the condition report to help accurately describe the condition of the premises?

  11. For the material fact listed under clause 8(f), are there other instances where a landlord could become aware that the property has been used to manufacture drugs?

  12. Are the prescribed timeframes for disclosing each of the material facts listed under clause 8, still appropriate? If not, why?

  13. Are the proposed material facts listed under clause 8 too broad or too narrow? If yes, why?

  14. Are there other types of material facts that a landlord or landlord’s agent should disclose to a prospective tenant?

  15. Are clauses 9, 10 and 11 still appropriate? If so, why?

  16. Are there any other charges that should apply to social housing tenants?

  17. Are there other water efficiency measures that should be prescribed? If so, why?

  18. Is the newly drafted clause 13 appropriate? If not, why?

  19. Do the requirements appropriately balance tenant safety with administrative costs to landlords and agents? If not, why?

  20. Are there other circumstances where repairs to a smoke alarm should be carried out by a qualified professional? If so, why?

  21. Are any of the smoke alarm repair requirements unclear? If so, why?

  22. How much notice should a tenant give a landlord to carry out repairs to a smoke alarm, given the need to repair it urgently?

  23. Do you agree that the prescribed list of minor alterations is reasonable? If not, why?

  24. Do you agree with the list of alterations where consent may be conditional on having the work carried out by a qualified tradesperson? If not, why?

  25. Are there other types of minor alterations that should be prescribed, including measures to further improve accessibility for elderly or disabled tenants?

  26. Do you agree with the list of exceptions? If not, why?

  27. Are there any other situations where clause 17 should not apply?

  28. Do you have any suggestions on how the wording and layout of the declaration form could be improved?

  29. Should the exemptions provided for in clauses 19-26 continue to apply? If not, why?

    Blanket ‘no pets’ clauses should be made a prohibited term. This means landlords will still be able to refuse pets but this should be done on a case by case basis. There is a shortage of pet-friendly accommodation in NSW and this impacts animal welfare (more surrenders to shelters, prolonged boarding or foster care when owners have to move) and human wellbeing (may have to make difficult choice to rehome animal, losing social and instrumental support). I support an amendment to the standard form agreement which lays out a responsible pet ownership model. Currently the standard form agreement starts with a negative default against pets. This is not required by the Act and is not in keeping with community standards. I stand with the Tenants Union of NSW in recommending phrasing which encourages responsible pet ownership, emphasising consideration of adequate space and exercise options, clean living areas and other animal welfare principles. These will avoid the majority of property care issue and nuisance to neighbours.

  30. Is the new exemption provided by clause 27 appropriate? If not, why?

  31. Is the new exemption provided by clauses 28 appropriate? If not, why?

  32. Is the new exemption provided by clause 29 appropriate? If not, why?

  33. Is the new exemption provided by clause 30 appropriate? If not, why?

  34. Is the exemption provided by clause 31 appropriate? If not, why?

  35. Are the timeframes for making applications to the Tribunal adequate? If not, why?

  36. Is the jurisdictional limit set for rental bond and other matters adequate? If not, why?

  37. Are there any unintended consequences in prescribing a cumulative amount where an order is made with respect to both a rental bond and another matter?

  38. Should an interest rate on rental bonds still be prescribed? Why?

  39. Are the prescribed savings and transitional provisions appropriate?

  40. Are any other savings or transitional provisions required?

  41. Are the changes to penalty amounts in the proposed Regulation appropriate?


How Machine Learning Can Help Target the Right Users for Your Business?

The ever-changing market trends make it difficult to organize marketing campaigns for a fairly straightforward business; however, some latest techniques can bring the desired results oriented towards user engagement and better revenue generation. Nowadays, marketing departments are engaged in discovering newer ways to make their advertising and branding campaigns more successful.

Since it is an era, where computers can do almost everything that seems magical, it is imperative to understand the market before going ahead and planning out marketing strategies to impress the target customers. In this article, you’ll read about how machine learning can improve digital ad campaigns and can assist you to reach your target audience without making many efforts.

How Machine Learning can help target the right users for your Business

Understand the Need of the Business

If you’re planning a marketing strategy for the digital world, then your prime goal should always stick to finalizing your target group and determining their actual needs and requirements. Undoubtedly, earning profits and expansion are the two prime missions of every business, but maintaining a close relationship with customers is also important.

What is Machine Learning and How Can It Help?

Machine learning is a wide concept with plenty of methods and applications, but it can be explained as a typical way to find solutions for problems by finding and studying recent patterns. The technique helps humans to understand the loopholes in the current process, analyze the capabilities of a module, and then creating new rules to do things better. The case of Target hiring machine learning experts for identifying buying habits of individuals, helped the company in sending out amazing offers to their potential customers based on their buying behaviors.

How Machine Learning Can Assist in Reaching Your Target Group?

If you’re planning to use machine learning capabilities to see tremendous results for your marketing campaigns, then it is important to use this artificial intelligence engine for studying patterns and determining customer behaviors. Since the web processes millions of search queries daily, the new technique can help in drawing conclusions out of millions of data points in a fraction of seconds.

Machine learning can help you study searcher’s intent, and then you can apply rules to help them reach you by just linking their needs to your offerings. A lot of computer experts simply quote that the concept makes use of computer’s fast calculations and help users to reach specific product/service by just making predictions or linking recent patterns.

All in all, it is nothing but a practical application of artificial intelligence, resulting in creating a larger scope for businesses to reach out to their prospective customers.

The practical application of machine learning not only helps a business to establish a close relation with customers, but can also result in increasing sales volume by recommending items based on previous purchases or buying history. Machine learning can assist in laying down a personalized shopping roadmap for every buyer, thus, helps popular brands in delivering a streamlined and hassle-free online shopping experience.


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The Greville Primary School

inspire nurture achieve

- Children to read 4 times to an adult at home, this is to be recorded in their homework diaries

- Children are in charge of changing their own books

- Children can read their own reading books at home as well as their school books (as long as their reading that's ok!)

- Any reading done over the weekend can be recorded in the Monday slot for the following week

Times Tables

- Children are tested every Tuesday

- They all get 7 minutes to answer 20 questions

- If they get 20/20 they will be moved on to the next test. This will be written on their sheet so you can practice at home

- If they do not get 20/20 they will be retested on the same sheet next week

- The order that the children will be tested are as followed: 2, 5, 10, 4, 8, 3

- Spellings will be given each Monday and tested the following Monday. If you do not have a copy of the weekly spellings see the Spelling page on our Year 3 page

- Children will be given 1 Maths (Tuesday) and 1 SPaG (Thursday) homework each week

- The homework should be returned to school the following day where the children will peer mark each others


6 Avenger powers developers need to be ready for their Endgame

May 6, 2019
5 mins

The endgame is finally here.

Seeing the heroes train themselves, evolve personalities, grow closer (or farther), and eventually reach where they are after 11 years and 21 movies has been nothing less than inspiring.

As a developer, there are plenty of things that we can learn from their stories. Each hero has a unique skill that makes them an invaluable part of the team.

But in the universe of competitive programming, where Thanos is not the only one you fight, you cannot form or rely on a team to support you.

You need to have the powers of all the heroes and let the hero inside awaken.

But what are the superpowers that you, as a competitive programming hero, require to not just reach the top, but be one of the most sought after?

Here are 6 heroes who can be your biggest inspiration to be the last standing Avenger.

Iron Man

Real Name: Tony Stark

Powers:Genius, Billionaire, Playboy, Philanthropist” | Tech Genius

I guess this one is obvious.

To be the best at competitive programming, you need to fine-tune your programming skills.

Tony, being one of the brightest minds on the planet is always looking to improve his armor, add more features, build new technologies, and be a stronger Iron Man.

In the world of competitive programming, where your armor is your code, practicing more and eventually improving your coding abilities is something that is of utmost importance.

Communities like StackOverflow and Codechef, online course providers such as Udemy and Coursera, and learning/practicing platforms like HackerEarth are some ways to perfect your skills and get your first infinity stone.

coding, programming challenge, coding challenge, competitive programming, developers, avengers, avengers endgame

Captain America

Real Name: Steve Rogers

Powers: Strength, Stamina, Agility, Durability | Super Soldier

Captain America is a superhuman with heightened stamina, agility, and durability.

He also has a strong focus and superior planning skills, making him an effective fighter.

Likewise, when a developer is exposed to a competitive programming challenge that can last from an hour to even a month, you got to put the Cap hat on (pun intended!).

What I mean is, you should have the ability to understand the challenge (focus), create a plan (superior planning skills), and develop code as fast as possible (agility).

Once you have developed your tech skills, you can start with any of the following short-term challenges to take the journey forward.

  • HackerEarth – HackerEarth Monthly Challenges like Easy and Circuits
  • CodeChef – Programming challenges like Cook-off and Lunchtime

Real Name: Clint Barton

Powers: Tactician and Combat expert – “Turn any object into a weapon”

Barton is arguably the strongest avenger on the team.

I know you don’t believe me, but hear me out.

He is the only Avenger with a family and has no actual superpowers.

But with his amazing skill-set of using almost anything as a weapon (especially his signature bow and arrow), he does not look out of place when he stands with chemically-created superhumans and gods.

Being highly motivated, not afraid of failing, and being proud of what you do are things that can add that extra edge to take your journey as a developer to the next level.

By understanding all the available tools and bringing them into practice by participating in various competitive challenges can help you define your tactics and hone your skills further.

Black Widow

Real Name: Natalia Alianovna Romanova

Powers: Master fighter, Agile, Weapon-expert, Master Hacker

Natasha Romanoff operates at peak human capabilities due to biotechnological enhancements in the Red Room.

With extensive physical and mental training, Nat is an expert martial artist, athlete, gymnast, and resistant to aging and diseases, while also possessing enhanced healing.

Nat is an expert tactician, an effective strategist, and an overall kickass.

And what is a competitive programming challenge, if not a game of skill, strategy, tactics, durability, agility, and the perfect execution of plans?

Participating in many short term coding challenges can help you understand your skill-set, hone it further, and also build durability and flexibility in your thinking styles to conquer any problem that comes your way.

HackerEarth’s Code Arena is one of the best platforms to compete in real-time 1v1 battles against other coders and experts around the world.

Real Name: Bruce Banner

Powers: Intelligence, Superhuman strength, Durability, “Hulk Smash!”

Banner is one of the greatest scientific minds on the planet, with expertise in biology, chemistry, engineering, medicine, physiology, and nuclear physics.

His alter ego, Hulk, is a giant with superhuman strength, the ability to withstand immense force and injury while regenerating at a speed much quicker than a normal human.

In a competitive programming challenge, there are moments when all seems lost – the code might have bugs, there are other compilation errors, or you just need a break and let it all go.

In such cases, when your strategy fails, your durability has reached its limits, and your tactics aren’t working anymore, you want to just Hulk Smash!

Instead, I would suggest, let Banner win that battle, and use that genius mind to get through the situation and be the best coder out there.

Real Name: Thor Odinson

Powers: Strength, Flight, Controlling the power of thunder | God of Thunder

With all the aforementioned skills acquired, it would now be the best time to bring out Thor and be the god you are meant to be.

Thor, the mightiest Avenger, the God of Thunder can control the environment around him and strike bolts of lightning of enormous power and destructive capabilities.

Coming from a royal divine background, he has strong core values, a strong sense of loyalty, and incomparable strength.

In a competitive programming challenge, having a strong mindset, determination, and energy focused on developing the code will take your idea to the next level.

After all, a god has to be on a higher level.

Now use all your skills – agility, durability, practicality, flexibility, strategic thinking – and add them to the expert tech skills that you have built to be the best competitive programmer out there.

Test yourself and see where you stand, or if you’re confident, conquer the biggest challenges out there. Here are some that you might be interested in.

Additionally, there are aggregator platforms like HackerEarth and TopCoder where you can find a list of several coding challenges happening around the world in various themes.

– Iron Man

Time to test your skills

About the Author

Mukund is a part of the community team at HackerEarth. A passionate photographer and a wannabe traveler, he travels for photography whenever he can. Dislikes writing about himself in the third person, but can be convinced to do so via pizza or cheesecakes.

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Every Day Edit - Alexander Calder, Artist

For this everyday editing activity, learners correct grammatical mistakes in a short paragraph about Alexander Calder, the artist. The errors range from punctuation, capitalization, grammar, and spelling.

6 Views 11 Downloads

  • Provides the corrected version of the text and suggestions for incorporating the activity into the classroom

  • None


Researchers Uncover Hidden Brain States That Regulate Performance and Decision Making

  • newswise-fullscreen Researchers Uncover Hidden Brain States That Regulate Performance and Decision Making

    Credit: Taghlia et al, Nat Comm, 27 June 2018

    Researchers processed fMRI data Human Connectome Project scans that indicate activated brain regions (warm colors, from yellow to red deactivated brain regions (cool colors, blues) during working memory tasks.

Newswise — Brain activity is driven by encounters with external stimuli and situations, simultaneously occurring with internal mental processes. A team of researchers from Stanford University, with funding from the NIH BRAIN Initiative, in part through the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), has discovered how the brain dynamically handles cognitive tasks while it also is engaged in internal mental processes.

“This study is an example of the importance of computational models in driving research and facilitating our understanding of the human brain,” said Grace Peng, director of the NIBIB program in Computational Modeling, Simulation and Analysis. “The team developed a computational model to make fundamental findings that have never before been revealed about how our brain processes information at various levels during daily decision making.”

In their study, published online June 27, 2018, in Nature Communications, the researchers used a novel computational model and methodology to identify unique patterns of dynamic brain circuit activity, or brain states, that corresponded with optimal conditions for cognition. They also uncovered the presence of transitional brain states when brain circuits switch in their dynamic functional configuration between different task conditions.

“Previous studies assumed that if you asked the subject to do a particular task, such as a memory task, that you would observe brain activity that is driven purely by the task,” said senior author Vinod Menon, Ph.D., Rachel L. and Walter F. Nichols, M.D., Professor of Psychiatry, Neurology and Neuroscience at Stanford University. “We now think that a whole set of internal, or hidden, brain states can influence how you process tasks. Here, we identify hidden brain states and demonstrate for the first time that they influence human cognition and decision making in profound ways.”

For their study, the researchers used data from 122 participants from the NIH-funded Human Connectome Project (HCP). The HCP includes only data from healthy adults, however, there is great variation in brain function and behavior between individuals. In two sessions of several minutes each, study participants performed a working memory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that noninvasively captured images of their brain activity. Working memory is the ability to temporarily store and manipulate information in one’s mind—for example, recalling a 10-digit number in reverse order—and is a critical day-to-day cognitive process. The fMRI brain scans captured images of brain activity in discrete regions and functional connections between regions during working memory that occur within frontal and parietal cortices of the brain.

The working memory exercise consisted of recalling pictures of faces, places, tools and body parts that appeared sequentially on a monitor. In the most difficult challenge—a two-back working memory task—the participant was required to recall what had been displayed two images prior to the current image. In an easier challenge—a zero-back task—the participant was shown an image as a cue and asked to indicate when that cue appeared amongst different consecutively displayed images. Researchers also conducted scans while participants viewed a blank frame, to establish a baseline.

The researchers developed probabilistic mathematical models of dynamic functional brain circuits, which enabled them to uncover hidden brain states that fluctuate over time. These models enabled the researchers to observe dynamic patterns of brain circuit activity during task performance, including changes in brain states during tasks, alignment of brain states at the outset of the task, fluctuations in brain states as participants performed tasks, and the effect on cognitive performance and decision making when a participant does not engage the appropriate brain state.

During the two-back working memory exercise, researchers identified dominant brain patterns that they called a high cognitive-load state. “The 2-back working memory condition is the most challenging,” Menon said. “You have to keep the information in mind and constantly refresh, and update, and respond.” said Menon

They similarly identified a low cognitive-load state associated with the zero-back task, and a fixation state associated with brain patterns during the baseline condition. Their computational analysis revealed that the more time spent in the high cognitive-load brain state while conducting two-back working memory exercises, the better a participant performed on that test. Time spent trying to perform the two-back task while in any other brain state caused lower performance.

“When you are doing the two-back task, you must engage a particular configuration of brain circuits,” he said. “If you don’t engage it, or if you don’t engage it at the right time, your performance suffers. The way states are engaged has a big impact on how well a subject does the working memory task.”

A further novel finding of the study is the indication of a transition state that the researchers inferred from the data. The team showed that the transition state plays an important role in working memory.

“We know that when you go from one task condition to another your brain state is not changing instantaneously; it takes time for systems to come online as you go from a low cognitive load to a high cognitive load,” explained Menon. “The strength of the study is that we showed that the states we identify, the transitions between states, and the relationships of these same states to behavior is very consistent across multiple datasets.”

The researchers also wanted to know whether the hidden brain states impact how well a participant will perform tasks. “For example, we asked whether performance would be negatively affected if you get distracted because you are thinking about something, and don’t engage the brain systems and networks optimally.”

Menon explained that there is an optimal brain state for each task condition and that failure to engage these states in a timely manner is associated with poorer working memory performance.

The study enabled researchers to understand dynamic features of human brain function that had not been uncovered before. The researchers now hope that their computational approach can be applied to study brain circuit mechanisms and failures in disorders such as ADHD, autism, and schizophrenia—psychiatric conditions that may be disorders of dynamic brain circuits.

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Positive Discipline in Middle and High Schools

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I need examples of ways to use Positive Discipline in the classroom with middle school students. I have 6 periods each day, with 43 minutes each (ridiculous). Class meetings and other strategies need to be applicable for me in that context. Elementary school teachers ways of implementing strategies often don't work because of the revolving door/time problem. Which of your products would help me best?

I think you would find the book Positive Discipline in the Classroom very helpful. It was written for Elementary through High School teachers. The way some teachers have dealt with the logistics you discuss is to have class meetings every day or every other day for the last 10 minutes of the period. I will share one story that is included in the above mentioned book. An seventh grade teacher was concerned about toothpick chewing. She had scolded, pleaded, nagged. Nothing had worked. Finally she put in on the class meeting agenda as "her problem" and asked for their help. The kids brainstormed, but didn't come to a consensus in the 10 minutes allotted for class meetings in the first or second day. The third day the teacher said, "We still haven't found a solution to toothpick chewing." One student remarked, "Have you seen anyone chewing toothpicks lately." The teacher thought about it and replied, "Come to think of it, I haven't." The student said, "Well, maybe the problem has been solved." Amazed, the teacher said, "Well, maybe it has." We include this story for several reasons. One is to show how much can be accomplished in creating an atmosphere of respect and cooperation just because the kids are involved in regular class meetings. Another is to show that even 10 minutes a day can work. It is the process that provides the greater benefit -- and the solutions are a great fringe benefit.

The last reason is to show that even one teacher can implement class meetings even if the rest of the faculty doesn't. In some Middle and High Schools, when the whole staff decides to implement Positive Discipline in the Classroom, they rotate class meetings. The math teacher may do them on Mondays, Science on Tuesdays, English on Wednesdays, etc. The whole point is that Positive Discipline is respectful, it teaches students valuable life skills, and it creates an atmosphere of caring. Following is one more story from the book, Positive Discipline in the Classroom:

Earl Lesk provides example of the power of caring through class meetings. Mr. Lesk, a high school teacher, decided to initiate regular class meetings in his eleventh and twelfth grade biology classes. He asked his students if they would like to participate, and they said yes. One eleventh-grade student, who'd had difficulty in all aspects of the course but finished the semester successfully, summed up the class's feelings: "By using encouragement and by not forcing people to do things, the class became more independent and cooperative, which allowed us to use our own initiative to put forth a good effort." These teachers and schools have incorporated class meetings with excellent results. They are just a few of the many who have experienced tremendous success by starting class meetings. If a teacher is willing to learn a process that teaches students many valuable skills, that teacher's job often becomes easier and more fun. Helping students experience caring, belonging, and significance is the most powerful thing a teacher can do, motivating them to fulfill their highest potential, academically and otherwise.

I hope this helps,


main article image
(Markus Trienke/Flickr/CC BY 2.0)

New Study Reveals The Unique, Beautiful Heritage of Inuit Sled Dogs

28 NOV 2019

In the wild and inhospitable Arctic, there's no greater companion than a dog, although not just any breed will do.

New genetic research now suggests that when the ancient Inuit migrated from Siberia to North America, all those thousands of years ago, they brought along a special group of canines to help them hunt, herd and haul their sleds.

Wherever the Inuits went, so too went their dogs, until soon, both had spread across the entire continent.

Considered one of the toughest and strongest breeds there is, this ancient Siberian canine was so indispensable, it appears the Inuit didn't even bother with any other dog - not even those already living in the region.

"Dogs have lived in North America for as long as humans," says archaeologist Carly Ameen from the University of Exeter, "but we show here that the Inuit brought new dogs to the region which were genetically distinct and physically different from earlier dogs."

And their unique genes still live on, even to this day. Comparing the genome of 922 Arctic dogs and wolves that existed in the past 4,500 years, results now suggest modern sled dogs are some of the last direct descendants of this novel Inuit breed.

Available data on such ancient creatures is admittedly limited, but the authors argue they have strong evidence human migrants brought dogs with them all the way from Siberia.

While some of these ancient genes were already present in North America beforehand, the Inuit dogs' rapid dominance and eastward expansion seems to have arrived hand-in-hand with human migration.

"Though the Inuit were likely not responsible for the first appearance of this dog lineage in the Americas, they were responsible for the considerable geographical expansion of this lineage into the Eastern Arctic, where, during the Inuit period, they became the most common haplotypes across the entire North American Arctic," the authors write.

In fact, Ameen says, after the ancient Inuit dog arrived on the continent, other native populations were almost completely replaced - and this speaks volumes about their usefulness.

Compared to native dogs in North America before the Siberian migration, Inuit dogs were probably much larger with narrower heads. Over millennia, their appearance has gradually changed, and yet even today, sled dogs are still some of the most robust and powerful canines there are.

It's not hard to guess why their ancestors were perfect for sledding, hunting, protection, clothing and, during tough times, even food.

"The usage of dogs most likely increased the speed at which they could travel, facilitating the migration across the region within a generation or two as suggested by archaeological evidence," palaeogeneticist Tatiana Feuerborn told Newsweek.

"Furthermore dog sledding on the sea ice will have also enabled them to efficiently hunt the sea mammals which they subsisted on."

Without these special canines, who knows how far the Inuit would have gotten. And without the Inuit, who knows where the Siberian dog would be now.

The study was published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.


What are the antonyms for OBDURATE?

Synonyms for OBDURATE

Usage Examples for OBDURATE

  1. But here Monty was obdurate. - "Brewster's Millions" by George Barr McCutcheon
  2. But the boy has grown obdurate: he is determined not to go back to the shop whose officer caused him so much trouble. - "Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist" by Alexander Berkman


Was Felix Murdered? This was the question the Middle School CSI (Crime Scene Investigators) sought to answer during their week-long STEM after school program at The Wardlaw+Hartridge School in Edison.

The students were presented with a crime scene found on the floor of the Middle School science lab. Felix was dead and there were four different possible suspects. On the first two days, the students broke into groups and logged and collected evidence. On Days 3 and 4, they worked as forensic scientists and learned to expose and study finger prints, analyze foot prints, decipher DNA, and identify various substances using pH, chromatography, tape lift and fire reactivity.

Throughout the process, the students weighed how each part of the evidence helped answer the overall question of if Felix was murdered and if so who did it. On Day 5, students served as suspects, defense attorneys, prosecutors and jury to tweeze out the facts and convict. Could they make a case?


A 30 year-old young man had cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer). Using his transcendental ability, Master Lu was able to see that the young man likes to consume animal products and has a narrow mindset, which exacerbated his condition. Master Lu even pointed out that he did not truly believe in Buddhism. He admitted all of the above.

Enquirer: Hi, Master Lu.

Master Lu: Hi.

Enquirer: I was born in 1977, Year of the Snake. I’ve had cholangiocarcinoma for three years, and it has already spread. I would like to ask you… Well… Because our family has been reciting Little Houses for over a year.

Master Lu: Cholangiocarcinoma, right?

Enquirer: Yes.

Master Lu: Cholangiocarcinoma… Let me see. Oh. You’ve already had surgery.

Enquirer: Yes.

Master Lu: Round of applause! Let me tell you, it’s not about whether you will recover or not. Now you have to watch what you eat. You should not have oily or greasy food. Do you understand? You are obsessed with food, you. Do you understand? Now when you eat something stimulating, you‘ll feel discomfort in your liver, gall bladder, and bile duct. Every time you eat that sort of food you’ll feel something. But the pain will stop after a while. Is that correct?

Enquirer: Correct.

Master Lu: I can tell you that, at the moment, the cancer has not completely spread. But it has spread a little bit… Spread to your stomach and intestines. It’s been getting worse over time. Your digestive system has been getting weaker.

Enquirer: Yes, my digestion is not good now.

Master Lu: So I would like to kindly advise you to choose lighter food. You absolutely should not consume live creatures again. This is because for people who consume live creatures, their bodies are likely to be acidic. People whose bodies are alkaline would be less likely to develop cancer. This is a medically proven fact. Therefore, I hope that you can practise vegetarianism often. Okay?

Enquirer: Okay.

Master Lu: Also, you should be more benevolent. Do you know what your biggest problem is? You have a bad temper. And you cannot forget your past, all those unhappy memories. Right?

Enquirer: Hm. Yes.

Master Lu: Yes. You still need to think about it. Alright. It’s not a big deal. You won’t die anytime soon. Two years. I can guarantee you. Next year, if I come back to Hong Kong, and you can come and see me, I guarantee that you will be fine.

Enquirer: Okay. No problem.

Master Lu: Alright, alright.

Enquirer: But I would like to ask… Basically, regarding Little Houses, I can offer 7 to 14 Little Houses per day.

Master Lu: Per week?

Enquirer: Per day.

Master Lu: Per day? How can you recite that many?

Enquirer: My family.

Master Lu: Oh. I was wondering how you can recite all of these by yourself. Hm. Your entire family is reciting. That’s fine. You have to say the following, “May the Great Merciful and Great Compassionate Guan Yin Bodhisattva protect and bless me, <full name>, so that my cancer cells won’t spread, and I can recover. I will recite 49 Little Houses to repay my karmic debts to my Karmic Creditor.” After you state that, you recite 49 Little Houses as a batch. Afterwards you take a break and then you make another vow, instead of just reciting over 10 Little Houses per day. It would not be as effective. Do you understand?

Enquirer: I understand.

Master Lu: This is a method. Alright?

Enquirer: About my Daily Recitation, I currently recite the Great Compassion Mantra (Ta Pei Chou) 49 times per day.

Master Lu: Hm.

Enquirer: Heart Sutra (Hsin Ching) 21 times per day.

Master Lu: Hm.

Enquirer: Amitabha Pure Land Rebirth Mantra (Wang Sheng Chou) 21 times per day.

Master Lu: Hm. And the Eighty-eight Buddhas Great Repentance (Li Fo Ta Chan Hui Wen).

Enquirer: 5 times per day.

Master Lu: Alright. No problem. I can tell you that, there are no major issues. You are already recovering. Aright? Very good. This is because in the past he didn’t believe in Buddhism. Correct?

Enquirer: Correct.

Master Lu: Now that he believes, he can be saved. Alright. Alright.

Enquirer: Thank you.

Master Lu: Please be patient. Alright. Next.


King Mohammed VI: The Moroccan Module after Sixteen Years

King Mohammed VI: The Moroccan Module after Sixteen Years

mourad beni-ich -Dr.Mourad Beni-ich is a Political, Intelligence & Strategic Analyst based in Washington, DC. You can follow him on Twitter at: @MonarchKnight[/symple_box]

Washington, District of Columbia-Every year, on July 30th, the Kingdom of Morocco celebrates the occasion of the ascending to the throne of the Moroccan Monarch. This year was no difference in regards to the occasion itself, but listening to the King’s speech to the nation; one can only conclude that the country is on the right track and is deeply determined to continue on the path of reforms set by His Majesty. King Mohammed VI made the development of the country along with its political and social institutions a priority since he succeeded his father late King Hassan II.

This year’s speech was a powerful one; a speech many Moroccans were anticipating it and could not wait for a direct interference of the Monarch to solve all suspended issues. It seems that Moroccans have lost every single hope and faith in the government, civil servants, local and regional authorities. The speech came at a very much-needed time.

King Mohammed VI called for developing an integrated action plan in order to provide variety of means of financing infrastructure projects and basic social services, whether in the field of education, health, water, electricity, roads, rural and other sectors that suffer from the shortfall, with the priority to be given to regions in desperate need. The Moroccan Monarch pointed out that although there were many important achievements, yet it remains insufficient for the country, as long as there is a class suffering from the harsh conditions of life, and feel that, they are marginalized, despite all efforts, stressing his commitment that all citizens benefit from the bounties of the country. He stressed out that the well-being of Moroccans is his number one priority and will forever work restlessly to deliver prosperity to all, more especially those residing in remote areas and those who feel that they are part of this great nation.

Moroccans of the world were not forgotten in the king’s speech, he finally brought them justice. For decades, the Moroccan diaspora round the world suffered a great deal every time they had to deal with the Moroccan Consulates to solve their administrative and official documents. A poor service and lack of professionalism what made many Moroccans complain and write to the Moroccan Monarch. King Mohammed VI gave his strict orders to the Minister of Foreign Affairs to dismiss any Moroccan official who is proven to provide poor performance of his duties and only recruit those who can fulfill their duties and meet the needs of Moroccans residing overseas.

This is a victory to millions of Moroccans living abroad after years of torture and psychological trauma cause by the Moroccan consulates worldwide. Moroccan diplomats were always under the impression that they are on an open leave for the duration of their tour. Time is up for those who decry, loiter, and given short shrift to the interests of the people.

There is no doubt that there is a frightening decline in the level of education in Morocco. Such a decline is reflected in the society and how it turns out to be. In his speech, King Mohammed VI stressed the urgent need for fundamental reform of the education sector. The King ordered for a development of a comprehensive strategic perspective for a serious educational reform in the country. He stressed that the education reform, which is vital and crucial sector, remains the mainstay of development of the Moroccan society; there should be no social and institutional advancement without possessing a well-educated Moroccans. The King highlighted that the education reform must remain away from selfishness, and any political calculations that will jeopardize the future of the younger generations, under the pretext and excuse of maintaining the Moroccan identity. Morocco’s future, therefore, depends on the level of education provided to its youth.  The Monarch encouraged and urged Moroccans to open up to different cultures and learn foreign languages. Such a learning will certainly enrich the knowledge and have an impact on introducing Morocco to new horizons.

The speech was an occasion for the King to emphasize on the Moroccan stand within the international community. Morocco’s unity is a red line and the Moroccan diplomacy has proven its caliber promoting the country’s concrete proposal to solve the issue of the Southern territories. The international community warmly welcomed such a proposal, while the other party is trying to put blockades to rationalism in the conflict.

Morocco has been active diplomatically for over a decade now and has set firm strategies to expand regionally, continentally and globally. The diplomatic wheel did not cease to find new international partners to find new markets and encourage investments. This gained Morocco an outstanding reputation in managing its international policies wisely; policies that gained Morocco more friends and earned its Monarch and government an indisputable respect.

Many Moroccans around the world have been campaigning for years and years to make their voices heard. Their sense or inequity and injustice has finally found a listening ear. Moroccans do indeed love their country unconditionally and never lost their ties with the Royal institutions that forever represented them well at all levels. It seems, however, that the core of the issue lies within the political apparatus. The latter abused and ridiculed people’s rights in a pathetic way.

This should be a wake-up call to all Moroccans to think twice before casting their votes in the next general elections. The era of opportunist who fool their constituents and betray their country is gone. Morocco is now building a new transparent era wherein every citizen holds his fate in his hands while choosing their representatives.

Moroccans also showed that they could hold the key to change in the country by acting as watchdog for the actions of the government and officials. With a proper use of social media and possessing the necessary tools to act as such, Moroccans can actually become an influential force within the Moroccan political system. We write, we speak, we campaign, and it seems sometimes that what we do falls into deaf ears, but with this year’s speech, this was proven wrong. There is always someone watching and listening to the concerns of people, and it is just a matter of time before we get issues solved. Patience sometimes is a virtue.

However, There is a tremendous responsibility on Moroccans’ shoulders in the light of the recent social disorder and the rise of the crime ratio in the country. We cannot and we will never build a healthy society if certain individuals remain focus to destroy what millions are trying to build. It is our country and we cannot always rely of the government to do things for us. We should take the initiative and educate one another on how to learn to coexist and forgive; we have to learn how to show compassion to one another and to live as one. It is our Morocco and we should all contribute to its social, economic and political development. If we always rely on others to do the job for us and become consumers only, then any reform will simply not work. The change out to begin from thyself, and through it the surrounding before we can see the good reigning over the society at large.

All in all, this year’s Royal speech met the expectations of millions of Moroccans. King Mohammed VI proved his presence heavily and showed the willingness to step up should members of the government fail to deliver and perform their duties. He proved that he is the sole guarantor of people’s rights and privileges, while many civil servants and government officials loiter and abuse their power. The King responded well to people’s demands and he did not disappoint their expectations, and with him at the helm of the political power, Moroccans can rest assured that no matter how much they might struggle due to some ignorant and incompetent official, the King will step up and take charge of ensuring justice is served to all.

Fellow Moroccans, remember that Morocco is US and We Shall Forever Be Morocco..


Gallipoli Campaign: A Symbolic Battleground (Özgür Öztürk)

1984, George Orwell

This article argues that there is no static approach to the meaning of Gallipoli Campaign in Turkey. There is a social dimension that shapes the understanding of the battle continually. The understanding of the battle changes when a rival political group champions on the historiography of the battle. In Turkey, political groups, namely Kemalists and Islamists, contend over the meaning of the battle. This rivalry makes the history of Gallipoli Campaign as a symbolic battle ground between the groups. Since the Turks do not constitute a single political group, Gallipoli Campaign is what the groups make of it. In Turkey, Gallipoli Campaign is a historical heritage that is always under construction.

Defending the Straits

In 1915, the allies came to the shores of the Ottoman Empire, “the sick man of the Europe”, with the strongest navy in the world to crush the Ottomans[2] to invade the capital of the empire, Istanbul. The naval operation was based on the assumption that the Ottomans were weak and not capable enough to defend the strait of Dardanelles.[3] The allies envisioned that the Ottomans would be intimidated when they saw the weapons of the navy. The Ottomans “were not regarded as a European enemy in the terminology of the time” and the British officers thought that they “could take risks that they would not have attempted against the German army.”[4] Thanks to the presumption of easy success, Winston Churchill planned to hire the Ottomans as mercenary to the British army.[5] During the First Balkan War, lasted from 1912 to 1913, the Ottoman Empire lost most of the part of its European lands. The empire also lost Edirne, the previous capital of the empire. The Ottoman Empire was defeated in less than 60 days.[6] Mustafa Kemal, at a day following 25 April 1915, addressed his solders:

“…we must drive those now in front of us into the sea… There is no need to scheme much to make the enemy run. I do not expect that any of us would not rather die than repeat the shameful story of the Balkan Wars. But if there are any such men among us, we should at once lay hand on them and set them up to the line to be shot.”[7]

Gawrych argues that these words reflect the mindset and feeling of him in those days, but it is safe to say that all of the Ottoman soldiers was feeling the same things at that time. The Balkans was a critical region of the empire and now the enemy was threatening the capital. At that time, the Ottomans were making plan to move the government to Anatolia to secure the throne. After the unsuccessful naval operation, the allies decided to start the amphibious operation. This second phase of the campaign lasted for 9 months but gave no hope for any success and the allies decided to withdraw. Peter Hart questions the reason of the failure. It is worth to quote a long sentence from his book:

It was a campaign that needed hundreds of guns that did not exist, fired by gunners not yet trained, using complex artillery techniques that had not yet been invented, firing hundreds of thousands shells not yet manufactured.[8]

Whether the Ottomans spotted the enemy retreating or not is not known yet, it is known that the Ottomans heartily collected the equipment the enemy left behind. Liman von Sanders says that the soldiers were very happy like children.[9] The European nations jumped into the war with cheers but the Ottomans was the only empire that fought to survive. The Ottomans had fought against the enemy with courage, faith and discipline. Gallipoli Campaign is one of the most important historical heritage that, no matter how old they are, people commemorate the battle and express their gratitude to the ancestors who had fought against the enemy.

One front, many stories

History is the study of the past that it presents a series of lessons that societies learn and make inferences to understand the world they live in today. Studying the past is like turning the light on in a dark corridor wherein societies walk through. Societies also resort to their historical heritages to prove their political cause. The past is studied to perform the politics of the present. Societies perform the politics to prove that the politics they adopt is the only true and legitimate one. Societies exploit the historical facts which help them to legitimize their political preferences. Philosophy of history tells us that history is the study of the past that societies do through their norms and beliefs. Robin George Collingwood, an English philosopher and historian, argues that “the past which an historian studies is not a dead past, but a past which in some sense is still living in the present.”[10] Another English historian Edward Hallet Carr argues that “history is a continuous process of interaction between the historian and his facts.”[11] It means that there is no historical fact exists objectively from a historian’s accepted judgement. Historian resorts to historical accounts which are “deeply imbued with the attitudes and agendas” of the society he lives in.[12] If the aim of historian is to legitimize the present, when the present changes, the past changes simultaneously.

In Turkey, both Islamists and Kemalists contend with each other to construct their own hegemony over the historiography of Gallipoli Campaign. Being hegemon over the historiography means that only one narrative is the true one and the others are distorted or manufactured. These groups constantly narrate the battle through their own ideologies. Post-modernism argues that societies narrate history not only to understand, but also to constitute events.[13] It is believed that “there is no object or event outside or prior to perspective or narrative” and no historical fact that can exist apart from norms and believes societies adopt.[14] Post-modernism emphasizes the role of narratives as political tools. Narratives perform political functions in contemporary political struggles. It is important to emphasize that contending narratives disclaim others both epistemologically and ontologically. The contending narratives are self-contained. The one thing that contending political groups are trying to do is to being the hegemon.

Sociologist Zygmunt Bauman implies the presence of distinction between the world inside and outside.[15] Social groups are constituted through common beliefs and norms and these groups are inclined to draw borders between the world they live in and the outside. The outside is full of uncertainty and threats and social groups should be unified in the face of the threats come from the other. Yuval Noah Harari argues that sedentary societies resort to mutual myths to perpetuate their coexistence.[16] It means that sedentary societies live only in imagined orders. The myths which are constituted consistently help these societies to continue their unity and existence within the imagined orders. Collective memories-consisted of myths, narratives, and traditions- are the way groups acquire continuity and identity.[17] Collective memories have decisive long term effects; it shapes the understanding of the world of social groups and it is “hard to shake their long-term effects.”[18]  Gallipoli Campaign is one of the historical heritages that constitutes collective memory of Republic of Turkey.[19] The stories of Corporal Seyit, soldiers who were fighting on an empty stomach, and martyred students are popular myths resorted to ensure the collective identity formation.[20] E. Zeynep Güler argues that Gallipoli Campaign is a place of memory in Turkey.[21] Places of memory create collective identities, consolidate national consciousness and perpetuate the order.[22] Social groups regularly visit places of memory. Tours, monuments and narratives are the key elements that provide unity within the groups.

Gallipoli Campaign is a historical heritage that it is continually under construction. Both Islamists and Kemalists interpret the battle through their own socially positioned lenses. Islamism views the world divided into two: the house of Islam and the house of unbelief.[23] Islamists believe that their distinct identity embroils them in a dispute with the Christian world. Relations with the West has been maintained in the Hobbesian culture of anarchy. In this culture of anarchy, security of social groups is competitive and based on zero-sum game.[24] Because of that sharp contrasts between the Muslims and the Christians, bilateral relations are inclined to become severe over time. Islamist point of view projects Gallipoli Campaign as another phase of the longstanding conflict between the Muslims and the Christians. According to Islamists, the enemy had tried to extinguish the presence of Islam around the world. The battle was to defend the house of Islam against the enemy. Thus, the Muslims came from the adjacent regions had fought with great vehemence and defeated the enemy. The battle proved that the Crusaders still set theirs eyes on the Islamic territories, therefore the Muslims all around the world should be awake against the enemy at all time. In contrast to Islamists, Kemalists frame the relations with the West in the Kantian culture of anarchy. In this culture of anarchy, friendship among the sides shapes the bilateral relations. The friendship is settled on two simple rules: no war between the friends and collective action against an aggressor.[25] In Turkey, westernization, and as well as modernization, has been in process for a long time. The Ottomans had pondered on the question of why the empire was falling behind the West, while the former had subjugated the latter for years in the past. Kemalists decided to overcome the backwardness by designing the nascent republic in the western-style institutions and laws. The orthodoxies of the both groups on the world-view in general and Gallipoli Campaign in particular do make the two to clash with each other. This article scrutinizes the discordance between Islamists and Kemalists over the meaning of Gallipoli Campaign. It will be argued that Gallipoli Campaign is a world of Islamist and Kemalist making.

Who was the enemy?

Islamists label the enemy as successors of the Crusaders. They argue that the Christianity had motivated the allies to invade Istanbul, the capital of the Muslim world and extinguish the presence of Islam. In 2015, Presidency of Religious Affairs of Republic of Turkey published a book titled “Bir Milletin Yeniden Dirilişi Çanakkale: 100. Yılında Çanakkale Zaferi”.[26] This book interprets Gallipoli Campaign as a new phase of the Crusade.[27] Mosques and madrassas, the basic elements of Islam, were the target of the enemy. The battle was the clash of Christianity and Islam.[28] The Crusaders aimed to invade the house of Islam and destroy the presence of Islam.[29] Kemalists have a secular reading of the battle. According to Kemalists, the enemy was the western imperialism, not the West itself. Kemalists have designed the newborn republic to be a member of the western civilization.[30] They argued that the allies attacked at the Gallipoli peninsula on the basis of cold national interest calculations. The Ottoman Empire was not capable any more to resist the dynamics of the modern world, thus the western empires exploited the status. Kemalists pay no attention to the belief system and norms of the western world while Islamists resort to the aforementioned idealist explanations.

How did the Ottomans win the battle?

Gallipoli Campaign is seen as a victory in Turkey. The Ottomans defeated the enemy in the age of many defeats. Although both Islamists and Kemalists embrace the battle as a victory, they are split on the determinants of the victory.

Islamists argues that faith was the primary source of the victory. All the soldiers who had defended the peninsula were Muslim and they fought for the sake of Islam. No matter what were their ethnicities, the Muslim soldiers were aware of the meaning of the battle: the battle between the believers and non-believers.[31] Islamists interpret the battle as a “holy war”.[32] Islamists believe that the God had helped the Muslims and even the enemy knew the assistance of the God to the Muslims. Islamists claim that General Ian Hamilton once confessed that the God was with the Ottomans and the result of the battle is the natural one consequently.[33] Islamists usually downgrade the role of Mustafa Kemal on the course of events and they offer alternative leaders such as Sultan Abdulhamid. According to this point, it is believed that Sultan Abdulhamid strengthened the fortifications during his reign and there was no reason to be concerned.[34]

Kemalists argue that Mustafa Kemal’s role was the decisive one. Although he was a lieutenant colonel at the beginning of the battle, Kemalists represent him as the commander in chief. Thinking the battle counterfactual is popular among Kemalists. They think that if Mustafa Kemal was not on the ground, the Ottomans would be defeated.[35] Kemalists argue that the commander who had lead the soldiers was Mustafa Kemal.[36] Kemalist reading do not put too much emphasis on religion. Rather than the religion, it concentrates on a kind of national sprit. The soldiers had fought for the homeland.

What is the importance of the battle today?

Both Islamists and Kemalists see Gallipoli Campaign as a historical heritage and make inferences from the battle for the present time and future. Islamists think that the battle demonstrates that the interests of the Crusaders over the house of Islam are still alive.[37] Muslims all around the world should be aware of the imminent threat. The ummah came from Yemen, Kosovo, Bosnia, Bagdad, Mecca and Damascus had fought against the crusaders.[38] Islamists argue that the battle proved the power of Islam when the ummah is united.

Kemalists argue that the battle was the preface of the newborn republic[39] while Islamists see the battle as the last stage of resistance of the Ottoman Empire.[40] Kemalists think that the victory give birth to the nationhood to the republic. They underline the fact that the victorious commanders later fought for the independence of the republic.

Gallipoli Campaign has been a symbolic battleground of competing political ideologies. Both groups have competed over the historiography of the battle and have tried to constitute their own hegemony. They narrate the battle with the lexicon of their ideologies. Gallipoli Campaign is also exploited for the foreign policy of Turkey. Last year, the victory was celebrated on 24 April rather than 18 March to encounter the Armenian genocide allegations.[41] The division and contention over Gallipoli Campaign is also polarizing the society in Turkey.[42] Rather than a scientific approach, the battle has been studied with the ideologies of the groups in Turkey. Gallipoli Campaign is a symbolic battleground between Islamists and Kemalists and it is what the groups make of it.

[2]The author intentionally refers those who fight against the allies as the Ottomans rather than Turks since not only Turks had fought, but also Armenians, Arabs, Kurds and other ethnic groups also had fought against the enemy.

[3]Peter Hart, Gallipoli, London, Profile Books, 2011, p. 22.

[4]Peter Hart, Ibid. p. 68.

[5]Robin Prior, Gelibolu: Mitin Sonu, çev. Füsun Tayanç-Tunç Tayanç, Ankara, Akılçelen Kitaplar, 2012, p. 91

[6]Edward J. Erickson, Size Ölmeyi Emrediyorum: Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Osmanlı Ordusu, İstanbul, Kitap Yayınevi, 2011.

[7]George W. Gawrych, The Young Ataturk: From Ottoman Soldier to Statesman of Turkey. I.B.Tauris&Co Ltd. 2013. p.  45

[8]Peter Hart, Ibid. p. 459.

[9]Liman von Sanders, Türkiye’de Beş Yıl, çev. Eşref Bengi Özbilen, İstanbul, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2015, p. 142

[10]Jan van der Dussen, History as a Science: The Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood, Springer, 1981, p. 289.

[11]Edward H. Carr, What is History? Random House, Inc. 1961.

[12]Jenny Macleod, Introduction, Gallipoli: Making History, ed. Jenny Macleod, Frank Cass, p. 1.

[13]Richard Devetak, “Critical Theory”,Scott Burchill [et al.] Theories of International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, p. 164.

[14]Devetak, Ibid. p. 164

[15]Zygmunt Bauman, Sosyolojik Düşünmek, çev. Abdullah Yılmaz, İstanbul, Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2015, p. 51.

[16]Yuval Noah Harari, Hayvanlardan Tanrılara Sapiens: İnsan Türünün Kısa Bir Tarihi, çev. Ertuğrul Genç, İstanbul, Kolektif Kitap, 2015, s. 113.

[17]Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Relations, Cambridge University Press, p. 163.

[18]Wendt, Ibid. p.  163.

[19]E. Zeynep Güler, ‘’Bir Ulusal Hafıza Mekanı Olarak Gelibolu Yarımadası’’, İnci Özkan Kerestecioğlu ve Güven Gürkan Öztan (der.), İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2012, p. 307.

[20]Bezen Balamir Coşkun, ‘’Çanakkale Savaşı ve Türk ve Avustralya Ulus Kimliklerinin İnşası’’, Bezen Balamir Coşkun [et al.] Uluslararası İlişkiler Tartışmalarında Çanakkale Savaşı, İstanbul, Röle Akademik Yayıncılık, p. 40.

[21]Güler, Ibid. p. 311.

[22]Güler, Ibid. p. 311.

[23]Bernard Lewis, “The Root of Muslim Rage”, 1990.

[24]Wendt, Ibid. p. 265.

[25]Wendt, Ibid. p. 298-299.

[26]Yunus Özdamar [et al.] Bir Milletin Yeniden Dirilişi Çanakkale: 100. Yılında Çanakkale Zaferi. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, 2015.

[27]Ahmet Taşgetiren, “Çanakkale Son Kale Hassasiyeti”, Yunus Özdamar [et al.] Bir Milletin Yeniden Dirilişi Çanakkale: 100. Yılında Çanakkale Zaferi. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, 2015.

 p. 54

[28]Taşgetiren, Ibid. p. 54

[29]Mustafa İsmet Uzun, “İmanın Zaferi Çanakkale”, Yunus Özdamar [et al.] Bir Milletin Yeniden Dirilişi Çanakkale: 100. Yılında Çanakkale Zaferi. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, 2015. p. 95.

[30]Feroz Ahmad, Modern Türkiye’nin Oluşumu, çev. Yavuz Alogan, Kaynak Yayınları, 2012. Erik Jan Zürcher, Modernleşen Türkiye’nin Tarihi, çev. Yasemin Saner, İletişim Yayınları. 2011ç

[31]Mustafa Irmaklı, “Çanakkale Zaferi’nin Hatırlattıkları”, Yunus Özdamar [et al.] Bir Milletin Yeniden Dirilişi Çanakkale: 100. Yılında Çanakkale Zaferi. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, 2015. p. 152.

[32]Stephen Starr, “Gallipoli centenary exposes Turkish divisions over history”, April 26, 2015.

[33]Süleyman Dikici, ‘’Çanakkale İşgal Kuvvetleri Komutanı Ian Hamilton’un Rüyası’’, Kemal Erkan ve Adem Fidan (der.), Osmanlı’nın Son Kilidi Çanakkale 1, İstanbul, Çamlıca Basım Yayın, 2011, p. 171.

[34]Hasan Basri Bilgen, “Çanakkale Mektebinden Öğrendiklerimiz”, Yunus Özdamar [et al.] Bir Milletin Yeniden Dirilişi Çanakkale: 100. Yılında Çanakkale Zaferi. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, 2015. p. 139.

[35]Orhan Karaveli, Çanakkale Olmasaydı…O Olmasaydı… İstanbul, Doğan Kitap, 2014, p. 16.

[36]F. Rezzan Ünalp, ‘’Çanakkale Muharebeleri ve Mustafa Kemal’’, Çanakkale Araştırmaları Türk Yıllığı, Cilt 13, No 18, 2015, p. 37-64.

[37]Irmaklı, Ibid. p. 153.

[38]Irmaklı, Ibid. p. 157.

[39]Turgut Özakman, Diriliş: Çanakkale 1915, Ankara, Bilgi Yayınevi, 2008. Karaveli, a.g.e. s. 18.

[40]Süleyman Dikici, ‘’Çanakkale İşgal Kuvvetleri Komutanı Ian Hamilton’un Rüyası’’, Kemal Erkan ve Adem Fidan (et al.) “Osmanlı’nın Son Kilidi Çanakkale 1”, İstanbul, Çamlıca Basım Yayın, 2011, p. 171.

[41]‘’Çanakkale ve Erivan’da 100. yıl anma törenleri’’ April 24, 2015.

[42]Şükrü Hanioğlu, ‘’Tarihler, semboller ve merasimler’’, May 01, 2016.

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mulch in Australia

What is mulch?

A mulch is usually, but not exclusively, organic in nature. It may be permanent (e.g. plastic sheeting) or temporary (e.g. bark chips). It may be applied to bare soil or around existing plants. Mulches of manure or compost will be incorporated naturally into the soil by the activity of worms and other organisms. The process is used both in commercial crop production and in gardening, and when applied correctly, can dramatically improve soil productivity.

Many materials are used as mulches, which are used to retain soil moisture, regulate soil temperature, suppress weed growth, and for aesthetics. They are applied to the soil surface, around trees, paths, flower beds, to prevent soil erosion on slopes, and in production areas for flower and vegetable crops. Mulch layers are normally two inches or more deep when applied.

They are applied at various times of the year depending on the purpose. Towards the beginning of the growing season mulches serve initially to warm the soil by helping it retain heat which is lost during the night. This allows early seeding and transplanting of certain crops, and encourages faster growth. As the season progresses, mulch stabilizes the soil temperature and moisture, and prevents the growing of weeds from seeds. In temperate climates, the effect of mulch is dependent upon the time of year they are applied and when applied in fall and winter, are used to delay the growth of perennial plants in the spring or prevent growth in winter during warm spells, which limits freeze thaw damage.

The effect of mulch upon soil moisture content is complex. Mulch forms a layer between the soil and the atmosphere which prevents sunlight from reaching the soil surface, thus reducing evaporation. However, mulch can also prevent water from reaching the soil by absorbing or blocking water from light rains.

In order to maximise the benefits of mulch, while minimizing its negative influences, it is often applied in late spring/early summer when soil temperatures have risen sufficiently, but soil moisture content is still relatively high. However, permanent mulch is also widely used and valued for its simplicity, as popularized by author Ruth Stout, who said, "My way is simply to keep a thick mulch of any vegetable matter that rots on both sides of my vegetable and flower garden all year long. As it decays and enriches the soils, I add more."

Plastic mulch used in large-scale commercial production is laid down with a tractor-drawn or standalone layer of plastic mulch. This is usually part of a sophisticated mechanical process, where raised beds are formed, plastic is rolled out on top, and seedlings are transplanted through it. Drip irrigation is often required, with drip tape laid under the plastic, as plastic mulch is impermeable to water.

Materials used as mulches vary and depend on a number of factors. Use takes into consideration availability, cost, appearance, the effect it has on the soil—including chemical reactions and pH, durability, combustibility, rate of decomposition, how clean it is—some can contain weed seeds or plant pathogens.

A variety of materials are used as mulch:

  • Organic residues: grass clippings, leaves, hay, straw, kitchen scraps comfrey, shredded bark, whole bark nuggets, sawdust, shells, woodchips, shredded newspaper, cardboard, wool, animal manure, etc. Many of these materials also act as a direct composting system, such as the mulched clippings of a mulching lawn mower, or other organics applied as sheet composting.
  • Compost: fully composted materials are used to avoid possible phytotoxicity problems. Materials that are free of seeds are ideally used, to prevent weeds being introduced by the mulch.
  • Old carpet (synthetic or natural): makes a free, readily available mulch.
  • Rubber mulch: made from recycled tire rubber.
  • Plastic mulch: crops grow through slits or holes in thin plastic sheeting. This method is predominant in large-scale vegetable growing, with millions of acres cultivated under plastic mulch worldwide each year (disposal of plastic mulch is cited as an environmental problem).
  • Rock and gravel can also be used as a mulch. In cooler climates the heat retained by rocks may extend the growing season.

Organic Matter Ideal Mulch for Plants

Garden compost or well rotted manure is an ideal mulch because it aids plant growth, improves the soil, and help retain moisture. Reapply it every year.

How to Mulch

Mulch between mid- and late spring, when the soil is moist and is warming up. Clear all perennial weeds, then after watering or a spell of steady rain, lay the mulch. Cover the whole surface area of beds and borders, rather than mulching around individual plants. You should only need to top it off once a year in spring. Lay organic mulches 4 in (10 cm) deep to control weeds and retain moisture, leaving a gap around the base of trees and shrubs so their stems don’t rot; you can mulch closer to herbaceous plants, but avoid the crowns of emerging plants. Lay inorganic mulches 1–2 in (2.5–5 cm) deep. Organic matter, such as well-rotted compost, makes an excellent mulch for herbaceous perennials. As the growing season progresses, it will gradually rot down and enrich the soil.


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Professor Mottley has published most of his work in the areas of ultrasonics, both medical and materials characterization. His work in medical ultrasound was mostly in the area of ultrasonic characterization of muscle tissues, both cardiac and voluntary. His efforts were aimed at increasing the amount of information extracted from the ultrasound scattered by tissues as they did their work, in order to improve diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders.

More recently his interests have turned toward acoustics and music performance technology. We are still trying to understand the properties and features of acoustic halls, what makes the sound in one hall superior while another is flat or featureless. We would like to apply physical measurements along with qualitative assessments and evaluations to better characterize performance spaces. In the area of performance technology, Professor Mottley would like to better understand and characterize the feedback and interactions between a player and their instrument. For example, organs made with different action mechanisms "feel" different to the player. For a student to become a well-rounded organist requires the student to travel to many places and play many organs of many types. We can sample sounds from different organs and give someone an approximate sound experience of playing a remote organ, but we would like to make a programmable keyboard that would actually FEEL like that of the actual organ.

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Despite all of the optimism and excitement that surrounded Apple’s rumored foray into the automotive business, I was never convinced that Apple would ever release its own branded car. Even though Apple successfully managed to enter and eventually dominate completely new product categories — first with the iPod and later with the iPhone — making a legitimate splash in the auto industry presented Apple with a long list of arguably insurmountable challenges. About a year ago, the New York Times reported that Apple was changing the focus of its car research team and that dozens of employees were either being let go or assigned to other divisions within Apple.

Since then, Apple CEO Tim Cook has indicated that Apple’s foray into the automotive space now focuses on developing self-driving car technology, an initiative which Cook categorized as the “mother of all AI projects.” Even so, some more optimistic Apple observers maintained that an Apple branded car might still be something Apple could explore later on down the line. Alas, a recent exodus of automotive talent from Apple suggests quite the opposite.

According to report from Bloomberg, upwards of 17 Apple engineers with experience across all areas of the automotive design and manufacturing process have left to join Zoox, a good number of which reportedly came to Apple via established automakers in Detroit.

The latest exodus to Zoox suggests Apple is less likely to revive ambitions to make a car itself. The engineers found themselves increasingly sidelined and surplus to requirements at Apple, and were hired by the startup in piecemeal fashion in recent months, the people said.

Apple is still actively interested in the car space as it pertains to developing an AI driving system, but the notion of an Apple branded car ever rolling off a production line remains nothing more than a pipe-dream at this point.


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If you're hunting for a casual style, try combining a gray dress with your favorite accessories. Finish with a pair of black over the knee boots.


An FBI agent is held prisoner in a perfect town surrounded by a not-so-perfect electrified fence.

By Marc Snetiker
May 15, 2015 at 05:25 PM EDT
Liane Hentscher/Fox
  • TV Show

Welcome to Wayward Pines! It’s a town that also may be a prison! It’s an enclosed government training facility or maybe like a witness protection program or insane asylum sort of thing. It’s a spy breeding camp or human-harvesting test kitchen or sociological experiment that pumps taxpayer capital into answering the question, “What would Carla Gugino do!?”

It’s also your newest creepy-thriller obsession, following in the vein of those lofty, question-raising, theory-provoking forest mysteries like Lost or Twin Peaks or Last Man Standing. Will Wayward Pines prove to be a hotbed of philosophical epiphanies, or will it just be about Matt Dillon trying to come to terms with Melissa Leo’s collection of white Keds?

As your trusted recapper for this 10-week event series, I’ll try to guide us through the goings-on of the show and the little things you might miss along the way. If this all works out like that other show I recap, we’ll crack some ace theories and maybe even come close to explaining things before the show does. (If you’ve read the book series by Blake Crouch on which the Fox show is based, take your spoilery knowledge far away!)

We begin, much like Lost, with a well-dressed man waking up amid a jungle of shrubbery. He’s bloody. He’s wearing a suit. His injures are random and poorly spaced like a child’s WordArt. He’s Ethan Burke, and he’s a secret service agent who’s in Idaho investigating the disappearance of two former agents who have gone AWOL near the Boise field office: One is Agent Kate Hewson, Ethan’s former partner and literally part-time lover, and the other is Agent Bill Evans, who is not Kate and thus much less important for Ethan to find.

Before he wakes up in this forest, a car crash involving Ethan and his partner, Agent Stallings, is the last thing he vaguely remembers—memory being a very tricky thing with Ethan, as we’ll come to find out. But Stallings is now missing and Ethan is alone, stumbling through the strange thicket like pilgrims on a corn hunt. He arrives on the main street (which for simplicity let’s call Main Street), where he enters the nearest coffee shop. A relatively normal-looking barista tells him he’s in Wayward Pines, Idaho. He faints.

So before we get into what Ethan Burke goes through next, let’s quickly chat about his former life.

The family: He’s got a wife, Theresa, and a kid, Ben, both of whom seem perfectly normal in their lives back in Seattle, although it seems to me that Theresa definitely knows something was going on between Ethan and Kate. Some women can just tell when their husband is waywarding another lady’s pines.

The therapist: He’s got a therapist, whom Ethan was seeing about a certain recent tragedy in his life. Something called “the Easter bombings,” where 621 people died and Ethan, for one reason or another, blames himself. The therapist insists that the blame rests on “whoever signed those release papers,” suggesting some criminal Ethan put behind bars but whose freedom was given not by Ethan’s hand. We also learn that Ethan occasionally has a history of hallucinations.

The boss: Ethan’s boss at the secret service, Adam Hassler, is the one who sent Ethan to Idaho on the missing persons search in the first place. He’s the one who delivers the bad news to Theresa about the crash, adding the fun caveat that there was no trace of Ethan ever even being in the car in the first place, effectively declaring him missing and leaving it at that. But Adam’s moral compass is tricky; after promising Theresa that he’ll find Ethan, he goes off to a secret meeting with Dr. Jenkins—the resident doc in Wayward Pines—where he pleads, “If there’s time, I want to call it off,” thus basically confirming that Adam is a part of some deep conspiracy shit and is directly responsible for Ethan’s presence in this idyllic wasteland anyway. So, why would Adam want to get rid of Ethan? Does it have anything to do with the Easter bombings? (THEORY: Wayward Pines is a place the FBI sends agents who have suffered psychological damage that puts them beyond retrieval, or agents who have better jawlines than their superiors.)

Which brings us to…

After collapsing in the coffee shop, Ethan wakes up in a hospital bed and meets Nurse Pam (Melissa Leo). With her stark white clothes and a Stepford smile that’s so sweet it’s diabetic, Pam is a menacing if saccharine face. She’s also quite literally the most Ratched nurse in Wayward Pines. (This is a literature joke.)

Nurse Pam tends to Ethan’s wounds but ignores his pleas for the basics: a phone, a wallet, a sight of another human in the otherwise deserted hospital. She’s sugary sweet, but Ethan doesn’t buy it. He gets dressed and heads toward the elevator, but he’s blocked by her foot. “I’m worried about you,” she says with umbrage, but she allows him to leave. (THEORY: Wayward Pines is a town-wide medical experiment where the brunt of scientific observation is done in the streets and the hospital is merely a relic of irrelevance à la Val Kilmer.)

And so Ethan wanders back over to Main Street. The sheriff’s office is closed, so instead he turns to a bar, where he meets Beverly Brown (Juliette Lewis). Beverly is a friendly bartender who offers him a cheeseburger (which he orders “bloody with onions” because he’s insane), and she seems to be the only person Ethan can sustain a normal conversation with. He tells her that he’s in town looking for Kate and Bill, and her expression instantly changes. She scribbles down her home address and tells him to pay her a visit, but on the back of the paper, she’s also left a note: “There are no crickets in Wayward Pines.”

And lo, outside the bar, Ethan hears crickets chirping, so he investigates and discovers a sound effects speaker box in the bushes. (THEORY: Wayward Pines is Disneyland. Or, more probable, an insect-less utopia where only the best species are hand-picked to co-exist under the happiest of living conditions. So, Disneyland.) Thanks to Beverly’s candid advice, we now know that she is an ally, and she’s the Pines-ian to truly confirm Ethan’s suspicions that he should be having suspicions.

The next morning, after an encounter with an overly hostile hotelier, Ethan heads to the address Beverly gave him. Despite her claim that it’s her house, it’s actually a decrypt, dangerously run-down old shack that’s starkly different from the rest of the town’s picture-perfect manses. Comparatively speaking, it’s the Boo Radley of houses.

Inside, he finds a dead body tied up on the bed, and despite the fact that the puffy corpse looks like it’s been burnt, stung, boiled, drowned, and overall just generally Quasimodo’d, Ethan inexplicably recognizes the body as one of the two missing agents, Bill Evans. Man, that’s some good identification. Ethan should be in the FBI.

Having found one of the two missing persons he was searching for, Ethan pays a visit to the sheriff (an ice cream-loving Terrence Howard, who should have been eating a cookie instead, heyo!). Sheriff Pope seems slightly more concerned about Ethan’s discovery of the corpse than the actual corpse itself, but to say he expresses any concern whatsoever would be lying. Sheriff Pope is concerned only with his ice cream, and when he leaves to ‘investigate’ the corpse, he does not pretend to care about helping Ethan get his phone and wallet back.

Ethan makes two calls from the phone at the sheriff’s station: the first, to Theresa, who doesn’t answer yet whose voicemail greeting still plays (an important thing to note); and the second, to the secret service, where a woman named Marcy (who sounds suspiciously like Nurse Pam) insists that Adam Hassler is out of the office. Ethan leaves a message with this strange new receptionist, deciding that that’s a better choice than asking to speak to absolutely any of the other co-workers he knows. Or perhaps Ethan doesn’t actually know anyone else at his office? Perhaps he’s an FBI black sheep and that’s why Adam sent him to the Pines? (THEORY: Wayward Pines is a place for fired office workers whose only crime is being unpopular.)

With no luck at the police station, Ethan goes to the bar again in search of Beverly, but when he gets there, a guy tells Ethan that there aren’t any women who work there. (THEORY: Wayward Pines is the Marvel Cinematic Universe.) The random guy then accuses Ethan of drinking too much, which spurs Ethan to attack him. With a quick move, the guy knocks Ethan out, and as Ethan hits the floor, the man speaks into a walkie-talkie: “10-16-28 is not doing well.” Oh dear God, numbers. But are they the numbers!? I don’t think I can go through that again.

NEXT: Technically he’s like 50 percent done with his mission, right?

When Ethan wakes up at the hospital again—handcuffed this time—he’s tended to by Dr. Jenkins, a pudgy little nugget who looks perfectly harmless, except for the whole “you’re having hallucinations, so we’re going to give you a lobotomy against your will” thing. Derek Shepherd, this is not.

Ethan starts freaking out, giving his best Claire Danes-meets-Jack Nicholson, so Nurse Pam injects him with a sedative with all the bedside manner of a velociraptor. She rolls his gurney out into the hallway and leaves him there with a prime view of the operating room.

And suddenly, he’s being wheeled off! It’s Beverly to the rescue! Wearing a soaking wet hoodie, Bev has snuck in from the rain to wheel Ethan’s gurney to safety. But since the hospital maze is tricky, Nurse Pam is quickly coming after them. In a super sneaky secret service agent type of way, Ethan uses Beverly’s trail of water to confuse Nurse Pam before smashing her face into a pane of glass. (Possibly important reiteration: Nurse Pam saw Beverly’s water trail, proving that Bev is real and not just a hallucination, because science.)

After escaping the hospital, Beverly and Ethan take refuge at Boo Radley’s house, where Ethan demands answers.

Bev explains that Agent Evans tried to escape, and that’s why he’s dead. She says that she herself came to Wayward Pines in 1999 and was hit by a motorcycle. Like Ethan, she awoke in the hospital and was told she had a head injury and memory loss. She says it’s now a year later, and Ethan’s shocked because she thinks it’s the year 2000. “It’s 2014,” he moans, but he finally fades off to sleep because of the late-acting sedative and also because of the oppressive weight of life’s harsh truths.

The next morning, Beverly has left Ethan a bag of clothes, so he goes where anyone with new digs would go: to flaunt them at a local park. (He’s seemingly unconcerned about running into the nurse he just face-planted into glass the night before.)

Suddenly, like the deusest of ex machinas, he sees Kate (Carla Gugino)! The missing person he was looking for just happens to be wearing a sundress and schmoozing at a picnic. Kate is so popular and conveniently located! She looks just like the agent he remembers—the tender partner he confided in about the Easter bombings, the pretty face he kissed despite her not-quite-convincing resistance. And for Kate, Ethan looks the same, too, because the second she sees him, she’s frozen like a bad laptop. But never losing her million-watt smile, Kate quickly impels her husband Harold to leave, claiming, “We’re going to miss our program.” (THEORY: Wayward Pines is a purgatory where TV terminology from the 1960s waits until it’s “in” again.)

Ethan tails Kate back to her house—a little too closely, I might add—and she’s barely inside before Ethan knocks on the door. Her husband Harold answers. He’s a little too smile-y for my tastes, but that’s not important right now. He beckons Kate, and she appears. Upon seeing Ethan, she blanches and steps outside with him.

Never losing her cool, here’s what Kate reveals:

1. They’re being watched and listened to. Not only is Wayward Pines full of tiny speakers that emit fake insect noises and smooth whale sounds, but the town is also riddled with cameras and microphones. (THEORY: Wayward Pines is The Truman Show or, more likely, the re-used set of Fox’s short-lived Utopia.) This begs the question: WHO is watching? Is it Sheriff Pope, or is he simply the lowest rung on a ladder of bureaucratic oversight that supervises whatever the hell Wayward Pines is? Is it a governmental “they” who’s watching, or a privatized “they”? Is the cloud somehow involved?

2. She’s lived here 12 years; Ethan thinks they were together just five weeks ago. The timeline is an interesting thing here, because it suggests that there’s a supernatural element at play. He thinks it’s 2014. Beverly thinks it’s 2000. Does Kate think she came to Wayward Pines in 1988, or is she settling on a 2012 sort of thing? A quick look at her happy-sad eyes suggests that she remembers 12 years ago in Wayward and five weeks ago with Ethan. So, the timeline seems fun.

3. Ethan asks, “Is it happening again? Am I having a relapse?” We already know that Ethan has a history of hallucinations, but is that what he’s referring? Could he be an alcoholic, which explains why he got so angry when the random bar guy accused him of drinking? Assuming he’s talking about relapsing into a hallucinatory state, Kate shakes her head no, confirming that Ethan is living the real trippy deal right now.

And that’s about all we get from Kate, who straddles the line between wanting to help Ethan and not wanting to put herself or her husband at risk. Before she leaves, she tells him, “You could be happy here,” but her smile is too wide to be telling the truth.

Frustrated as all hell, Ethan decides to make a run for it. He breaks into some lady’s car and drives it out of town, but moments after he reaches the Wayward Pines city limit…he comes across a “Welcome to Wayward Pines” sign and suddenly he’s back on Main Street. Let’s try this again. Reversing, Ethan drives the opposite direction and yet again finds himself in a loop back in Wayward Pines, except this time he passed a creepy carousel, which is probably not worth mentioning except that I want to.

It’s during this déjà vu driving moment that we see a flash of Adam Hassler and Dr. Jenkins meeting—presumably in rainy Seattle. Adam wants to “call it off” but Jenkins says, “It’s done. It’s all been taken care of.” Again, WTF!? But then again, if we knew TF, we wouldn’t be watching the next nine episodes.

And so, back in Wayward, Ethan ditches the car and stumbles back out through the woods, where he reaches the crème de la crème of creepy: a giant electric fence that encloses all of the town’s acreage with copious warning signs that say, with no lost meaning, “Risk of death. Return to Wayward Pines. Beyond this point you will die.” (THEORY: Wayward Pines is Jurassic Park except with Juliette Lewis instead of dinosaurs.) But serious question: Are these fences supposed to keep people in, or keep something else out?

Ethan climbs back out of the woods and gets back in the car, where Sheriff Pope is waiting for him. “How do I get out of here!?” he begs, and Pope, between bites of a non-existent rum raisin cone, says, “You don’t.” End of episode.

So, that’s where we are now. One half of Ethan’s missing persons case is long since dead in an abandoned house, and the other is living in a pristine colonial with a husband, friends, and 12 years of memories. There’s a lady who claims that you can’t escape the town, and a sheriff who basically confirms it. And there’s an FBI agent who knows the town doctor, and they both seem to be responsible for Ethan ending up in Wayward Pines in the first place.

Let’s begin this week’s Theory Corner on a clean slate: What is your gut reaction to what Wayward Pines actually is? Is it a prison? An asylum? A science experiment? Do people end up there because of their pasts, or because of what they can offer the town in the future? Is residence in Wayward Pines a punishment…or is it a gift?

Leave your comments below, or hit me up on Twitter with your craziest theories!

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Requiem for a Glacier is an artwork which consisted of an installation and sound performance. The main aim of the piece was to memorialize the Jumbo Glacier Area which is under threat from global warming and touristic development. The project consisted of a site-specific musical performance, an exhibition which featured audio and video captured from the performance and a multimedia indoor sound performance.

The performance itself consisted of a four-movement oratorio scored for an orchestra and choir based on temperature records. The lyrics included Latin translation of the BC government’s press release which approved the touristic development at the glacier. The orchestra was made of local 50 volunteer musicians and was accompanied by more than 30 guides, drivers and activists.

The inaugural exhibition of the project took place at the Langham Cultural Centre, Kaslo, British Columbia and was then presented in Ontario and Quebec.

The artist clarifies that their work aims at exploring the interconnections between landscape, identity and technology. This is achieved through the amplification of cultural gestures. The practice, as exemplified by this project, aims at revealing the place of cultural gestures within nature and to capture natural events through cultural practices. This specific artwork aims to communicate how landscape, as a part of the Canadian cultural heritage, is threatened by human actions.

The requiem performed by an orchestra and chorus can be understood as a sign of western culture. The element then is activated to mourn both western culture and nature as represented by the glacier. involving activists and volunteers in the performance amplifies the message. Through the exhibition and documentation of the project, this message is continued beyond the site-specific performance.

Project Title: Requiem for a Glacier
Artist: Paul Walde and volunteers
Year: 2013(performance; exhibitions till 2016)
Place: Farnham GlacierKootenay Land District, BC (Exhibition took place in various locations)

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