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The United States has the largest national economic system in the universe, with a GDP for 2005 of 12.41 trillion dollars. In this assorted economic system, corporations and other private houses make the huge bulk of microeconomic determinations, and authoritiess prefer to take a minimum function in the domestic economic system. Because of this, the U.S. has a little societal safety cyberspace, and concern houses in the U.S. face well less ordinance than those in many other states. The financial policy of the state since the New Deal has followed the general ideals of Keynesian economic sciences, which replaced Hamiltonian economic sciences following the Great Depression. Neoliberal ideals have become more outstanding since the presidential term of Ronald Reagan and with the turning influence of globalisation. Since the early 1980s, the United States has transformed from being the universe ‘s largest creditor to holding a significant current history shortage and a national debt, which is now about 64 % of the GDP and the highest since the 1950s.

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With President Harding ‘s station & # 8211 ; World War I “ Return to Normalcy ” , the United States enjoyed a period of great prosperity during the 1920s. The stock market grew by springs and bounds, fueled by the inflationary policies of the Federal Reserve, and the economic system was considered unbeatable. However, the Great Depression shattered that belief. President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced an array of societal plans and public plants, known jointly as the New Deal. The New Deal included a new societal safety cyberspace affecting alleviation plans like the WPA and the Social Security system. In 1941, the U.S. entered World War II. The place forepart saw tremendous prosperity, as labour deficits brought 1000000s of homemakers, pupils, husbandmans and African Americans into the labour force. Millions moved to industrial centres in the North and West. Military disbursement accounted for over 40 % of GDP at the extremum, driving debt up to record degrees. The station & # 8211 ; World War II old ages were a clip of great prosperity in the United States. The economic system remained stable until the seventiess, when the U.S. suffered stagflation. Richard Nixon took the United States off the Bretton Woods system, and farther authorities efforts to resuscitate the economic system failed. As the decennary progressed, the state of affairs worsened. In November 1980, Robert G. Anderson wrote, “ the decease knell is eventually sounding for the Keynesian Revolution. ” Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980, and was of the sentiment that “ authorities is non the solution to our job, authorities is the job. ” Reagan advocated a plan of ‘supply-side economic sciences ‘ , and in 1981 Congress cut revenue enhancements and disbursement, and decreased ordinances. Although the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) declined by 2 % in 1982, it proceeded to bounce, and by 1988 had enjoyed a sum of 31 % growing since Reagan ‘s election. Under Bill Clinton ‘s eight old ages of presidential term, the GDP expanded by 38 % . By the terminal of his term of office the United States had a Gross National Income ( GNI ) of $ 9.7 trillion, and the lowest unemployment rates in 30 old ages. A recession began during 2000 in connexion to the terminal of the dot-com bubble. Throughout, lodging starts and purchases remained high, and the economic system as of 2005 is considered by many to be strong in general. Some fear high authorities disbursement ( such as in the Iraq War ) every bit good as high oil monetary values may speed up rising prices. There are besides warnings that the Federal Government needs to re-balance the budget to avoid possible default. While default does non look a likely result, it is extremely likely that relentless high budget shortages will drag down the economic system in the hereafter. This applies even more so to the current history shortage and external debt. U.S. liabilities to aliens are estimated at $ 15 trillion in 2005, and go on to turn.

Basic ingredients of the U.S. economic system

The first ingredient of a state ‘s economic system is its natural resources. The United States is rich in mineral resources and fertile farm dirt, and it is fortunate to hold a moderate clime. It besides has extended coastlines on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, every bit good as on the Gulf of Mexico. Rivers flow from far within the continent, and the Great Lakes – five big, inland lakes along the U.S. boundary line with Canada – provide extra transportation entree. These extended waterways have helped determine the state ‘s economic growing over the old ages and helped adhere America ‘s 50 single provinces together in a individual economic unit.

The 2nd ingredient is labour. The figure of available workers and, more significantly, their productiveness aid find the wellness of an economic system. Throughout its history, the United States has experienced steady growing in the labour force, and that, in bend, has helped fuel about changeless economic enlargement. Until shortly after World War I, most workers were immigrants from Europe, their immediate posterities, or African Americans who were largely slaves taken from Africa, or break one’s back posterities. Get downing in the early twentieth century, many Latin Americans immigrated ; followed by big Numberss of Asians following remotion of state – beginning based in-migration quotas. The promise of high rewards brings many extremely skilled workers from around the universe to the United States.

Labor mobility has besides been of import to the capacity of the American economic system to accommodate to altering conditions. When immigrants flooded labour markets on the East Coast, many workers moved inland, frequently to farmland waiting to be tilled. Similarly, economic chances in industrial, northern metropoliss attracted black Americans from southern farms in the first half of the twentieth century.

Third, there is fabricating and investing. In the United States, the corporation has emerged as an association of proprietors, known as shareholders, who form a concern endeavor governed by a complex set of regulations and imposts. Brought on by the procedure of mass production, corporations such as General Electric have been instrumental in determining the United States. Through the stock market, American Bankss and investors have grown their economic system by puting and retreating capital from profitable corporations. Today in the epoch of globalisation American investors and corporations have influence all over the universe. The American authorities has besides been instrumental in puting in the economic system, in countries such as supplying inexpensive electricity ( such as the Hoover Dam ) , and military contracts in times of war.

While consumers and manufacturers make most determinations that mold the economic system, authorities activities have a powerful consequence on the U.S. economic system in at least four countries. Strong authorities ordinance in the U.S. economic system started in the early 1900s with the rise of the progressive motion ; prior to this the authorities promoted economic growing through protective duties and subsidies to industry, reinforced substructure, and established banking policies, including the gilded criterion, to promote nest eggs and investing in productive endeavors.

Stabilization and growing

Possibly most significantly, the federal authorities guides the overall gait of economic activity, trying to keep steady growing, high degrees of employment, and monetary value stableness. Adjusting disbursement and revenue enhancement rates ( financial policy ) or pull offing the money supply and commanding the usage of recognition ( pecuniary policy ) , it can decelerate down or rush up the economic system ‘s rate of growth-in the procedure, impacting the degree of monetary values and employment.

For many old ages following the Great Depression of the 1930s, recessions – periods of slow economic growing and high unemployment – were viewed as the greatest of economic menaces. When the danger of recession appeared most serious, authorities sought to beef up the economic system by passing to a great extent itself or cutting revenue enhancements so that consumers would pass more, and by furthering rapid growing in the money supply, which besides encouraged more disbursement. In the 1970s, major monetary value additions, peculiarly for energy, created a strong fright of rising prices – additions in the overall degree of monetary values. As a consequence, authorities leaders came to concentrate more on commanding rising prices than on battling recession by restricting disbursement, defying revenue enhancement cuts, and harnessing in growing in the money supply.

Ideas about the best tools for stabilising the economic system changed well between the 1960s and the 1990s. In the sixtiess, authorities had great religion in financial policy-manipulation of authorities grosss to act upon the economic system. Since disbursement and revenue enhancements are controlled by the president and the U.S. Congress, these elected functionaries played a prima function in directing the economic system. A period of high rising prices, high unemployment, and immense authorities shortages weakened assurance in financial policy as a tool for modulating the overall gait of economic activity. Alternatively, pecuniary policy-controlling the state ‘s money supply through such devices as involvement rates-assumed turning prominence. Monetary policy is directed by the state ‘s cardinal bank, known as the Federal Reserve Board, with considerable independency from the president and the Congress.

Regulation and control

The U.S. federal authorities regulates private endeavor in legion ways. Regulation falls into two general classs.

Economic ordinance: Seeks, either straight or indirectly, to command monetary values. Traditionally, the authorities has sought to forestall monopolies such as electric public-service corporations from raising monetary values beyond the degree that would guarantee them sensible net incomes. At times, the authorities has extended economic control to other sorts of industries as good. In the old ages following the Great Depression, it devised a complex system to stabilise monetary values for agricultural goods, which tend to fluctuate wildly in response to quickly altering supply and demand. A figure of other industries-trucking and, subsequently, airlines-successfully sought ordinance themselves to restrict what they considered as harmful monetary value film editing.

Another signifier of economic ordinance, antimonopoly jurisprudence, seeks to beef up market forces so that direct ordinance is unneeded. The government-and, sometimes, private parties – have used antimonopoly jurisprudence to forbid patterns or amalgamations that would unduly limit competition.

In 1933, Congress created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) which soon guarantees checking and nest eggs sedimentations in member Bankss up to $ 100,000 per

depositor to forestall bank failures. This was in response to the widespread bank tallies of the early 1930s during the Great Depression.

Social Regulations: Since the 1970s, authorities has besides exercised control over private companies to accomplish societal ends, such as protecting the populace ‘s wellness and safety or keeping a clean and healthy environment. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration tightly regulates what drugs may make the market. For illustration, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration protects workers from jeopardies they may meet at their workplace and the Environmental Protection Agency seeks to command H2O and air pollution.

Such bureaus draw heavy unfavorable judgment from conservativists, who question the bureaus ‘ efficiency and necessity.

American attitudes about ordinance changed well during the concluding three decennaries of the twentieth century. Get downing in the 1970s, policy shapers grew progressively concerned that economic ordinance protected inefficient companies at the disbursal of consumers in industries such as air hoses and hauling. At the same clip, technological alterations spawned new rivals in some industries, such as telecommunications, that one time were considered natural monopolies. Both developments led to a sequence of Torahs easing ordinance.

While leaders of America ‘s two most influential political parties by and large favored economic deregulating during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, there was less understanding refering ordinances designed to accomplish societal ends. Social ordinance had assumed turning importance in the old ages following the Depression and World War II, and once more in the sixtiess and 1970s. But during the presidential term of Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, the authorities relaxed regulations intended to protect workers, consumers, and the environment, reasoning that ordinance interfered with free endeavor, increased the costs of making concern, and therefore contributed to rising prices. Still, many Americans continued to voice concerns about specific events or tendencies, motivating the authorities to publish new ordinances in some countries, including environmental protection. As of March 2005, it is estimated that conformity with authorities ordinance costs the U.S. economic system $ 1.4 trillion a twelvemonth. Some citizens, meanwhile, have turned to the tribunals when they feel their elected functionaries are non turn toing certain issues rapidly or strongly plenty. For case, in the 1990s, persons, and finally authorities itself, sued baccy companies over the wellness hazards of coffin nail smoke. A big fiscal colony provided provinces with long-run payments to cover medical costs to handle smoking-related unwellnesss. The money is largely exhausted ( or will be spent, as cheques are frequently written in expectancy of payments ) for other intents.

Direct services

Each degree of authorities provides many direct services. The federal authorities, for illustration, is responsible for national defence, dorsums research that frequently leads to the development of new merchandises, behaviors infinite geographic expedition, and runs legion plans designed to assist workers develop workplace accomplishments and happen occupations. Government disbursement has a important consequence on local and regional economic systems and even on the overall gait of economic activity.

State authoritiess, meanwhile, are responsible for the building and care of most main roads. State, county, or metropolis authoritiess play the prima function in funding and runing public schools. Local authoritiess are chiefly responsible for constabulary and fire protection. Government disbursement in each of these countries can besides impact local and regional economic systems, although federal determinations by and large have the greatest economic impact.

Overall, federal, province, and local disbursement accounted for about 28 per centum of gross domestic merchandise in 1998.

Direct aid

Government besides provides many sorts of aid to concerns and persons. It offers low-interest loans and proficient aid to little concerns, and it provides loans to assist pupils go to college. Government-sponsored endeavors buy place mortgages from loaners and turn them into securities that can be bought and sold by investors, thereby encouraging place loaning. Government besides actively promotes exports and seeks to forestall foreign states from keeping trade barriers that restrict imports.

Government supports persons who can non or will non adequately care for themselves. Social Security, which is financed by a revenue enhancement on employers and employees, histories for the largest part of Americans ‘ retirement income. The Medicare plan wages for many of the medical costs of the aged. The Medicaid plan fundss medical attention for low-income households. In many provinces, authorities maintains establishments for the mentally sick or people with terrible disablements. The federal authorities provides nutrient casts to assist hapless households obtain nutrient, and the federal and province authoritiess jointly provide public assistance grants to back up low-income parents with kids.

Many of these plans, including Social Security, trace their roots to the “ New Deal ” plans of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who served as the U.S. president from 1933 to 1945. Identify to Roosevelt ‘s reforms was a belief that poorness normally resulted from societal and economic causes instead than from failed personal ethical motives. This position repudiated a common impression whose roots lay in New England Puritanism that success was a mark of God ‘s favour and failure a mark of God ‘s displeasure. This was an of import transmutation in American societal and economic idea. Even today, nevertheless, reverberations of the older impressions are still heard in arguments around certain issues, particularly public assistance.

Many other aid plans for persons and households, including Medicare and Medicaid, were begun in the 1960s during President Lyndon Johnson ‘s ( 1963 & # 8211 ; 1969 ) “ War on Poverty. ” Although some of these plans encountered fiscal troubles in the 1990s and assorted reforms were proposed, they continued to hold strong support from both of the United States ‘ major political parties. Critics argued, nevertheless, that supplying public assistance to unemployed but healthy persons really created dependence instead than work outing jobs. Welfare reform statute law enacted in 1996 under President Bill Clinton ( 1993 & # 8211 ; 2001 ) requires people to work as a status of having benefits and imposes bounds on how long persons may have payments.

National debt

The national debt, besides known as the U.S. public debt and the gross federal debt, is the overall corporate amount of annual federal budget shortages owed by the United States federal authorities. The economic significance of this debt and its possible branchings for future coevalss of Americans are controversial issues in the United States.

The adoption cap debt ceiling as of 2005 stood at 8.18 trillion. In March of 2006, Congress raised that ceiling an extra.79 trillion to $ 8.97 trillion. Congress has used this method to cover with an infringing debt ceiling in old old ages, as the federal adoption bound was raised in 2002 and 2003. The size of the debt is in the millions and accordingly it has been portion of popular civilization to parody the turning debt with some type of Judgment Day clock, diagrammatically demoing the turning indebtedness every second.

While the U.S. national debt is the universe ‘s largest in absolute size, a more accurate step is that of its size relation to the state ‘s GDP. When the national debt is put into this position it appears well less today than in past old ages, peculiarly during World War II. By this step, it is besides well less than those of other industrialised states such as Japan and approximately tantamount to those of several Western European states.

This in writing shows the distribution of gross one-year family income. The edifice ‘s 30 exposed floors are easy divided into quintiles, each income quintile is thereby represented by six floors. Each floor represents the ten percent of a 3rd ( 3.33 % ) of families in the US and each subdivision of 10 floors represent approximately one tierce of American society. The floors above the top black line represent those families with incomes of or transcending $ 100,000. The floors below the bottom black line, nevertheless, represent those families who fell below the poorness threshold. In order to populate on the top floor of the American income strata, a family ‘s one-year gross income must transcend $ 200,000.There is important dissension about poorness in the United States, peculiarly over how poverty ought to be defined. Using radically different definitions, two major groups of advocators have claimed diversely that ( a ) the United States has eliminated poorness over the last century ; or ( B ) it has such a terrible poorness crisis that it ought to give significantly more resources to the job.

The two predating definitions of poorness are really different because one group defines poverty as a deficiency of basic resources. Even with over 300 million people, The United States has a really low figure of people who lack basic necessities ( e.g. , nutrient, shelter and vesture ) . The other group argue that income inequality is supplying the richest 10 % with a much better criterion of life than the poorest 10 % .Much of the argument about poorness comes from groups who either support public assistance plans and authorities ordinance of the market or a market which is ordinance free and non bound by a large societal safety cyberspace. Measures of poorness can be either absolute or relative. Absolute poorness is defined in existent dollar values, whereas relative poorness is a comparing of the highest to the lowest criterion of life at a peculiar clip period.

Income inequality

The United Nations Development Programme Report 2005 ranks income distribution in the United States as the 92nd most equal out of 124 states, as measured by the Gini coefficient. The richest 10 % make 15.9 times every bit much as the poorest 10 % , and the richest 20 % make 8.4 times every bit much as the poorest 20 % . ( See List of states by income equality. )

This does non take into history absolute income degrees. If, for case, one state ‘s poorest are richer than another state ‘s norm, so the inequality comparing becomes less meaningful.

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Election day: A historical Tradition

Election Day is the day where America’s democracy is most prevalent and people can express their political opinions with actions and cause change. Voting as a concept has existed since Ancient Greece and has continued to be practiced today. Voting took place by having people cast their votes on leaves or very early forms of paper, and seal all of the votes in pots to be counted later. Compared to present-day, there isn’t much of a difference in how voting takes place now besides being on a large scale and online.

Voters in Texas hurry to the polls to cast their ballots.

Official laws around elections and voting provide American values in the 1st Article of the Constitution and later modified in the 15th and 19th Amendments where Black men and then all women were allowed the right to vote. In the 24th Amendment, poll taxes were eliminated to make more people interested in voting. The 26th Amendment was ratified to lower the age limit allowing people 18 years and older to vote. Multiple Acts have been made for the purpose of getting rid of limiting factors keeping people from voting or even wanting to vote. Examples of these are the Civil Rights Acts that first acted as outlines to be continued and edited in later renditions.

Capital Hill will soon open to many new elected members of the Congress.

In America, elections take place once every two years on the first Tuesday of the month in November. Members of the House of Representatives and 1/3 of the Senate are up for election every two years, but presidential elections occur every four years. To register and vote for any of these positions in the future, visit https://www.vote.org/register-to-vote/.


The guidelines to follow about what elements are worthy of a whole page on Scrooge McDuck Wikis, and which are not. Keep in mind that those are only general guidelines and not strict rules.

Characters who have a great importance within the story, or have some ties to the main characters (such as family ties) or to their history, are priority. However, ideally, all named characters appearing in a story that has a page on the wiki should also have pages of their own. Nameless characters should only be given pages if they are of special notability (either through their importance in the plot or through an unusual concept).

All stories, no matter how short or obscure, are theoretically worthy of a page. The exception to this would be foreign stories that have not yet been translated in English; of those, only the more notable ones (like the first appearance of a recurring character) ought to receive pages. (The point is, no one's going to come after you to delete it if you create a page about a random 1986 Italian one-shot… but stories available in English should be a priority for editors.)


The GE twinspeed HDx 14.0 MR system is a 1.5 Tesla magnet dedicated to cardiovascular research.

One of the techniques being studied with different types of heart disease is viability, or looking at heart muscle damage to see if there are areas that can be helped by revascularizing the muscle. Cardiac MR exams are time-consuming, so work is being done on pulse sequences and devising new techniques to shorten exam times and make the process easier for patients.

Real-time imaging techniques to image the heart while it is beating and while the person is breathing normally may revolutionize the way cardiac MR imaging is performed because currently, cardiac MR exams require people to hold their breaths while the scan is being acquired.

Another area of study is cardiac function or measuring the ability of the heart to contract.

The IRCCI MR and cardiac catheterization labs are connected via a sliding door. Through the innovation of GE, an XMR (X-ray/MR bed) was developed. Now, patients undergoing a cardiac catheterization procedure can have an MR immediately after to study the effects of the procedure on the heart tissue. The XMR bed slides on a track between the MR and the cardiac catheterization labs to make this possible.


REVIEW Ditian ‘Time Is An Illusion EP’ [Exit Strategy]

Assuring confidence through virtuoso collaborations, Dario Sebastian — Ditian for short— delivers his first solo EP, striding between electronic music’s technicality and sentimentality. The digger persona has burrowed his tracks deep beneath the ranking soil of renowned labels, such as Innervisions and Exit Strategy. Ditian has received recognition and support from Âme, Dixon, Frankey & Sandrino, Trikk, Mano Le Tough, and Tale Of Us. The Argentinian DJ/ Producer’s recently instituted ‘Paranoia’ on Sum over Histories label and has been (re)cast on the two latest Secret Weapons compilations with tracks ‘Fine Day’ and ‘Far From Here’. Ranging from Hernan Cattaneo to Dixon, the IT-tech uproots relationships within the extensive underground electronic system; networking between varying crowds and presumed tastes. Following Nandu’s most recent interludes on Exit Strategy, Ditian’s releases his EP on the label; meandering along a deep house/techno vibe and allowing futuristic trajectories to scuff away neurotic anxieties. Throughout the four-track EP, Ditian synchronizes analogous tempos and flickers around similar percussive elements. Offering a stroke of insight into his present direction, the complementary nature of the tracks represents a cohesive resonance and coalesce energy.

To introduce the EP, Ditian steers a man obsessed with time in — supposed — linear direction. The combating elements chug along disappointing perspectives, neatly laced by yours truly. Whip-lashing synths conjure an attack intensity – consoling when embraced and punishing when resisted. As if adhering to societal expectations, the layers thicken in complexity and intensity. Defining and refining wrinkles around a smirked mouth, the track’s direction briskly detours off a dynamic cliff edge. The deep breakdown spits out mentalities into an unforgiving raft, yet the tide’s main riff maintains a moderate and controllable rhythm. The undercurrent’s clean snares and twangy hi-hats tag-team around the track’s percussive loop. Strategizing to stay afloat, the rolling drums resuscitate breaths of relief, bringing over the realization of the hegemonic distortions – cemented in rules and rusted with fear.

Unlocking the next level, ‘Brutalism’ permits a discreet bliss, as if learning the rules just made it easier to break them. The banging drums help unify the supplemental particles and consolidate the dark hues of a storm cloud. Leaving waterworks cleansed and rejuvenated, the track glistens with bright keys and a celestial melody. Brutalism is a raw architectural technique that boldly paves in monochromatic concrete and flashes invulnerability. Balanced elements hold the same amount of horizontal space and permit ornament impressions to chip away. Muffled claps design a crisp groove that is powerfully simplistic and strikingly omnipotent. Amid mundane perfection, the keys increase in seriousness and the structure in vigor. The electric guitar marks mid-track as well as a notable place with the EP. Shedding parasites that once sought refuge underneath calcified scales, the track stretches with possibility and tightens with youth.

Chromatic Minimalism’s rhythm cements itself into a colorless mosaic of reflection while shrilling AI sounds loop in a reverb of rhetoric. This track would be well suited for an underground warehouse party to help escape the chaos “upstairs”. The percussive-heavy cascara sets the tempo while the futuristic robotic samples evoke a modern complex. Chromatic minimalism is an alternative way to produce photos in photography. By focusing on few colors — when rendered — their pigments transcend their form, resulting in an illusion of the senses. Typically function typically follows form, that is, aside from modernist architecture. Winding in an impetus of hard-hitting drums helps to enliven pitches that lay outside the gamut. Mutualizing off one another, rattling tambourines circle the ear and successive vibraslaps swirl inward. Once the tinny cowbell strikes, a balance is restored amongst the track’s present-day abiotic factors.

Time Is An Illusion’ meets a celestial eye to Brutalism’s elements, meanwhile the delusion of a predestinated path is lost through blinded sight. Ditian has versed himself in remixing vocal samples such as ‘Fine Day’ for Secret Weapons Part 11 and other melancholic vocals from respected artists such as Bob Moses, Jamie xx, and Moderat. Provoking a mental disassociation, the vocal sample in ‘Time Is An Illusion’ is also featured on DJ Koze’s ‘XTC’ and proven to secure dance-floor phantasms. The vocal’s brevity expands and contracts in accordance with the rhythmic fluttering of the mind. Linear and luminously aloof, the elements reflect the relative division between the shimmering past, the captivating present, and the sedating future. Eventually time’s intrinsic bomb ticks and clicks down heart-beats to an inevitable silence. At 5:20 a spotlight is shone on a murky and incredibly deep melody, adding in some of Ditian’s previous airy sounds with Kevin Di Serna in ‘Crystal Forest’.

Falling underneath the melodic house/techno umbrella, Ditian’s tinkering robotic synths drip and drop around celestial grooves. Projecting a fluid placidity, tinny shakers clatter against striking synth-solos and flow in a bold tranquility – present and unforced. The EP’s percussive loop in ‘Broken Scenario’ battles the elemental layers of uncharted ruins. Next up, ’Brutalism’s high pitched keys help lighten the weight while the electric guitar’s intensifies gazes. Furthermore, the robotic samples and brassy cowbells in ‘Chromatic Minimalism’ twist and turn around the EP’s contemporary circuit. And in due timing, ‘Time is an Illusion’s deep sequences dance around the clock while the EP’s only vocal imprints an eye-closing melody to bask in. Tempering with nostalgic and futuristic tones, Ditian’s EP captures aligned essences with his recurrent melodies. Thus far, Ditian’s potential to independently construct wave mechanics has proven successful and further demonstrates his ability to parcel sound particles throughout time.

Ditian’s ‘Time Is An Illusion EP’ was released on August 15th on Exit Strategy.

Review by Isabella Gadinis


Asked Feb 15, 2019

Consider the gaseous reaction CO(g) + Cl2(g) COCl2(g). What is the expression for Kp in terms of K?

check_circleExpert Solution
Step 1

The equilibrium reaction and the equilibrium constant are given.

The square braces denote molar concentrations. The molar concentration is defined as the ratio of the mole(s) of the substance to the volume of the vessel containing the substance.

Step 2

Let the equilibrium system contain n1, n2 and n3 mole(s) of CO, Cl2 and COCl2 in a vessel having volume V. Therefore,

Step 3

Let T be the equilibri...

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Risk assessment

Make Hazard Analyses Better

Assess human factors to provide a more comprehensive and effective evaluation

By GC Shah, Wood

Human error is a culprit in many industrial incidents, including some catastrophic events. Some safety experts suggest that human errors contribute to 60% to 70% or more of these incidents. However, some process hazard analyses (PHAs) pay scant attention to human factors — i.e., how workers interact with various aspects of running and managing operations. Equally troubling, human factors get barely any consideration during the design stage.

Until we reach the point where all processes are totally controlled by robots and artificial intelligence without any human involvement, operator interactions with equipment, instruments and controls, as well as other operators, will continue to play a pivotal part in minimizing safety mishaps. Indeed, operator interaction has prevented many unsafe events from becoming disasters.

Therefore, it’s crucial not just to realize that human faults continue to contribute to unsafe events but also to take steps to address such risks. This demands consideration of human factors in PHAs as well as design to minimize the possibility of human error.

Trouble Spots

Before we discuss the ways to augment human factor considerations in PHAs and design, consider the following:

• While best-in-class companies arrange multiple sessions during design and PHAs to discuss human factors, many other companies spend little time delving into human factors during a PHA.

• Although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s process safety management regulation requires human factors as a part of risk analysis (29 CFR 1910.119 (e) (3) (vi)), it lacks specificity. As a result, some companies regard human factors in a very narrow sense, such as equipment accessibility by an operator, limiting the breadth of discussion during design as well as a PHA.

• Many operating companies have laid off or otherwise lost experienced workers at plants. This robs new or relatively inexperienced operators of mentors. Proper training can address this issue to some extent. (See “Training Takes on an Added Dimension,” for some emerging developments.) Unfortunately, though, many plants have curtailed or eliminated training departments. So, effective operator training now is all too rare. Inadequate or improper training contributes to human error.

• In some cases, operating instructions aren’t clearly written. Human errors can occur because of poor instructions or poor understanding by operators or both.

• Today’s work force is substantially more diverse than that of 15 to 20 years ago. Language and cultural barriers could contribute to human errors. Safety managers and plant managers have the formidable task of ensuring that all operators and contractors have a clear unambiguous understanding of procedures.

• Many plants rely on legacy control systems that didn’t consider human factors adequately. As a result, the human/machine interface (HMI) displays aren’t easy to grasp quickly. In the event of an emergency, the legacy systems could delay effective response by an operator. (New control and information systems do consider human factors in design, e.g., for the HMI.)

Eight Key Points

Human factors pervade nearly all activities in running and maintaining a plant and, therefore, are multidisciplinary. Many regulations and guidelines are available (e.g., ASTM 1166 “Standard Practice for Human Engineering Design…,” NFPA 101 “Life Safety Code…,” OSHA 3124 “Stairways and Ladders,” and others on alarm management and rationalization, HMI design, labeling, etc.).

Figure 1 depicts human factors from a systems’ viewpoint and highlights the four key aspects: operator/equipment interactions; operator interactions with instruments/controls and networks; contractor interactions; and tasks. It also notes specific factors that can impact safety in the event of an error. The bottom-line during design is to match systems with average human capabilities. To enhance the effectiveness of human factors assessment, consider eight key points.

1. At the strategic level, a safety professional or a PHA facilitator should evaluate the prevailing safety culture at your company. This could provide an opportunity to alert management to issues. Collect relevant data to show how human factors, or lack thereof, contributed to safety mishaps. Demonstrate that investment in human factors considerations (during design as well as a PHA) has an attractive return on investment. Get management’s buy-in.

2. With management’s buy-in, you now face a decision — whether to do human factors as a segment of a PHA or distinct from the PHA. Generally, the size of a project determines the choice. For relatively small projects (e.g., skid-mounted units, minor changes in process piping, instrumentation or equipment), include the human factors assessment as part of a hazards and operability (HAZOP) study. For large projects (e.g., pilot plants, new process units involving several operations or major capital investments), it’s usually best to perform human factors assessment separately from a regular PHA.

3. Small projects usually require only a single human factors assessment session. However, for large projects, it’s sensible to hold several sessions. Some topics to cover include equipment accessibility; operating/maintenance instructions; ingress/egress and escape routes; lighting; noise; stairs, ladders and platforms; crane operations; alarm management or rationalization; HMI design; control room layout and ergonomics; communications (especially in severe weather); and compliance with applicable regulations, standards and company guidelines. In addition, always consider possible impacts on human factors in other areas of the plant.

Divide each of the topics into several sections or nodes. For each node, delve into appropriate issues in detail. For instance, here are some questions to ponder regarding accessibility:

• Do the large valves have motor or hydraulic operators?
• Does getting to valves at high elevation require a platform?
• Should piping be re-routed so all valves are accessible?
• Should valves at very high elevation have chain operators? (However, some organizations avoid chain operators out of concern that a chain operator may not be able to guarantee that a valve is tightly closed when required.)
• Do maintenance people have adequate room to work?
• Are some valves so close to the ground that operators will have a hard time operating them?
• Are furnace burners’ and pilots’ fuel valves (which sometimes are under the furnace) safely accessible? In the event of unsafe conditions, can an operator quickly and safely exit from under the furnace? Is lighting sufficient?
• Can an operator do several things simultaneously when required — for instance, watch the level indicator on a drum while opening a valve?
• How accessible are drain valves on drip pans for large compressors or turbines?
• Are all sampling points easily accessible?

4. Factor-in generational and regional differences. For example, most-appropriate lighting, spacing and even furniture (chairs, desks) may differ from one generation to another. Similarly, the average size of people in the particular region of the world where the project is sited will influence, e.g., optimal chair and desk heights.

5. Incorporate the issues you’ve identified into a detailed questionnaire. Its focus should be to ensure adequate consideration of human factors so as to minimize the possibility of human error. You may use applicable standards, regulations and company guidelines in developing the questionnaire.

To enhance PHA effectiveness and efficiency, send the questionnaire to the participants well ahead of the sessions so they have adequate time to carefully review the questionnaire.

6. While a PHA offers an effective means to assess human factors, it doesn’t obviate attention to human factors during the design, procurement and installation stages. Consider holding several discussions with multidisciplinary teams during various design stages. Getting active participation from operators and maintenance personnel is important. Involve them in the PHA as well.

7. Seek active and open participation from contractors, too. But, first, as part of the selection/approval process, ensure the chosen contractor has a robust safety system and culture.

8. Consider holding several training sessions, preferably led by a human factors specialist, for professionals involved in design, procurement and construction.

Minimize Human Errors

Industry clearly must place greater emphasis on human factors to improve safety. Addressing human factors requires participation of multiple teams. Operators, maintenance personnel and contactors play vital roles in ensuring an effective human factors assessment. Also, give human factors an integral role when assessing adoption of new technologies.

GC SHAH, PE, is a senior consultant at Wood, Houston. E-mail him at ghanshyam.shah@woodplc.com.


You are here:Home/Resources/ Manuscripts in the Byzantine Collection

Manuscripts in the Byzantine Collection

Open Our Manuscripts

Illustrated manuscripts are not simply texts. Neither are they simply a series of images. They are objects which combine text and image into a visual and verbal tool with particular uses and behaviors. We experience books sequentially by turning the pages. We can only experience a real book as openings, and then only one opening at a time. These animated manuscripts allow you to page back and forth through these books as they were intended to be used, and as they were used for hundreds of years before arriving at the museum.

The manuscripts in the Byzantine Collection available as digital facsimiles are listed below, along with links to high-resolution images provided by Harvard Page Delivery Service, the HOLLIS catalog records, and further information on the museum website.

Dumbarton Oaks Manuscript 1, fol. 32r

Gospel Lectionary

Dumbarton Oaks Manuscript One (Acc. No. BZ.1939.12)

Gospel lectionaries compiled episodes from the life of Christ, not in natural narrative order, but in the order they were read according to the liturgical calendar, beginning with Easter. One intriguing aspect of this manuscript is that there is a radical change between folios 41 and 42 from the more common columns to a text block in the shape of a cross, a form known only in a handful of surviving lectionary manuscripts.

Digital facsimile | Table of lections | High-resolution images | HOLLIS record | Further information

Dumbarton Oaks Manuscript 3, fol. 266v

Psalter and New Testament

Dumbarton Oaks Manuscript Three (Acc. No. BZ.1962.35)

Compact manuscripts such as this one were primarily produced in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, as expressions of personal piety. Dumbarton Oaks’ MS 3, combining the Psalter, Odes and New Testament in a single column, is a luxurious, generously illustrated book with much of the text written in gold. It includes a table with dates for Easter for the years 1084 to 1101, and so can be dated with confidence to 1084.

Digital facsimile | High-resolution images | HOLLIS record | Further information

Dumbarton Oaks Manuscript 4, fol. 151r

Gospels of Luke and John

Dumbarton Oaks Manuscript Four (Acc. No. BZ.1974.1)

This Gospel book contains only Luke and John, and so was perhaps part of a two-volume set. Scholars originally dated it to the latter twelfth century based on the style of the paintings. More recent paleographical study has indicated that the text is written in an archaizing script of a kind that was current in the latter half of the thirteenth century. This suggests that we may need to reevaluate the earlier date, given that the miniatures appear to be later additions.

Dumbarton Oaks Manuscript 5, fol. 2v

Gospel Book

Dumbarton Oaks Manuscript Five (Acc. No. BZ.2009.033)

This twelfth-century Greek manuscript is a fine example of a complete middle Byzantine Tetraevangelion. It contains a full set of elaborately decorated canon tables, Eusebios’ letter to Carpianus explaining the canon tables, chapter headings for each gospel, evangelist portraits, and the text of each gospel. Five folios have full page illuminations—Christ enthroned and the four Evangelist portraits—with figures painted against framed gold backgrounds.


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Causes of Headaches and Diarrhea

Headaches and diarrhea can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection. According to Mayo Clinic, headaches and diarrhea can be caused by food poisoning. People who suffer from influenza or develop malaria can also experience headaches and diarrhea. If symptoms of headache or diarrhea do not stop or get worse, contact a health care provider.

Influenza is caused by a viral infection. Typically the viral infection affects the respiratory system and is very contagious. Symptoms of a flu infection can include a headache, congestion, nausea, diarrhea and vomiting, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Other symptoms can include chills and sweats, body aches and a fever that comes on suddenly. There are many types of influenza viruses, which is why it is recommended to get a flu shot every flu season. People who have a weakened immune system due to illness, work with children or are pregnant have an increased risk of catching the flu. Most cases of a flu infection will clear up on their own and treatment requires nothing more than drinking plenty of liquids and getting plenty of rest.

Food Poisoning

Food poisoning occurs when food or water that contain viruses, bacteria or parasites is ingested. Bacteria such as staphylococcus or E. coli are two of the most common causes of food poisoning. According to the Mayo Clinic, symptoms of food poisoning include headaches, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Other signs of food poisoning can include weakness, fever and chills. Food poisoning is often a result of poor sanitary conditions, improper food handling or improper food storage methods. Food that is left out too long or that has been contaminated by someone who may have come in contact with a bacteria or germ can help contribute to a case of food poisoning. Treatment of food poisoning depends on the type of germ that causes it. In many cases rest and the replacement of lost fluids will be the only necessary treatment. Antibiotics may be prescribed for certain bacterial infections.

According to the Mayo Clinic, malaria is a potentially deadly disease that is caused by a one-celled parasite called plasmodium. The parasite is generally spread through mosquito bites. Symptoms of malaria include headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Other signs include moderate to severe shaking and chills, profuse sweating and high fever. Malaria is often found in parts of the world where the climate is tropical or sub-tropical. Most developed countries with temperate climates are free from malaria. Travelers who visit foreign places--such as Asia, Africa or South America--where it is possible to come into contact with mosquitoes that carry malaria, are at risk for contracting the disease. According to the Mayo Clinic, treatment for malaria often requires one of several types of medicines including chloroquine, quinine sulfate or a combination of atovaquone and proguanil.

Is This an Emergency?

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BarSmart.Systems, Art of Culinary
BarSmart.Systems, Art of Culinary

Pushing the boundaries of perception while mesmerizing patrons with jaw dropping visual effects a strikingly bold new pop-up restaurant is touring a city near you

Angelo Giordano has a unique, one of a kind 360 dining entertainment experience, that combines the power of 3D mapping, along with cutting-edge holographic technology, creating 4D visuals, bringing world class culinary artistry to life. From stage to table, Giordano's “Art of Culinary”, offers an exciting, memorable experience for the entire family!

Somewhere between sense and sensibility, fantasy becomes reality and what’s real is left only to your imagination. Diners are immersed in a world of limitless possibilities as culinary art springs to life right before their eyes. The breath-taking decor and alluring atmosphere will captivate you to no end.
An expertly curated menu offers a story-line of authentic international entrees, prepared by in-house and celebrity guest chefs, hailing from every corner of the globe, creating a true feast for all your senses.

Art of Culinary dining experience offers an unparalleled selection of fine wines , along with a variety of top shelf spirits and brilliantly hand crafted cocktails, amazingly garnished, creating a blissful work of liquid art, creating an interactive drink experience.

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Lord Berkeley's Seat

Area:Loch Maree to Loch Broom
Classification:Munro Top
(also sub Sim)
Maps:435(N) Explorer or 19 Landranger
Grid Ref:NH064835         Hills nearby: 5km 10km 20km
Daylight:dawn 07:29, sunrise 08:14, sunset 15:57, dusk 16:43

view on a bigger map

If you need accommodation we have details of 10 properties offering rooms near Lord Berkeley's Seat. Here are some examples:

4 Sykes Cottages Assessed Cottage
£439-2516 per week
15.3km (9.5 miles) away, sleeps 6
3 Sykes Cottages Assessed Cottage
£305-1573 per week
12.5km (7.7 miles) away, sleeps 6
3 Sykes Cottages Assessed Cottage
£246-1469 per week
12.5km (7.8 miles) away, sleeps 2


Saturday, September 10, 2016

Building a Torrent of Waterfall Color

I like building my scenes slowly. Some may think I am too timid, but I want to make sure I insure that the whites are reserved in all their luminous shades.It's the way light actually bends and moves through objects in space, so the light seems to actually be on the painting itself.  Here is how I do it, in this case a Waterfall Demo at Reddi Arts one of my teaching venues.

As you can see this initial "ghost" painting (no pencil in my case) is design to both "draw in" and map out the structure and the light.  I am not interested in shadows or detail, just light.  The background is the most important since in this piece the light is behind the trees.

I slowly add hints of the waterfall and build the wet soft light gradations wet into wet.

Once the water is fleshed out (not fully detailed yet) I move to the yellow of the forest color.  This tells me just where the warm light hits the leaves (always the yellow and lights done first).

I build on those yellow colors with my sap greens, olive greens and start moving toward the "cool temperature" greens, the chromes, sage and blue greens for the leaves in shadow.

Not that a series of "light" relationships are established halftones and shadows can be introduced.  I mixed up some burnt umber and red and blue to get a more interesting cool shadow.  Burnt umber by itself can look a bit dead, so the other two colors in the mix add some luminosity to the shadow by adding a shifting light spectrum within the mix.  I gradually move out of the shadow using burnt sienna mixed wet into wet so there is some transition to the light.
I have also taken this moment while the watercolor in the waterfall wash is still slightly moist to add a bit of detail to the aqua colors. By doing this while it is slightly damp it gives the stroke a soft gentler edge, I also add some light purple shadows in the shadow areas.

I keep up this method building detail with a color related to the burnt sienna, raw sienna, a more golden light, because the leaves closer to the light would have more yellow than blue (the cool/warm on the color wheel concept).  Always be cognizant of what the temperature of your place is in the picture.

Above you can see I am starting only now to move deeper into the cooler shadow greens with cerulean and chrome, sometimes olives.  I worked a bit to try to keep an interesting aqua edge to the waterfall that both had color and softness for the cool spray on the water. Some leafy shadows above are added here with olives and a bit of cerulean.

Last, with a bolder set of multi-color cool blues, and aquas, light thin purple, I do horizontal strokes for the water ripples while there is still some moisture in the paper.  If not when you put the light purples in first, then add the cool aquas boldly on top using slightly overlapping strokes in a horizontal fashion.  Be cognizant of the glow from the waterfall and the light on the water that must mirror that.

And that's all there is to it!


The Face of Slavery: Them Dark Days

Twentieth-century scholars of slavery have both slavery’s effects on the slave mentality and the development of culture (or lack thereof) and the existence of paternalism among the slave-holding class. However, authors such as Ulrich Phillips, Kenneth Stammp, and Eugene Genovese all approach the subject on broad, comprehensive terms, paying little or no attention to the individual. Dunsiberre, in his three-part book, Them Dark Days, tries to approach the situation from the opposite stance, hoping to find the greater truths behind slave life not in broad conceptual analysis, but in the individual. He gives names and faces to both the slaves and their masters. In doing so, he presents a grim picture of slave life under the peculiar institution: one that was neither paternalistic, nor civilizing. The central theme of his work, as stated in the Preface, is that slavery was even more horrific than previously thought. Paternalism, which he carefully qualifies, existed only to increase the fortunes of the masters through the newly-evolved capitalist mentality. Hatred and insubordination lurked in the minds of even the most privileged slaves. Through looking at detailed plantation records, travel journals and WPA interviews, Dusinberre constructs a very personal picture of slavery in the south. By exclusively dealing with the rice planting regions of Georgia and South Carolina, the author asserts that the slaves were not passive, although their rebellion only had limited success, and indeed no chance for true success. As the Yankee armies marched southward, and rice gave way to cotton and tobacco, the fortunes of the rice-planting class waned until the crop was extinct altogether. Among many of the caricatures Dusinberre paints are those of the slave-holding class themselves. Charles Manigault, his son Louis, and South Carolinian planter and later governor Robert Allston, to whom Dusinberre loosely applies the term “Gentlemen Capitalists”, established the Gowrie rice plantation just outside of Savannah, Georgia and its northern contemporaries Pee Dee and Chicora Wood, respectively. These enterprises were risky at best, as unpredictable forces such as disease, flood, and Civil War all determined the profitability of each year’s crop. However, these gentlemen planters were able to turn a profit. In the case of the Manigaults, an initial investment of $49,500 gradually turned into a respectable sum of $266,300 – a number that Dusinberre qualifies as including land and slave holdings. In addition, the sum is more than twice that of the 3% fixed-rate interest the shaky American bonds of the time had to offer. On the other hand, the cost of acquiring such a fortune was great, as $67,200 in Gowrie slaves were lost to disease and over-work, while the birth rate remained significantly lower. As a “Gentleman Capitalist”, Charles Manigault instilled a gentile education in both his wife and children. Travel, he believed, was essential to the development of the individual, and he applied this theory by spending several years with his family in France. He also made trips for business and pleasure to Wales, Egypt, and the Orient. As a wedding present for his second-born son, Louis, he gave the couple 10,000 dollars to spend on a trip through Europe. Dusinberre also focuses on Robert Allston’s Pee Dee and Chicora Wood plantations. Although somewhat lenient towards his slaves in some regards, Allston’s employment of tough overseers and emphasis on iron-fisted discipline created animosity amongst the slaves working for him. Unlike Charles Maginault, Allston despised absenteeism, and set up a residence near the plantation so that he could closely monitor its activities. Although ruthlessness prevailed amongst the slave-holding classes of the cotton-growing Southwest, one would not expect it of the well-bred Atlantic Coast rice growers. This was not the case, however, as the Manigault callousness has been well-documented in startling slave mortality rates. From 1833 to 1861, the slave mortality rate was nearly double that of the birth rate, while the infant mortality rate was a ghastly 90% – not including miscarriages and still-births. Pregnant women were privileged to have the medical attention of the well-trusted overseer, whose lack of expertise no doubt helped contribute to the 97 deaths of the 109 children born at Gowrie between 1855 and 1855. In only one year did the birth-rate exceed the mortality rate, as poor medical attention, cholera, measles, dysentery, and malaria decimated the Carolinian gentleman’s capital. Other problems included child-bearing risks and drowning. White people were not immune to the forces of nature, as is evidenced by Gowrie’s loss of four overseers over the course of those same years, but an analysis of the statistics reveals a profound difference in mortality rates between whites and blacks. Dusinberre asks the obvious question: why would a businessman, or more correctly a paternalistic businessman, allow his capital to die so frequently? The answer, he believes, lies in the nature of the system itself. Firstly, the paramount objective of maintaining slave-order and discipline undermined economic concerns, or, at the very least, evolved from them. A runaway slave who dies of the perils inherent in hiding out in a swamp sets the example for other slaves, and is therefore more valuable dead than alive and free. Absenteeism and cost-cutting were also important factors. As for families, they were on very precarious footing at Gowrie, and were inevitably unsuccessful. In the chapter “Unhappy Families”, the author tirelessly reconstructs the family histories of those living on the Georgia plantation. The perils that these families faced were uncountable. If by chance a pair of slaves reached adulthood, they could expect any manner of separation, including death, deportation, and voluntary separation. Furthermore, if they were lucky enough to have any surviving offspring, their children were unlikely to survive the tribulations peculiar to the rice-growing region or their master’s distaste for slave unions. Dusinberre points out the recent efforts of scholars to accentuate slave morality and family values in the face of an institution that clearly made every effort against it, but warns: “there may be a danger of exaggerating how much the slaves were able to achieve against the odds” (p. 121). Much has been made about the slave’s proclivity for insubordination, ranging from simply malingering to full-scale rebellions. Dusinberre, for his part, maintains that a rebellion in the rice growing regions was an impossibility. A slave-holder like Charles Maginaut, his sons, or the overseer could walk confidently through a field of a hundred slaves without fear. A series of three distinct, yet cruel threats kept his slaves in fear of their master’s hand. First, he would have the slave flogged, which he often euphemized as “just punishment”, by either the overseer or, preferably, another slave. Second was a trip to the Savannah jail house, were the slave would repeatedly be flogged over the course of his stay. The advantage of this was that the slave was whipped by a complete stranger, directing the slave’s anger at someone besides the owner or overseer; also, detainment meant that he could not run away at night. The third and most dreaded form of punishment was being sold down to New Orleans, which was more than an idle threat. Beyond this, there was always a looming reminder of white military prowess that kept the slaves from insurrection – or simply the fear of being reduced to a field-hand for privileged slaves. On Gowrie, the slaves found more mild forms of subversion, such as inefficiency or theft. With regards to malingering, Dusinberre maintains that while the slaves were often “inefficient” in their work, they were nevertheless quite “productive”, and that the slave/profit ratio was great until after emancipation. On the other hand, theft or unauthorized sojourns affected the entire slave population. Within a decade, two dozen fugitives had been charted in Gowrie’s records. Citing Eugene Genovese and Kenneth Stammp, among others, as perpetuators of traditional slave classification, Dusinberre looks to break down the long-held myths about the slave mentality by giving names and faces to his six classifications. Somewhere between the tooth-and-nail rebellion of Nat Turner and the bumbling innocence of “Sambo” lies the Gowrie plantation slave. Naming examples of each, the author details the personalities and treatment of the “determined” slave, the “truculent” slave, the “cunning” slave, the “upright conformist”, the “demoralized opportunist”, and the “proud” slave. Each vary in their level of indulgence toward their master, yet the common undercurrent is both the impossibility of achieving their goals under such an oppressive institution and a cognitive understanding of the causes and effects of their actions. A good example of this might be the “cunning” boatman Hector, who, after inheriting an old coat of Charles’, puffs himself up merely to indulge the master’s laughter. “Hector,” Dusinberre writes, “was up to playing the required role in order to make his masters feel good” (p. 173). Hector was Louis’s playmate, and a well-liked slave on the Gowrie plantation, and was therefore given privileges. Privilege came in two forms: those extended to the whole gang, and those extended to select individuals. The latter case resulted in the formation of what Dusinberre calls a “slave elite” at Gowrie. Privileges such as meat, special medical care, holidays, clothing rations, and shoes were doled out on select occasions to make the slaves believe they were favored by the master. Sometimes Charles Maginault would deprive the slaves of these amenities only to make them think themselves lucky when they were returned. When the plantation was in-between overseers, Charles and his family relied heavily on privileged slaves such as Driver George or Charles the Trunk Minder. “Without the assistance of the leading slaves, plantation operations could not have proceeded” (p. 194), Dunsiberre writes. Beyond the material benefits of skilled, privileged slaves, they offered their owners the belief that they were uplifting their slaves by affording them such responsibilities. In Allston’s case, the slave’s “faithfulness” was the most desired characteristic. However, this privilege was always undermined by a certain degree of hatred, as the paternalistic system Genovese or Phillips envisioned begins to break down under Dusinberre’s careful criticism. Although these “leading slaves” were granted certain privileges, the author reminds us that the paternalism of the slave-holding class that Eugene Genovese describes in Roll Jordan, Roll should only carefully be discussed with regards to southern rice growers, who were primarily – and above all – capitalists. When the northern armies came through during the Civil War, the Maginaults were somehow astonished to find out that all their trusted house-“servants” (they rarely used the word slave) had fled, defacing the families cherished portraits along the way. Slavery offered the planter-class ample opportunity to present what they felt was Christian morality and virtue. As an institution, Slavery was the embodiment of white supremacy, and in fighting the Civil War, the Southern states fought not so much to protect slavery, as Dusinberre argues, but to continue white domination from what Robert Allston feared: “the giving up of our country to the ravages of the black race” (p. 351). Britain and France had already abolished slavery, and emancipation was in the air. The treatment white plantations owners experienced upon returning to their homes illuminates the hatred the slaves felt towards the system. In concluding his inquiry, Dusinberre wonders aloud how a benevolent paternalistic society could evoke such hatred in its subjects. Simply put, paternalism did not exist – only hatred of the oppressed for their oppressors, and a capitalistic society of white planters that cared more for their own wealth and family’s prestige than even the most basic necessities of their “servants.”


Обзор лучших ресурсов по разработке бренда, разработке упаковки

contact us | ok@ohmycode.ru

Design: Alevtina Kolegova
Location: Russia
Project Type: Concept
Packaging Contents: Cosmetics
Packaging Substrate / Materials: Plastic

The choice between what you want to take and what doesn't take too much space in your suitcase always arises while getting ready for the holidays. The number of things you can take with you is limited. Moreover, it is always nice to keep a spare space for souvenirs and shopping. We set ourselves a goal to develop a convenient travel packaging that takes up a minimum of space in a suitcase, would store the contents, and would also be convenient to use.

What's Unique?
A package that carefully stores the contents, and also protects from spilling liquid into a suitcase. The soft case allows you comfortably and effortlessly use the product.


Most know about house insurance claims

Canadians know quite a bit about their insurance

It has been found that 77% of Canadian surveyed know what is covered on their home insurance policies.

This means that people are asking questions and getting the answers that they need. Of the 1,503 people surveyed by TD in the first week of September 2010 more than half of the people said that they had made a claim on their insurance.

Of that group 42% were surprised by what was covered and what was not on their insurance at the time of the claim.

The survey showed that Canadians most commonly believe the following is included in their home insurance:

  • Damaged or stolen property (82%)
  • Protection from liability if someone hurts themselves on their property (78%)
  • Roof damage from tree branches (73%)

Some of the misunderstandings include how much would be covered if your lawn or garden is damaged. The correct answer is that there is a limited amount and hail is not covered for your prize garden.

About 57% do not have an inventory of their contents. More than 66% do not advise their insurer when they buy something that is very expensive.

When asked 36% of Canadians surveyed were right about water damage being the greatest cause of claims 37% of the time.

Congratulations are in order. People are asking more questions and getting the answers they need on their homeowner insurance. To take control of your insurance means to ask for help when you need it and get the advice from the experts.


Originally posted by santantoni:
re : Rikki

Hi Rikki, I am using BIAB v 2007.
You are too right...the intros and endings in BIAB sound NOTHING like dedicated hardware. In that respect,I like OMB a lot,because it plays the real intros form the PSR styles. Truly a killer feature .
The chord progressions created in BIAB are good,true...BIAB has other things that are missing elsewhere.
I gotta say that I really like the PSR styles that OMB can play...I have a big bunch of them now,they sound really good.
If BIAB could read PSR styles too,and have the same intro - endings as OMB,it would be unbeatable. But nothing is perfect I guess...what matters in the end is that we use what we can to make the best music we can


Some life history aspects of threespined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeaus in Siahroud river (Southern Caspian Sea-Iran)

UDC 597.556.25

Patimar Rahman, Badraghi Behrouz**, Seifi Taghi***

*, **Gonbad Institutes of Higher Education, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences
and Natural Resources, Gonbad, Iran,,
***Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Natural Resources,
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

Р. Патимар, Б. Бадрахи, Т. Сейфи

*, **Институт высшего образования Гонбада, Горганский университет сельскохозяйственных наук и природных ресурсов, Гонбад, Иран,,
***Кафедра рыболовства, Факультет рыболовства и природных ресурсов, Горганский университет сельскохозяйственных наук и природных ресурсов, Горган, Иран

The Gasterosteidae family has 2 species in Iran; ninespine stickleback Pungitius platygaster (Kessler, 1859) is native to Iran and threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758 appears to be of a “marine” form, which reported as an introduction to Iran by Abdoli (1993) and Coad and Abdoli (1993). In the range distribution of the fish in northern hemisphere, Iranian coast of Caspian Sea forms the southern limit of its distribution (Coad, Abdoli, 1993). To our knowledge, no detailed studies of the species have been exclusively conducted in the southern Caspian basin. We hypothesized that the south Caspian basin may contribute to habitat-specific variation in life history traits of threespine stickleback. Therefore, for a better understanding of life history of threespine stickleback from southeastern Caspian basin, this paper attempts to represent of first detailed information on this fish .

The present study was carried out in the mouth of SiahroudRiver which is situated at the south of Caspian Sea. It is a type of small stream rising on the humid north slope of the Elburz Mountains (MazanderanProvince). Sampling on the basis of once per month, was carried out using beach sein from November 2006 to July 2007. In the laboratory, total length was measured to the nearest 1 mm for all fish sampled. Total weight and weight of gonads were recorded with an electronic analytical balance to the nearest 0,01g. The age was determined from opercula taken from both sides. Sex was determined by examination of the gonad tissue either with eye or with the aid of a binocular. An analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was performed to test significance differences in weight-length relationships between sexes. The overall sex ratio was assessed using Chi square test (Zar, 1984). Comparison of GSI values during reproductive period and its temporal variation in each sex carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 11,5 software package and a significant level of 0,05 was accepted.

Of the collected specimens, males ranged from 45 to 70 mm and 1,10 to 3,58 g, while females ranging from 45 to 98 mm and 0,96 to 4,02 g. Aging revealed that the older ages recorded were 3+ for both sexes. In the population, observed length-at-age were different between sexes, females were longer and heavier than males (ANCOVA, F=141,08, P<0,05). The most frequent size classes in the samples were 57–58 mm for males and 63–64 mm for females. Males were absent in the length classes larger than 69–70 mm. Length-weight relationship evaluated by using the lengths and weights were found significant with the high regression coefficient. The b-values of considered groups imply that the body shape of the fish displays negative allometric form (t-test, tmale=21,80, tfemale=7,17, tpopulation=13,01, p<0,05). All of individuals were sexed. Even though the overall ratio of males to females was 1:1,19, Chi-square analysis showed no significant differences from the ration 1:1 (χ2=3,02, p>0,05). An unequal sex ratio was observed among the length groups, males were dominant in length groups ranged from 55 to 60.

Significant changes were obtained in the temporal variation of GSI (ANOVA, Ffemale=21,09, Fmale=5,18, p<0,05). The GSI values of males were significantly lower than those of females (ANOVA, F=281,03, p<0,05). The highest average recorded values of GSI were in April for males and in May for females; 1,67±1,05 (SD) for males and 14,31±8,42 (SD) for females. Following the seasonal cycle of GSI, the reproductive period is extended from April to June when GSI is considerably higher.

Two kinds of eggs were found in the ovary, small white opaque eggs measuring between 0,32 and 0,66 mm with a mean value of 0,435±0,076, and large yolk-filled eggs ranged from 0,60 to 2,15mm with a mean value of 1,161±0,292 (SD). For Caspian stickleback ova diameter, both small and large ova, was negatively correlated to fish size (length or weight), an increase in female size (total length or/and weight) implied a decrease of ova diameter.

Total number of small eggs ranged from 311 to 4709 with a mean value of 1512,94±904,19 (SD), and of large yolk-filled eggs from 128 to 885 with a mean value of 454,32±195,23. The absolute fecundity ranged from a minimum value of 235 in a 1+ years old female weighing 1,96 g to a maximum value of 5460 in a 3+ years aged female weighing 2,56 g. The mean value of absolute fecundity was 1837,34±1028,96 (SD). For the fish in the southern Caspian Sea, both absolute and relative fecundities were positively correlated to fish size (length or weight).

Fecundity relative to total weight (g) fluctuated from 84,42 to 2441,61 eggs/g, with a mean value of 799,30±374,99 (SD), and relative to total length (mm) from 2,36 to 84 eggs/mm, with a mean value of 31,72±15,53 (SD). The relationships of relative fecundity with body size (either to length or weight) were also found to be statistically significant, but with low correlation.

In the present study, differences between males and females in the LWR are explained by the differences in size distribution of the two sexes as a consequence of inter-sexual differences in growth. The b-values estimated in the studied population are different from those cited by Wootton (1984) and Crivelly and Britton (1987). This reflects a change in body form with population, which is itself probably an effect of different environmental conditions influencing as local selective pressure on fish condition. In the SiahroudRiver, during this study, sex ratio was unlike that reported by (Wootton, 1984). In fact, the predominance of females is common in G. aculeatus populations and the differences in sex are highly significant throughout its range distribution (Wootton, 1984). Balanced sex ratio in the river is probably either the consequence of same survival rate and longevity of the sexes or the same endurance of the sexes to environmental variability.

Based on the highest average recorded GSI, it is evident; the proportionate investment by fish in the reproduction is much higher in females than in males. In the river, comparison with other southern Caspian fishes, G. aculeatus has an extended breeding season (3 months). It is reported that the spawning season of the fish appears to vary with locality over the wide range of this species (Coad, Power, 1973).

In the population under consideration in this study, the mean large egg size (1,16 mm) is considerably smaller than that of recorded in other populations, and also the degree of size variability (SD=0,29 mm) exhibited by the Siahroud river population is greater. This variability coupled with small size of ova could be considered as maternally induced heterogeneity in offspring of a migratory population, a reproductive strategy by the population of the three-spined stickleback in the river.

A wide range of values for the fecundity of the three-spined stickleback has appeared in the literature. The comparison of egg production by female is complicated because of the existence of two forms of the stickleback, the anadromus trachurus form with high absolute fecundity, and the freshwater leiurus form which has considerably less fecundity. Considering the absolute fecundity, the Sihroud river population is far more fecund, suggests being a trachurus type of the fish.

It can be concluded that the life history patterns of this species varied relatively to the habitat to which they exposed, showing a wide range of adaptations over its geographical range. The variations relating to growth and reproduction may be interpreted as phenotypic plasticity and adaptation to local environmental conditions.

Zoocenosis — 2009
Біорізноманіття та роль тварин в екосистемах: Матеріали V Міжнародної наукової конференції. – Дніпропетровськ: Ліра, 2009. – С. 119-121.


Author: Rebekah Mardis, RD, CD

Life is precious and fragile. Through the senses of your body, you have a unique experience of life. As a child you lived in the moment, you honored your body by doing what comes naturally. You ate when hungry, scratched when you had an itch, and yelled and laughed when you felt like it. As you aged you may have become more “civilized” by doing what is expected and by not making waves.

You may live without ever knowing what it is like to be alive. You may be constantly analyzing, reviewing, and planning — not paying attention to what is going on in your body at a given moment in time — as my mother says, “One foot in the future and the other foot in the past, while pissing on the present.”

Your senses provide you a tool to cue into the moment. As an example: You may be experiencing anger, have a twitch in your left eye lid, smell bread baking, hear a bird chirping, feel your lungs filling your body with life giving oxygen, taste the remnants of an onion eaten earlier, and see someone you love intensely, all in one second of your life.

If you are used to living without sensing being alive, you may only cue into anger and shut out the rest of the sensations. But if you were to die right after that experience what would have really mattered? I doubt it would be the anger.

When you begin to sense your body, life becomes very sensual. And what is important becomes clear — and that is being alive. Having a near death experience, a life threatening illness, and even recovering from an eating disorder can help bring perspective to life. Quoting the movie, Fight Club: “You are not your job, you are not the clothes you wear, you are not the money in your pocket.” If you are not all of these things, then who are you?

Focus on what it feels like to have a body, your senses, your movement, tastes, smells, etc., and who you are is apparent — you are alive. Listen to what your body is telling you: if you are tired, take a nap — and enjoy it; if you are hungry eat what you crave and savor every bite; if you are sad then cry and feel the joy of having the ability to do so.

If you are full on life, you do not need food or substances to fill the void, you don’t even need others to complete you, and you are someone even if you are not care-taking others. You are complete just being you. You are alive and that is wonderful.

With the recent world events it is clear that life is precious and uncertain. If this is your last second, your last hug, your last meal, your last dance, it should be sensual and wonderful. It should be savored. Give yourself the permission to be alive by listening to your body.


Innate and learned behaviour

Unstructured Uninvolved A responsive feeding style, high in nurturance and structure, a derivative of authoritative parenting, represents caregivers who form a relationship with their child that involves clear demands and mutual interpretation of signals and bids for mealtime interaction. Controlling feeding is embedded in an overall authoritarian pattern of parenting and may include over-stimulating behaviours, such as speaking loudly, forcing foods or otherwise overpowering the child. Egeland and Sroufe31 found that children of uninvolved or psychologically unavailable caregivers were more likely to be anxiously attached when compared with children of available caregivers.

Innate and learned behaviour

Gift, talent, prodigy, expertise, exceptional ability, innate capacity, specific ability, potential, music Abstract Talents that selectively facilitate the acquisition of high levels of skill are said to be present in some children but not others.

The evidence Innate and learned behaviour this includes biological correlates of specific abilities, certain rare abilities in autistic savants, and the seemingly spontaneous emergence of exceptional abilities in young children, but there is also contrary evidence indicating an absence of early precursors for high skill levels in young people.

An analysis of positive and negative evidence and arguments suggests that differences in early experiences, preferences, opportunities, habits, training and practice are the real determinants of excellence.

Innate and learned behaviour

Even within a family there may be marked differences: It is widely believed that the likelihood of becoming exceptionally competent in certain fields depends upon the presence or absence of inborn attributes variously labelled "talents" or "gifts" or, less often, "natural aptitudes".

According to an informal British survey, in music over three- quarters of the educators who decide which young people are to receive instruction believe that children cannot do well unless they have special innate gifts Davis, The judgement that someone is talented is believed to help explain as distinct from merely describing their success.

It is also widely assumed that the innate talent that makes it possible for an individual to excel can be detected in early childhood.

The Distinction Between Innate and Acquired Characteristics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

We will refer to the view that exceptional accomplishments depend on a special biological potential that can be identified in some young children but not others as "the talent account". The purpose of this target article is to examine the evidence and arguments for and against this account.

This issue has important social implications. A consequence of the belief that innate gifts are a precondition for high achievement is that young people who are not identified as having innate talents in a particular domain are likely to be denied the help and encouragement they would need in order to reach high levels of competence.

In everyday life people are rarely precise about what they mean by this term: Certain pitfalls have to be avoided in settling on a definition of talent. A very restrictive definition could make it impossible for any conceivable evidence to demonstrate talent.

For example, some people believe that talent is based on an inborn ability that makes it certain that its possessor will excel. This criterion is too strong. At the other extreme, it would be possible to make the definition of talent so vague that its existence is trivially ensured; talent might imply no more than that those who reach high levels of achievement differ biologically from others in some undefined way.

Others, such as John Antonakis, professor of organisational behaviour at the University of Lausanne, are of the view that it can be learnt. An article for Harvard Business Review, co-authored by. But, I h eard that “T E RF is a slur!”. The “TERF is a slur” meme is a way for TERFs to simultaneously attack and dismiss critiques of their ideology and behavior. Recently, a cisgender feminist used the term TERF and was immediately attacked – not for the observations she actually made – but for daring to distinguish between radical feminists and TERFs. Difference from nativism. In general usage, the terms innatism and nativism are synonymous as they both refer to notions of preexisting ideas present in the mind. However, more correctly, [citation needed] innatism refers to the philosophy of Plato and Descartes, who assumed that a God or a similar being or process placed innate ideas and principles in the human mind.

Yet those who believe that innate talent exists also assume that early signs of it can be used to predict future success. For the purposes of this article we will take talent to have five properties: Finally 5talents are relatively domain-specific.

In principle, it is desirable be precise about the indicators of talent, but in practice some imprecision is unavoidable, as in the phrase "relatively domain-specific" in 5. We would have preferred to be able to specify the boundaries between domains, but this is not currently possible.

Nor can one specify just how much a trait should facilitate the acquisition of special abilities to qualify as a talent: We allow the possibility that an innate talent can take different forms; so saying that each of two children have "a talent for music" need not imply that both are advantaged in precisely the same way.

A domain may draw on many different skills, and individuals' competence levels on them may not be highly intercorrelated Sloboda, ; Like laymen, researchers typically believe that when they introduce the term talent they are predicting or explaining someone's performance, not just describing it.

For example, Feldmanwriting about child prodigies, remarks that "it is not obvious what their talents will lead to" p. For Feldman, talents cannot be acquired; they must be "possessed" innately by prodigies. He believes that they demonstrate "exceptional pretuning to an already existing body of knowledge, one that countless others had spent time and energy developing and refining" p.

Similarly, Gardner a equates talent with early potential, noting that "a poignant state of affairs results when an individual of high talent and promise ends up failing to achieve that potential" p. For Gardner, talent is defined as a sign of precocious biopsychological potential in a particular domain Gardner, ; b.

The possession of "a strong gift in a specific domain, be it dance, chess or mathematics" is recognised by Gardner when there is a coincidence of factors, the first of which is "native talent" p.

According to him, individuals who accomplish a great deal are people who were "at promise" in relevant areas from early in life. For Heller p. Benbow and Lubinski agree that talent is explicitly biological: The above quotations make it clear that researchers and experts do make extensive use of the concept of talent to predict exceptional abilities and to explain their causes.

Researchers as well as educators rely upon the talent account, making it important to examine its validity. Some previous challenges to the talent account have concentrated on the field of music.

They noted, for example, that in some non-Western cultures musical achievements are considerably more widespread than in our own see Section 3.The insect orients itself by responding to the stimuli it receives.

Formerly, insect behaviour was described as a series of movements in response to stimuli. An overview of probiotics – their benefits and how they work, supplements and foods with probiotics, the best probiotics for different conditions, and possible side effects. Instinct or innate behavior is the inherent inclination of a living organism towards a particular complex simplest example of an instinctive behavior is a fixed action pattern (FAP), in which a very short to medium length sequence of actions, without variation, are carried out in response to a clearly defined stimulus.

Nutritional experiences in early life can have long-lasting consequences. To encourage the adoption of healthy eating habits, this topic explains the usual development of eating habits and how to distinguish common and often temporary eating problems from chronic disorders.

Child nutrition: Developing healthy eating habits | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development

Innate behavior is instinctual and genetic, while learned behavior is behavior that must be directly taught or learned from experience. Both types of behavior are present in the majority of animal species, including humans.

Innate behavior is not taught, and the individual is born with the knowledge. Others, such as John Antonakis, professor of organisational behaviour at the University of Lausanne, are of the view that it can be learnt.

An article for Harvard Business Review, co-authored by.

Difference Between Innate and Learned Behaviour: Learned vs Innate Behaviour Discussed